Ecotoxicology by Prof - Dr.Mufid Bahadir (Germany)

Prof. Dr.
Mfit Bahadir KV Ecotoxicology
Fate and Behavior of Chemicals in the Environment
1. Release: Production, Emissions, Waste, Wastewater
2. Transport: Transport models, Fugacity (Mackay)

Soil/Water: log KOC (Freundlich)
Water/Air : Volatility (Henry Constant)
Soil/Air : Volatility, Vapor pressure
3. Intake: oral, dermal, pulmonary,

Accumulation Roots, BCF = f (Lipid content)
Ecotoxicity LD50, LC50, EC50
4. Sinks: Degradation: biotic, abiotic

Fixation, Immobilization
Prof. Dr. Mfit Bahadir KO3/47 KV Ecotoxicology
Uptake and Accumulation of Chemicals

from Water by Aquatic Organisms I
Bio-Concentration
Accumulation of a chemical in an organism through direct uptake
from ambient medium, without uptake of contaminated food
Bio-Magnification
Accumulation of a chemical in an organism through direct uptake from food.
It occurs in natural aquatic medium parallel to the bio-concentration.
Bio-Accumulation:
Accumulation of a chemical in an organism through
uptake from the circumambient medium and from food.
Prof. Dr. Mfit Bahadir KO3/47 Ecotoxicology
Uptake and Accumulation of Chemicals

from Water by Aquatic Organisms II
Bio-Accumulation = Bio-Concentration + Bio-Magnification
Bio-concentration, bio-magnification und bio-accumulation factors

are the according accumulation factors.
Ecological Magnification
Increase of concentration of a substance in an ecosystem or in a food chain
by junction from a lower to a higher trophic level.
Prof. Dr. Mfit Bahadir KV Ecotoxicology
Fish test
Algae test
Luciscus idus
Chlorella fusca
melanotus
(Golden Orfe)
~ 24 h ~ 72 h
Disadvantage: gas exchange needed! Disadvantage: only for SVOC; without feeding!
Kinetic of the Bio-Concentration

Direct uptake of chemicals from aquatic medium by organism
dc A
dt
k
(
= k1 c w k 2 c A c A (t) = 1 c w 1 e k 2 t
k2
)
k1
and c A (s) = c w = BCF c w
k2
cA concentration of a chemical in the organism [ng g-1]
t time [d]
k1 rate coefficient for the uptake [d-1]
cw concentration of a chemical in water [ng g-1]
k2 rate coefficient for the elimination [d-1]
cA(t) concentration of a chemical in the organism at the time t [ng g-1]
cA(s) concentration of a chemical in the organism at the equilibrium [ng g-1]
BCF bio-concentration factor
Bio-concentration Factors of Organic Compounds

in Algae (BCF1) vs. logarithmic Water Solubility
Logarithmic Bio-concentration Factor (BCF1)
Logarithmic Water Solubility [g/L]

Bio-concentration Factors of Organic Compounds

in Algae (BCF1) vs. (log POW)
Logarithmic Bio-concentration Factor (BCF1)
log POW
Correlation between Lipid Concentration and BCF of 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

in 8 Fish Species (fresh weight)
Bio-concentration factor
Lipid concentration
Poorly water-soluble substances

accumulate good in the organic phase (fat).
Bio-concentration Factors of CHC in Human Fat (BCF)

vs. n-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (POW)
Bio-concentration Factor (BCF)
n-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (POW)

Test Apparatus for Activated Sludge (BOD)
1 Magnetic stirrer
2 Water bath
3 Activated sludge
4 Test vessel
5 Alkaline absorber for CO2
6 Thermostat
7 Thermometer
8 Vacuum gauge
Pressure decrease occurs due to O2 consumption

during the aerobic biotic degradation.
Ecotoxicological Test Systems for Chemicals

with Respect to Environmental Relations
Relation to the Environment Test System
Mammal Rat
Fish
Aquatic System Algae
Waste Treatment Activated sludge
Abiotic Processes Photo Mineralization

Ecotoxicological Test Systems

7 days eliminated
Mammal Metabolism 1 oral dose chemical
elimination
equivalent to
Rat Test concentration in
1 mg/kg food
organism
Bioaccumulation 3 days
c = 0.05 mg/L exposition concentration
Fish Test water in fish
Bioaccumulation 24 h
c = 0.05 mg/L exposition concentration in
Algae Test
Medium algae
5 days % CO2
Behavior in Waste Water incubation
c = 0.05 mg/L % metabolites
Activated Sludge Test
% starting material
Photo Degradation Test 17 h radiation % CO2

