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Morelia, Mexico
S. Torres, H. Esponda, M. Andrade, and E. Vzquez M.R.A. Paternina, A. Zamora, and Juan M. Ramirez
UANL CINVESTAV
Monterrey, Mexico Guadalajara, Mexico
sion.t@live.com, espondahdz@gmail.com, mrarrieta[azamora][jramirez]@gdl.cinvestav.mx
manuel.andrade@uanl.mx, evazquezmtz@gmail.com
AbstractIn this paper a novel algorithm for unblocking supporting by blinders and timers and the use of negative and
distance relays during power swing is described. The algorithm zero sequence impedance in order to unblock distance relay
is based on the participation factors drawn from a variance- under swing conditions. However, if a symmetrical fault
covariance matrix, which is built by incremental currents after a occurs during power swing, the method can fail to unblock
fault takes place. By modal analysis techniques, the eigenvalues the relay because both are balanced phenomena [1]-[2], [5]-
and participation factors are calculated and they are used for [6].
identifying a three-phase fault condition under power swing Impedance trajectory seen by relay
conditions. The algorithms performance is verified through
simulation by electromagnetic transient software under different
conditions. The analyzed scenarios demonstrate that the
proposal algorithm correctly identifies a fault when the distance
relay is blocked during a power swing. Z2
Z1
Index Terms Distance relay, Modal analysis, Power
oscillation, Unblocking Power swing
X()
I. INTRODUCTION
Any sudden change in a power system as a short-circuit,
connection/disconnection of large loads, generator unit
disconnection, line switching, or automatic breaker closing
could cause the power swing phenomenon [1]. A power Three-phase
swing may be misinterpreted by distance relays as a fault fault Disturbance
condition, because the impedance trajectory move into the inception
relay operating zone, yielding a false operation of the
protecting scheme. In order to avoid such event, modern
distance relays elements usually have the power swing R()
blocking (PSB) function [2]. This function is used to block Fig. 1. Mho characteristic for symmetrical fault under power swing (adapted
distance relay operation during a power swing and prevent an from [3]).
undesirable trip. However, if a fault occurs inside the relay
In [2] the method of swing center voltage (SCV) is
protective zone during the power swing, this function must be
proposed for identifying symmetrical faults under swings,
removed allowing the relay operation.
and unblocking the distance element. The method takes
The main challenge to unblock a distance relay is to
roughly two-cycle for the fault identification. An unblocking
detect a symmetrical fault into the relay operating zone
method based on the derivate of the three-phase active and
during a power swing, Fig. 1 [3]. Under this scenario the
reactive power is described in [7]. A method based in the
impedance calculated by the distance relay during a power
decaying dc component is proposed in [8], but there are not
swing is almost the same to the value that would be
tests with currents waveform without dc-offset. Resistance
calculated under a three-phase fault at the same point [4].
decrement method to unblock distance element is proposed in
Several methods have been proposed to allow the
[5], which is based in the fact that the resistance component is
operation of the relay when a symmetrical fault takes place
constant when a symmetrical fault occurs. However, the
during a power swing. The most conventional method are
resistance component is not constant during a fault condition
based by measuring the impedances rate of change,
, ,
= , , (1)
, ,
Fig. 2. Flowchart for the unblocking function.
It is updated by a sliding window, regarding N=32 samples
per cycle. The modal decomposition is expressed by The computational complexity for the proposal is given by
the variance, covariance, and the modal analysis complexity
applied to (1), that is, + + + ,
= (2)
2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA). Morelia, Mexico
where N stands for the number of samples, d is the number of inception in a transmission line; and (ii) power swing caused
variables in , d = 2, and n=3 is the dimension of n x n. The by tripping generation.
computational performance is compared with the maximum
wavelet singular value (MWSV) based on wavelet transform A. Power swing after a fault inception
and proposed in [17]. The computational burden associated to In this section, a three-phase short-circuit is applied at the
the wavelet matrix is given by NL , where N is a middle of the transmission line between buses 7-8, Fig. 3.
signals length, L is the filters length, and m is a Currents and voltage channels stemming from relay are
decomposition level. Thus, the DWT computational burden is exhibited in Fig. 4, where there is a reclosing of breakers at
defined by NL , that becomes lower than the fast Fourier 0.3 s lasting 6-cycle, which yields the power swing of low-
transform (FFT), which is Nlog N. In [17], L = and m = frequency equal to 6.5 Hz in the currents (bottom plot in Fig.
and the SVD complexity of a r x n matrix W is given by 4). Likewise, a frequency component at 70 Hz arises in the
+ + . This makes feasible the variance- voltage channels after this disturbance. As expected, the low
covariance matrix modal decomposition implementation. frequency component does not come out in the signal voltage.
Afterward, a three-phase fault takes place at 0.5093 s. This is
the instant when the impedance estimated by the relay
III. TEST SYSTEM intersects the lines impedance on its Mho characteristic. This
The test system in Fig. 3 is implemented in DIgSILENT event leads the distance relay for operating under swing
Power Factory with the characteristics exhibited in [18]-[19]. condition and within the Mho-characteristic. This fact
The simulation is executed with 1920 Hz of sampling illustrates that the distance relay must be blocked and the
frequency (Fj). This frequency has been established assuming ocurrence of the fault requires its unblocking. Mho-
32 samples per cycle, with a fixed step of 520.8333x10-6 s. A characteristic is accomplished using the phasor estimation of
measurement stage is installed at the relays location, which the voltage and currents positive sequence through the fast
includes current transformers (CT) and potential transformers Fourier transform (FFT), with one-cycle of sliding window
(PT), regarding the accuracy parameters according to IEC [23].
