CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER TOPICS
1 Biology and Its theme
2 Scientific Methods
3 Chemical Bonds and Water
4 Biological Molecules
5 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
6 Plasma Membrane and Transport of
Molecules
7 Tissues
 INTRODUCTION
What is biology?

It comes from Latin words:

bios = life + logos = study

SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF LIFE.

 LIFE?
is diversified into many forms as
living things found on planet Earth.

comprised of the same chemical

elements that make up the non-living
things, and they obey the same laws
of physic and chemistry as non-living
things do.
 BRANCHES IN BIOLOGY
Botany : study of plants
Zoology : study of animals
Ecology : study of environment and habitat in
which living things live
Genetics : study of genes
Microbiology : study of microbes
Biotechnology : application of technology in
biology
Biochemistry : study of chemistry in living things
Cell Biology : study of cells in living things
The history of cell study

Robert Hooke, an
early microscopist,
in 1665, coined the
word cell after
looking at cork
through an early
compound
microscope.
 The history of cell study

In 1675 Anton van

Leeuwenhoek, an amateur
Dutch scientist, discovered
microscopic animalcules
in water. Looking at tooth
plaque, he first to discover
bacteria; 1000x smaller. Cot.
The history of cell study

Robert Brown, an
English botanist, in
1831, was the first to
call the dark, nut-
like body in the
center of most of the
cells he observed a
"nucleus.
 The history of cell study

Mattias Schleiden (1838) concluded

from his observations that cells
must be the fundamental unit of
life. Cont.
 The history of cell study

Theodor Schwan, a German zoologist,

in 1839, after viewing animal and plant
cells surmised that all organisms
consist of one or more cells and that
cells are the basic unit of structure for
all organisms.
 The history of cell study
Rudolf Virchow, a
German pathologist, in
1855, added the
observation that all cells
arise only from
preexisting cells. which
supported the new theory
of biogenesis, being
advanced by Pasteur,
that life comes from
life.
CELL THEORY
1. All organisms are composed of
one or more cells.
2. The cell is the structural unit of
life for all organisms.
3. Cells can arise only by division
from a preexisting cell.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
A duck decoy is a man-made object
resembling a real duck. Duck decoys are
sometimes used in duck hunting to attract
real ducks.
Organisms are composed of cells
Organisms grow and develop
Organisms regulate their metabolic
processes
Organisms respond to stimuli
Organisms reproduce
Adaptation to environmental change
Human Cells (left). Onion Cells (right).
How will the tadpoles change as
they grow and develop into adult
frogs?
Questions
March 15
-State three properties if living organisms (3 marks)
-Identify the importance of two properties of living
organisms that you have mentioned in above ( 2 marks)

Sep 15
-There are six characteristics of life for living things.
Explain the characteristics of reproduction and grow and
develop in living things and state one example for each
(5 marks)
PART 2
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OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER 1
1. Biology ?
2. Characteristics of life?
3. Biologists ask questions such as:
How a single cell develops into an organism
How the human mind works
How living things interact in communities
PART 1 : LEVEL OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION
1. Life can be studied at different levels - molecules to
the entire living planet

2. The study of life can be divided into different levels of

biological organization
A Hierarchy of Biological Organization
A system - a combination of components that form a
more complex organization
 BIOSPHERE

LEVEL OF ECOSYSTEM

BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY

POPULATION
ORGANIZATION
ORGANISM

ORGAN SYSTEM

ORGAN

TISSUE

CELLS

MOLECULES

ATOM
LEVEL DEFINITION
Biosphere the part of earth that contains all ecosystems
26
Ecosystem Community and its nonliving surroundings

Community Populations that live together in a defined area

Population Group of organism of one type that live in the

same area
Organism Individual living thing
Organ system Group of organs working together to perform
as a whole
Organ Group of tissues working together to perform a
particular function
Tissue Group of similar cells
Cell Smallest functional unit of life
Molecules Groups of atoms
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Atom Element
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39 An organism
40

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amoeba nematod spirulina

Aquatic plants fish

Example of a community in a pond

 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
ARE CORRELATED AT ALL
LEVELS
OF BIOLOGICAL
ORGANIZATION

Structure and function of living organisms are

closely related
For example, a leaf is thin and flat, maximizing
the capture of light by chloroplasts
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A Hierarchy of Biological Organization

1. Biosphere: all environments on Earth

2. Ecosystem: all living and nonliving things in
a particular area
3. Community: all organisms in an ecosystem
4. Population: all individuals of a species
in a particular area
5. Organism: an individual living thing
 A Hierarchy of Biological
Organization (continued)

6. Organ and organ systems: specialized body parts

made up of tissues
7. Tissue: a group of similar cells
8. Cell: lifes fundamental unit of structure and
function
9. Organelle: a structural component of a cell
10. Molecule: a chemical structure consisting of
atoms
 Describe each of the
following terms:

Biosphere -
Biotic -
Abiotic
Describe each of the
following terms:

Biosphere - part of Earth that

supports life, including the top
portion of Earth's crust, the
atmosphere, and all the water on
Earth's surface
Biotic - living
Abiotic non-living
Describe each of the following
terms:

Organism
Population
Community
Describe each of the
following terms:

Organism one of any living thing

Population - all the organisms that
belong to the same species living in a
community
Community - all the populations of
different species that live in an
ecosystem
ASSIGNMENT
With rough sketches and using a size
A4 paper, draw a biological hierarchy
using a coral reef as the ecosystem, a
fish as the organism, its stomach as the
organ, and DNA as the molecule.
Include all levels in the hierarchy.