> 290 nm % degradation product
Silica Gel 100 ng/g
adsorbent % starting material
Ecotoxicological Test Systems for Chemicals
Environmental Hazard Profile of Organic Chemicals
Accumulation Degradation
Activated sludge 35 000 Activated sludge 0.1 %

14 000 29.5 %
Test Test
Algae Test 24 800

42 1.5%
Photo 59.2 %
1 200
Degradation Test
Fish Test < 10
Rat Test 55.7 % Hexachlorobenzene

1,2 %
Cumarine
SUBSTANCE BIOACCUMULATION STORAGE BIODEGRA- PHOTO

(sorted after DATION MINERA-
Algae Fish Activated
water solubility) in Rats by Activated LIZATION
Sludge
(BF1) (BF3) (%) Sludge
(BF5) (% CO2)
(% CO2)
HCB 104 103 2x104 58 0 0
Dodecane 5x103 80 103 10 35 0
Aldrine 104 2x103 104 22 0 10
2,4,6,2,4- 104 103 104 40 0 5

Pentachlorobiphenyl
1-Hexadecanol 104 102 103 62 25 2
(Cetylalcohol)
Pentachloronitrobenzene 5x103 103 5x103 0 0 40
(PCNB)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate 5x103 5x102 103 8 0 0
2,6-Di-tert-Butyl phenol 103 6x102 103 3 0 30
Biphenyl 8x102 5x102 102 0 10 15
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) 103 103 8x102 0 0 50

SUBSTANCE BIOACCUMULATION STORAGE BIODEGRA- PHOTO

(sorted after DATION MINERA-
Algae Fish activated
water solubility) in Rrats by Activated LIZATION
sludge
(BF1) (BF3) (%) Sludge
(BF5) (% CO2)
(% CO2)
Carbaryl 102 15 102 4 30 40
p-Bromobenzoic acid 102 <10 15 0 0 36
p-Chlorobenzoic acid 102 <10 103 0 10 30
n-Dodecylbenzene 102 100 150 0 5 10

sulphonate (Na-Salt)
p-tert-Butylphenol 50 90 100 0 0 5
Monolinurone 50 <10 100 2 0 40
2,4-Dichlorphenoxy- 10 <10 90 1 0 36
acetic acid
Metribuzine 15 10 100 0 0 50
Cumarine 15 <10 103 0 42 50
Nitrobenzene 14 <10 100 3 0 8

Test Parameter Accumulation Storage Degrada- Photo

(BF5) (BF1) (BF3) (%) tion Degrada-
Substance Classes rats (%) tion
sludge algae fish
sludge (%)
PCBs 6300-32000 6700-18300 2320-3850 0.1-3.2/39.8 <0.1-0.5 2.9-5.9
Chlorinated benzenes 560-35000 50-24800 50-3000 0.4-2/55.7 <0.1-0.1/ 1.5-18.5
31.5
PAH 930 / 1760-7770 <10/10/ 0.1-2.1 <0.1-0.3/ 16-45.3
6700-24400 350-1760 39.6
Higher Hydrocarbons, 1300 / 10; <10-460 3.5-24.4 4.0 / 0.2-17 /
Esters, and Acids 2800-5000/ 5400-18300 15-44 58.9
10100
Phenols 30-2600 30-1250 / 20-310/660 0.1-2.9/7.8 <0.1-3.5/ 29.5-65.8
4900 41.4
Nitrogen Compounds 30-1200 / <10-940 / <10-610 0.1-12.2 / <0.1-25 0.5-53.7
3100/8800 2560/3280 43.4
Chemicals with Natural
Compound Structures
Cumarine 1400 40 10 1.2 29.5 59.2
Chlorferone 170 20 20 0.7 5.2 26.4
Cumaphos 290 470 110 2.7 0.9 6.9
Cortisone acetate 660 40 10 1.2 38.5 57.2
Captane 20 20 10 0.7 0.4 10
Parameter in Laboratory and Field Experiments
Laboratory and Field Test Systems