Current channels
[20]-[22], respectively. The main characteristics of each 200
phasea
Current (A)
CT Voltage channels
G2 T2 T3 G3 100
phasea
Voltage (V)
phaseb
Load A phasec
0
100
5 6
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Samples, Fs=1.92 kHz
Load B Load C Waveforms spectra
4 2
ia
Amplitude
T1 6.5 Hz ib
1 ic
1
0
G1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
1
Va
Fig. 3. Single-line diagram of the modified WSCC 9-bus system.
Amplitude
Vb
0.5 Vc
TABLE I. CT AND PT PARAMETERS 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Frequency (Hz)
Current transformer (CT) Potential transformer (PT)
Fig. 4. Current and voltage signals under three-phase fault and power swing.
Ratio: Ratio:
Top plot: Transient behavior. Bottom plot: Frequency spectra.
100 A / 5 A 230 kV / 0.115 kV
Secondary impedance: Secondary impedance: The time evolution of the variance-covariance matrix
0.5839 0.2526 eigenvalues are computed through (2), providing their
Secondary resistance: Primary impedance:
calculation at each sliding window, Fig. 5. The tripping signal
0.1 0.1841
Secondary connection: Primary and secondary connection:
for the unblocking function is executed when the current
Y Y/Y largest eigenvalue reaches three times its value half-cycle
before, Fig. 6.
IV. UNBLOCKING FUNCTION PERFORMANCE
The performance of the proposal is assessed for multiple
events according to the strategy in Fig. 2. The following
sections describe such events as: (i) power swing after a fault
2016 IEEE PES Transmission & Distribution Conference and Exposition - Latin America (PES T&D-LA). Morelia, Mexico
100
Block at 0.445s
X ( )
0 First sample inside Event
50 Unblock at 0.518s evolution
100
First sample
out at 0.458s
0 Swing condition
Fault inception
200
Fault condition
50
at 0.509s
20
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (s) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
R ()
Eigenvalues of the variancecovariance matrix 1.5
Unblock at 0.458s Block at 0.509s
15000 3
Block at 0.445s Unblock at 0.518s
1
2
Trip
1
Magnitude
10000
0.5
Pre-fault condition
5000
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (s)
Fig. 7. Top plot: Mho characteristic for symmetrical fault under power
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 swing. Bottom plot: Time evolution of the block and unblock function.
Time (s)
Fig. 5. Top plot: Incremental currents after Delta filter. Bottom plot: B. Power swing caused by tripping generation
Eigenvalues computation per window under three-phase fault and swing
condition. This scenario presents the performance of unblocking
function in distance relay due to a tripping of machine G2 in
Flag 3 Fault
1.5
WSCC power grid, Fig. 3, given rise to a low-frequency
Tripping at 0.5183s component of 18 Hz. Incremental currents are stemming from
the Delta filter after a measurement stage in the top plot of
1 Fig. 8. The bottom plot in Fig. 8 displays the computation of
eigenvalues per window under swing condition caused by the
Trip
40
Incremental currents critical condition in distance relays under power swing
condition has been evaluated using electromagnetic transient
Current (A)
20
0 ia simulations in order to test the performance of the proposal,
20
ib reaching a reduction in the identification time according to
40
ic reference [2]. All of the evaluated scenarios when a
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 symmetric fault takes place into the relay operation zone
Eigenvalues of the variancecovariance matrix
1000 during a power swing condition, the relay is unblocked
allowing its normal operation. This fact provides more
Magnitude
1
500 effectiveness and reliability to the distance relays for
2
3
identifying faults during oscillations, avoiding its false
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
operation.
Samples An advantage of the algorithm is the time for fault
Fig. 8. Top plot: Incremental currents after Delta filter. Bottom plot:
Eigenvalues computation per window under swing condition caused by
detection that is less than a one-cycle. These results exhibit
generator trip. that the proposed algorithm is able to be incorporated into
600
Mho characteristic distance protection schemes to increase the relays reliability.
RXDFT
400 REFERENCES
[1] Q. Verzosa, Realistic testing of power swing blocking and out-of-step
tripping functions, in 66th Annual Conf. for Protective Relay
X ( )
1
[12] M. Reddy and D. Mohanta, Adaptive-neuro-fuzzy inference system
approach for transmission line fault classification and location
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time (s)
incorporating effects of power swings, in IET Gen., Trans. Distrib.,
vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 235244, March 2008.
Fig. 10. Signal for the unblocking function under power swing. [13] DIgSILENT: DIgSILENT PowerFactory, 2010. Available at
http://www.digsilent.de.
V. CONCLUSIONS [14] IEC 60909: Short-circuit currents calculation in three phase a.c.
systems (International Electrotechnical Commission, 2001), p. 148.
In this paper, a novel algorithm for unblocking distance [15] G. Benmouyal and J. Roberts, Superimposed quantities: Their true
relay during power swing using modal analysis is proposed. nature and application in relays, in Proc. of 26th Annual Western
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[21] IEC 60044-6, Instrument transformers Part 6: Requirements for
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[22] IEC 60186, Voltage transformers, (International Electrotechnical
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