The Archaea (/rki/ ( listen) or /rke/ ar-KEE- or ar-KAY-) constitute

a domain and kingdom of single-celled microorganisms. These microbes (archaea;

singular archaeon) are prokaryotes, meaning that they have no cell nucleus or any other
membrane-bound organelles in their cells.
Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria(in the
Archaebacteria kingdom), but this classification is outdated.[5] Archaeal cells have unique properties
separating them from the other two domains of life, Bacteria and Eukaryota. The Archaea are further
divided into multiple recognized phyla. Classification is difficult because the majority have not
been isolated in the laboratory and have only been detected by analysis of their nucleic acids in
samples from their environment.
Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape, although a few archaea have very
strange shapes, such as the flat and square-shaped cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi.[6] Despite this
morphological similarity to bacteria, archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that
are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, notably the enzymes involved
in transcription and translation. Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique, such as their
reliance on ether lipids in their cell membranes, including archaeols. Archaea use more energy
sources than eukaryotes: these range from organic compounds, such as sugars, to ammonia, metal
ions or even hydrogen gas. Salt-tolerant archaea (the Haloarchaea) use sunlight as an energy
source, and other species of archaea fix carbon; however, unlike plants and cyanobacteria, no
known species of archaea does both. Archaea reproduce asexually by binary fission, fragmentation,
or budding; unlike bacteria and eukaryotes, no known species forms spores.
Archaea were initially viewed as extremophiles living in harsh environments, such as hot
springs and salt lakes, but they have since been found in a broad range of habitats, including soils,
oceans, and marshlands. They are also part of the human microbiota, found in the colon, oral cavity,
and skin.[7] Archaea are particularly numerous in the oceans, and the archaea in plankton may be
one of the most abundant groups of organisms on the planet. Archaea are a major part of Earth's life
and may play roles in both the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle. No clear examples of
archaeal pathogens or parasites are known, but they are often mutualists or commensals. One
example is the methanogens that inhabit human and ruminant guts, where their vast numbers
aid digestion. Methanogens are also used in biogas production and sewage treatment,
and biotechnologyexploits enzymes from extremophile archaea that can endure high temperatures
and organic solvents.
In biology, a phylum (/falm/; plural: phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic
rank below Kingdom and above Class. Traditionally, in botany the term division has been used
instead of phylum, although the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and
plants accepts the terms as equivalent.[1][2][3] Depending on definitions, the animal
kingdom Animalia or Metazoa contains approximately 35 phyla, the plant kingdom Plantae contains
about 12, and the fungus kingdom Fungi contains about 7 phyla. Current research
in phylogenetics is uncovering the relationships between phyla, which are contained in larger clades,
like Ecdysozoa and Embryophyta.[citation needed]

A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-

bound nucleus (karyon), mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.[1] The
word prokaryote comes from the Greek (pro) "before" and (karyon)
"nut or kernel".[2][3] Prokaryotes can be divided into two domains, archaea and bacteria. In contrast,
species with nuclei and organelles are placed in the domain Eukaryota.[4]
In the prokaryotes, all the intracellular water-soluble components (proteins, DNA and metabolites)
are located together in the cytoplasmenclosed by the cell membrane, rather than in separate cellular
compartments. Bacteria, however, do possess protein-based bacterial microcompartments, which
are thought to act as primitive organelles enclosed in protein shells.[5][6] Some prokaryotes, such
as cyanobacteriamay form large colonies. Others, such as myxobacteria, have multicellular stages in
their life cycles.[7]
Molecular studies have provided insight into the evolution and interrelationships of the three domains
of biological species.[8]Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined
membrane-bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization.
Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in
some extreme environments.[1]
A eukaryote (/jukri.ot/ or /jukrit/) is any organism whose cells have a cell nucleus and
other organelles enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes belong to
the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. The defining feature that sets eukaryotic cells apart
from prokaryotic cells (Bacteria and Archaea) is that they have membrane-bound organelles,
especially the nucleus, which contains the genetic material and is enclosed by the nuclear
envelope.[2][3][4] The presence of a nucleus gives eukaryotes their name, which comes from
the Greek (eu, "well" or "true") and (karyon, "nut" or "kernel").[5] Eukaryotic cells also
contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus. In
addition, plants and algae contain chloroplasts. Eukaryotic organisms may
be unicellular or multicellular. Only eukaryotes form multicellular organisms consisting of many kinds
of tissue made up of different cell types.
Eukaryotes can reproduce
both asexually through mitosis and sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion. In mitosis, one cell
divides to produce two genetically identical cells. In meiosis, DNA replication is followed by two
rounds of cell division to produce four daughter cells (haploid cells) each with half the number of
chromosomes as the original parent cell. These act as sex cells (gametes each gamete has just
one complement of chromosomes, each a unique mix of the corresponding pair of
parental chromosomes) resulting from genetic recombination during meiosis.
The domain Eukaryota appears to be monophyletic, and so makes up one of the three domains of
life. The two other domains, Bacteria and Archaea, are prokaryotes[6] and have none of the above
features. Eukaryotes represent a tiny minority of all living things.[7] However, due to their generally
much larger size, their collective worldwide biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of
prokaryotes.[7] Eukaryotes evolved approximately 1.62.1 billion years ago (during
the Proterozoic eon).
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2 eggs
1/2 cup white sugar
1/4 cup butter, melted and cooled
3 tablespoons milk

1/2 teaspoon vanilla extract

1/3 cup all-purpose flour
1/8 teaspoon salt
3 tablespoons vegetable oil, or as needed
 Whisk together the eggs and sugar in a large bowl until frothy. Whisk in the butter, milk and
vanilla. Gradually whisk in the flour and salt until smooth. The batter should be thin; you can
stir in more milk if needed.
Heat a small skillet or griddle over medium heat. Brush the pan lightly with oil. Pour about 1/4
cup of batter onto the skillet and turn to spread out the batter into a thin circle. When the
underside is golden brown, flip over and cook until golden on the other side. Remove from
the pan and form into a cone while it's hot, squeezing the end to seal. Place on a wire rack to
cool and harden completely. Repeat with the remaining batter.

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