- Test parameter should be typical for the biotope and the biocenosis,
i.e. they should reflect the structure and the function of the ecosystem
- Replicates of tests should provide results in the same order of magnitudes
considering the seasonal variations
- The sensitivity of the biotic and abiotic parameters chosen have to be ensured
by environmentally relevant concentrations
- The measuring procedure should not be overacted. It should be able to routinely
carry out after Good Laboratory Practice (GKP)
- The results from laboratory simulations have to be close to practical work,
i.e. results have to be transferable to natural ecosystems
- Model systems should be able to explain retrospectively the reasons of
recognized environmental damages and to estimate prospectively potential
risks
Prof. Dr. Mfit Bahadir Ecotoxicology
Test Principles according to the Chemicals Act I
1. Conduction after the principles of GLP

2. Testing of single species (exception: non-defined inoculum in degradation tests)
3. General aspects for species selection:
animal welfare, all-year available in laboratory cultures, reasonable costs
4. Validity of the test results dependents on:
- Reproducibility under defined conditions,
especially sensitivity of the test organisms towards reference compounds
- Applicability of the test substance (e.g. water solubility)
- Maintenance of a well defined initial concentration
Source: H. Peter, P. Rudolph [1982], Anforderungen des Chemikaliengesetzes und die Einsatzmglichkeiten aquatischer
Modellkosysteme, Umweltbundesamt, Berlin
Test Principles according to the Chemicals Act II
Base Set - acute toxicity towards fishes (LC50) (Brachydanio rerioa)

- acute toxicity towards daphnia (EC50) (Daphnia magna)
Level 1 - growth inhibition test with algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus)
- 21 days toxicity towards Daphnia magna
- higher plants test (Avena sativab, Brassica rapac)
- worm test (Eisenia foeticad)
Level 2 - additional tests for bioaccumulation, degradation and
mobility
- long-term toxicity towards fishes (B. rerio)
- toxicity towards birds (Coturnix coturnix japonicae)
- additional toxicity tests towards other
organism (Xenopus leavisf, Collembola sp.g)
(a) Zebra Fish, (b) Oat, (c) Turnip, (d) Manure worm,
(e) Japanese quail, (f) Frog, (g) Collembola
Test Principles according to the Chemicals Act III
Additionally investigated at Base Level and Level 1

- biotic and abiotic degradation
- Accumulation test with zebra fish (B. rerio)
- Long-term bio-degradability
Ecotoxicological Concepts for Hazard Assessment I
Level 1 Testing for Toxicity
non-toxic slightly toxic highly toxic

LD50 rat (oral) < 25 mg/kg
or
LC50 rat (pulmonary) < 0.5 mg/kg
or
EC50 fish/daphnia < 0.2 mg/L
hazardous for the entire environment

Ecotoxicological Concepts for Hazard Assessment II
level 2
Testing for
Distribution
between Degradation
compartments
< 1% in a certain > 1% in a certain

< 60-70% > 60-70%
compartment compartment
Ecotoxicological Concepts for Hazard Assessment III
level 3 Testing for
Bioaccumulation Ecotoxicity
log POW < 3.5 log POW > 3.5 highly toxic slightly
toxic
water
LC50 fish 10 mg/L
or
EC50 daphnia 10 mg/L
air
LC50 rat (pulmonary) 2 mg/kg
soil
Identification of
EC50 daphnia 10 mg/kg
compartments with or
an exposition > 1% LD50 rat (oral) 200 mg/kg
hazardous for a particular compartment

Relation of Ecotoxicology to neighbouring Disciplines
Environmental Chemistry
distribution of chemicals in the environment

*persistence, *abiotic / *biotic degradation
*volatilization , *adsorption ,*translocation, *accumulation
Effects Exposition Effects

Exposition
* multiple
acute and chronically on * at work places (direct/indirect,
individuals * long-term acute/chronically) on:
* at residences
(toxicology) * interaction with individuals
* through food
populations environmental matrices div. populations
(epidemiology) ecosystems
Human Toxicology Ecotoxicology
Protection Target Protection Target

Human Ecosystem
Risk Assessment
and Evaluation
Subdivision of Ecotoxicology
Ecotoxicology
Investigation of Effect
Bio-monitoring Bio-tests
Bio-indicators and Test organisms Sub-organismic

Indicator organism Test methods
Bio-marker
Effects Register Monitoring

The Term Bio-indicator
Bio-indicator
Reaction indicator Accumulation indicator
Active bio-monitoring Passive bio-monitoring
Aut-ecological Syn-ecological
Approaches Approaches
Organization Levels of Life
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Biocenosis
Population
Organism
Organ
Cell
Current Methods for Ecotoxicity Tests
Biochemical Tests: Detection of Enzyme Activity (in vivo or in vitro)
Microbiological Tests: e.g., BOD-Measurement, Ames-Test,

Luminescent Bacteria Tests
Algae Tests: e.g.. with Scenedesmus sp.
Tests with Crustacea: e.g. Daphnia sp.
Fish Tests
Plant Tests: whole Organisms or Cell Cultures
Tests with Mammals: whole Organisms or Cell Cultures
(e.g. Rats, Mice, Rabbits)
Epidemiological Studies
Reliability and Relevance of toxicological Tests

Test Statistical Confidence Ecological Relevance
Biochemical Tests
Microbiological Tests
Algae Tests
Crustacea Tests
Fish Tests
Plant Tests
Mammal Tests
Epidemiological Studies
The higher the organisms, the lower the statistical confidence,

but also the higher the ecological relevance.
mode of action of chemicals
corrosivity
anaesthetic effects of solvents acute effects
acute toxicity
chronicle toxicity
carcinogenicity
sub-acute effects
mutagenicity
teratogenicity
Determination of NOEL
The risk of a toxic substance decreases with the reducing of the dose.
Under a certain dose there are no effects detectable.
This threshold value is called NOEL (No Observed Effect Level).
Observed Effects
Dose / Concentration
Typical max. threshold values

are set below NOEL with a safety factor
Dose Effect Relationship for Carcinogenic Substances
Risk of Health Effects
Risk B
Risk A
lu e A ue B Dose / Concentration
a al
ti V it V
Lim i m
L
- There is no threshold value for carcinogenic substances

- Even low amounts of substances can induce tumour growth and increase with increasing doses
(this can also occur by repeating contact)
- Limit values should reduce this risks, but they can not exclude them!
Chemical interactions with DNA I

Chemical interactions with the DNA alter their properties:
e.g. a base can be altered in a way, that the new base forms other H-bridges
and couples with another base than the correct one.
Thymine 2 H-bridges
CH3
phosphate O H H Adenine
N
H phosphate
N N
H N
N
deoxyribose O
N N deoxyribose
Cytosine
H
phosphate
N
H
O
Guanine phosphate
N N
H N
deoxyribose O
N
H
N
deoxyribose
N N
3 H-bridges
H
Chemical interactions with DNA II

For example, can acid nitrous reacts with Adenine
which leads during to a diazotization reaction forming the new base Hypoxanthine.
)
NH2 N2 OH
N N N
N HNO2 N spontaneous N
N N
decomposition N
N N N
Adenine Keto-Enol-tautomerization
to the more stable form
N
HN
Hypoxanthine
N N
Hypoxanthine is similar to Guanine and couples easily with Cytosine,

in contrast to Adenine which couples best with Thymine.
Chemical interactions with DNA III

In a cell, which is exposed to the nitrous acid, Adenine can be converted to Hypoxanthine:
Hypoxanthine During the next DNA replication and

cell division mutations can occur.
C : Cytosine
T : Thymine
H : Hypoxanthine
A : Adenine
G : Guanine
Daughter cell
Daughter cell
is identical with
contains a mutation
mother cell.
like the emphasized base pair
Reaction of Amines versus Nitrous Acid I

Reaction of prim., sec. and tert. amines with nitrous acid leads to different reaction products:
In all cases, first a N-nitrosation occur,

whereas the actual nitrosation agent is the anhydride of nitrous acid N2O3
(dinitrogen trioxide with a nitroso-nitro-constitution ON-NO2)
or the nitrosyl cation, +NO
2 HNO2 ON NO2 + H2O

R1 R1
N
O NO2 +
N + N O
+ NO2-
N R2
R2 R3 R3
Reaction of Amines versus Nitrous Acid II

In case of primary amines (R2 = R3 =H) the N-nitroso compound is converted
into the instable diazohydroxide under proton shift,
from which the diazonium ion is formed with protons under water cleavage.
Diazonium ion cleave immediately N2 forming a carbenium ion,
which can react after SN1 or E1 mechanism to primary alcohols:
R H ON NO2 H
N R R H
N
+ NO2- N
H NO - HNO2
H NO
prim. Amine
Diazonium Ion
N +H+
Carbenium Ion + N
+ N OH
R CH2 R N
-N2 R - H2O
+
-H
-H+
Diazohydroxide
+ H2O
OH
Alkene R CH2
R prim. Alcohol
Prof. Dr. Mfit Bahadir KV Risk Assessment
Risk Assessment Concepts
Inter-subjective Risk Assessment Concepts Subjective Risk Assessment Concepts
Risk Calculation: Intuitive Understanding of Risks

Incidence Rate x Damage Grade
per Time Unit Subjective Imagination of Danger
Only Predictable Probabilities Objective Probabilities are not considered

are considered
Concrete reflection on Questions after possible

advantages and disadvantages long-term risks
of application fields
Prof. Dr. Mfit Bahadir Risk Assessment
Risk Perception of Different Groups (USA)

(1 = highest risk / 20 = lowest risk)
Womens
Factor Experts Students
Liberation
Car driving 1 2 5
Smoking 2 4 3
Swimming 10 19 20
Nuclear Power 20 1 1
(Source: A. Rapoport (1989); aus: http://www.biosicherheit.de)

Hazard Assessment of a Substance

Estimation of Exposition Estimation of Hazards
Use Pattern Ecotoxicological Effects
Occurrence - acute toxicity
Fate & behavior in environment - chronicle toxicity
- Dispersion - toxicity towards populations
- Degradation and ecosystems
- Conversion - bioaccumulation
Chemical Analysis
Hazard Assessment
x
Entry Probability
Risk Analysis / Risk Assessment

Ecotoxicological Risk Analysis of Chemicals
Entry Effects
Fate / Dispersion Extrapolation
Environmental
Concentration Effect Levels
(PEC) (PNEC)
PEC / PNEC
< 1 : No Risk (Assessment)

> 1 : Risk Assessment needed
Entry Effects
Environmental
(PEC) (PNEC)
PEC / PNEC

Entry Effects
Environmental
(PEC) (PNEC)
PEC / PNEC

From Emission To Risk Assessment

Emission
Transport
NOEC, NOAEL, NEC
Dispersion
(PNEC)
Exposition
Uptake,
Effect Mechanisms
Dose-Effect-
Relationship
Limit, Guide,
Risk = Exposition Effect Confirmatory
Values
risk = e.g. PEC/PNEC >1
Risk Assessment
Existing (predicted) Loads

Comparison:
Threshold Values for Damaging Effects
Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC)

(current/future concentrations in soil)
Environment:
Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC)
Uptake Rates / Resorption Rates

Human Being:
No Observed Adverse Effect Loads (NOAEL)
Risk Assessment
Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC)

Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC)
PEC/PNEC < 1:
No Immediate Concern (further information has to be considered)
PEC/PNEC > 1:
Recommendation for Risk Reduction
PEC/PNEC > 1 < 10:

Cause for Concern,
Responsible authority decides on further verification
PEC/PNEC > 10:
Immediate Information Provided
Chemicals Act (ChemG) from June 20, 2002

Aims of this law is,
To protect man and the environment against hazardous substances
and formulations,
Especially to make them recognized,
To avert them and to avoid their formation.
Chapter 1: Aims, Applications Fields and Definitions

1 Aims of the Law
2 Application Fields
3 Definitions
3a Hazardous Substances and Hazardous Formulations
3b Supplementary Definitions for Biocide Products
(http://www.sidiblume.de/info-rom/gefstoff/chemg_f.htm)
Chemicals Act (ChemG)

Second Chapter: Registration of New Substances
4 Obligation for Registration

5 Exceptions from Obligation for Registration
6 Content of Registration
7 Confirmatory Tests of Base Set
7a Restricted Registration
8 Procedure after Arrival of the Registration,
Putting onto Market of the Registered Substance
9 Additional Tests of Level 1
9a Additional Tests of Level 2
10 Particular Regulations for Importer Registrations
11 Power of the Registration Authority
12 Registration Authority, Evaluation Procedure

7 Confirmatory Tests of Base Set
Confirmatory Tests of Base Set include:
1. the physical, chemical and physical-chemical properties,
2. acute toxicity,
3. indications for a carcinogenic or mutagenic property,
4. indications for teratogenic properties,
5. irritating and corrosive properties,
6. sensitizing properties,
7. Sub-acute toxicity,
8. abiotic and easily biotic degradability,
9. toxicity towards aquatic organisms after short-term exposition,
10. growth inhibition of algae,
11. inhibition of bacteria,
12. adsorption and desorption.

9 Confirmatory Tests of Level 1
If the total amount of the registered substances reaches 100 t/a or 500 t since
application in the Member States of EU,
the declarant has to provide further test results on:
1. physical, chemical and physical-chemical properties,

2. sub-chronicle and chronicle toxicity,
3. teratogenic properties,
4. carcinogenic and mutagenic properties,
5. toxico-kinetic properties,
6. potential biological degradation and further abiotic degradation,
7. adsorption and desorption,
8. bioaccumulation,
9. toxicity towards aquatic organisms after long-term exposition,
10. toxicity towards soil organisms and plants.
Das Chemikaliengesetz (ChemG)

9a Confirmatory Tests of Level 2
If the total amount of the registered substances reaches 1,000 t/a or 5,000 t
since application in the Member States of EU,
the declarant has to provide further test results on:
1. Toxico-kinetic incl. bio-transformation properties,
2. chronicle toxicity,
3. carcinogenic properties,
4. behavioral disturbance properties,
5. teratogenic properties,
6. peri- and postnatal effects,
7. organ and systemic toxicity,
8. mobility, esp. adsorption and desorption,
9. abiotic and biological degradability,
10. bioaccumulation,
11. toxicity towards fishes,
12. toxicity towards birds,
13. toxicity towards other organisms, and
14. further properties, which might be hazardous to the entire environment alone
or in combination with further properties of the substance.
Procedure of BUA in Creating a Report
Classification of the Substances into Groups
Literature Search
Draft of the report

Preliminary Examination of the Draft
in the Scientific Office of BUA
Consultation and Discussion of the Report

in the BUA work group (Reading)
Passing of the final Version in the BUA Plenum
Publication of the Reports

with Recommendations
and Submission to the German Government
Ecotoxicological Concepts for Hazard Assessment I
Level 1 Testing for Toxicity
non-toxic slightly toxic highly toxic

LD50 rat (oral) < 25 mg/kg
or
LC50 rat (pulmonary) < 0.5 mg/kg
or
EC50 fish/daphnia < 0.2 mg/L
hazardous for the entire environment

Ecotoxicological Concepts for Hazard Assessment II
level 2
Testing for
Distribution
between Degradation
compartments
< 1% in a certain > 1% in a certain

< 60-70% > 60-70%
compartment compartment
Ecotoxicological Concepts for Hazard Assessment III
level 3 Testing for
Bioaccumulation Ecotoxicity
log POW < 3.5 log POW > 3.5 highly toxic slightly
toxic
water
LC50 fish 10 mg/L
or
EC50 daphnia 10 mg/L
air
LC50 rat (pulmonary) 2 mg/kg
soil
Identification of
EC50 daphnia 10 mg/kg
compartments with or
an exposition > 1% LD50 rat (oral) 200 mg/kg
hazardous for a particular compartment

Reach Proposal 2004

R = Registration (above 1 t)
E = Evaluation (above 100 t)
A = Authorisation (CMR, PBT, vPvB, POPs)
CH = Chemicals
CMR : carcinogenic, mutagenic, reproduction toxic

PBT : persistent, bio-accumulative, toxic
vPvB: very persistent, very bio-accumulative
POPs: Persistent Organic Pollutants (Dirty Dozen)
(DDT, Aldrine, Dieldrine, Endrine, Chlordane, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene,
Mirex, Toxaphene, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Dioxins and Furans)
REACH Data Demand for Substances 1 to 10 t/a
state of aggregation, melting / freezing point,

Physical data boiling point, relative density, vapour pressure,
surface tension, water solubility,
distribution coefficient
skin irritation / etching, eye irritation,

Toxicological Data skin sensitization,
in vitro mutagenicity with bacteria
Ecotoxicological Data Short-time test with daphnia (aquatic toxicity)

Elimination of Pharmaceutical Residues

in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
700 96%
before treatment
600
after treatment
[g/d] ]
500 83%
Load [g/d]
400 83%
Beladung
90%
300
81%
200 69%
66% 7%
51%
100 64% 38% 69%
33% 75%
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D
Environmental Risk Assessment for Human Pharmaceuticals

Phase I Extended environmental risk
Prediction of exposition assessment for human drugs
to surface waters if PECWater > 0.01 g/L
and for problematic compounds
Phase II (e.g. cytostatic agents, hormones)
Stage A
Stage B
Fate & Degradation
in MWTP and surface waters,
Chronic effects,
acute effects
bioaccumulation,
fate & degradation
in soil
PEC / PNEC > 1
Regulations to protect
the environment
http://www.emea.eu.int
Environmental Risk Assessment for Veterinary Pharmaceuticals
Phase I Extended environmental risk

Prediction of exposition assessment for veterinary drugs
to soils if PECsoil > 100 g/kg
and for anti-parasitic agents
Phase II
Stage A
Stage B
Fate & Degradation
Stage C
in soils and surface waters,
acute effects Chronic effects,
bioaccumulation
Case adapted,
PEC / PNEC > 1 individual
Regulations to protect study designs
the environment
http://vich.eudra.org/

Ecotoxicology by Prof - Dr.Mufid Bahadir (Germany)

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Ecotoxicology by Prof - Dr.Mufid Bahadir (Germany)

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Prof. Dr.

Mfit Bahadir KV Ecotoxicology

Fate and Behavior of Chemicals in the Environment

1. Release: Production, Emissions, Waste, Wastewater

2. Transport: Transport models, Fugacity (Mackay)

3. Intake: oral, dermal, pulmonary,

4. Sinks: Degradation: biotic, abiotic

Uptake and Accumulation of Chemicals

Uptake and Accumulation of Chemicals

Bio-Accumulation = Bio-Concentration + Bio-Magnification

Bio-concentration, bio-magnification und bio-accumulation factors

Kinetic of the Bio-Concentration

Bio-concentration Factors of Organic Compounds

Logarithmic Water Solubility [g/L]

Bio-concentration Factors of Organic Compounds

Logarithmic Bio-concentration Factor (BCF1)

Correlation between Lipid Concentration and BCF of 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene

Poorly water-soluble substances

Bio-concentration Factors of CHC in Human Fat (BCF)

n-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (POW)

Test Apparatus for Activated Sludge (BOD)

Pressure decrease occurs due to O2 consumption

Ecotoxicological Test Systems for Chemicals

Relation to the Environment Test System

Aquatic System Algae

Waste Treatment Activated sludge

Abiotic Processes Photo Mineralization

Ecotoxicological Test Systems

Photo Degradation Test 17 h radiation % CO2

Ecotoxicological Test Systems for Chemicals

Environmental Hazard Profile of Organic Chemicals

Activated sludge 35 000 Activated sludge 0.1 %

Algae Test 24 800

Rat Test 55.7 % Hexachlorobenzene

SUBSTANCE BIOACCUMULATION STORAGE BIODEGRA- PHOTO

Dodecane 5x103 80 103 10 35 0

Aldrine 104 2x103 104 22 0 10

2,4,6,2,4- 104 103 104 40 0 5

2,6-Di-tert-Butyl phenol 103 6x102 103 3 0 30

Biphenyl 8x102 5x102 102 0 10 15

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) 103 103 8x102 0 0 50

SUBSTANCE BIOACCUMULATION STORAGE BIODEGRA- PHOTO

p-Bromobenzoic acid 102 <10 15 0 0 36

p-Chlorobenzoic acid 102 <10 103 0 10 30

n-Dodecylbenzene 102 100 150 0 5 10

Monolinurone 50 <10 100 2 0 40

Cumarine 15 <10 103 0 42 50

Nitrobenzene 14 <10 100 3 0 8

Test Parameter Accumulation Storage Degrada- Photo

Parameter in Laboratory and Field Experiments

Laboratory and Field Test Systems

Test Principles according to the Chemicals Act I

1. Conduction after the principles of GLP

Test Principles according to the Chemicals Act II

Base Set - acute toxicity towards fishes (LC50) (Brachydanio rerioa)

Test Principles according to the Chemicals Act III

Additionally investigated at Base Level and Level 1

Ecotoxicological Concepts for Hazard Assessment I

Level 1 Testing for Toxicity

non-toxic slightly toxic highly toxic

hazardous for the entire environment

Ecotoxicological Concepts for Hazard Assessment II

< 1% in a certain > 1% in a certain