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"A Former Slave Offers His View of Reconstruction." Gale U.S. History in Context, Gale, 2015.
U.S. History in Context,
ezproxy.butler.edu/login?url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/RHTITW796110935/UHIC?
u=butleru&xid=fed1a021.

This narrative discusses how the switch from slavery to indentured servitude was seen in
the eyes of an enslaved person. It tells how the former slaves unknowingly sold themselves back
into slavery because they were tricked into signing contracts. While this narrative is of someone
who seemingly willingly signed to be an indentured servant, it can be argued that he was in fact
unwilling. This source gives a firsthand account of what was happening in the lives of some
slaves, and shows how easily a transition from slavery to indentured servitude was made.

Barnard, Sarah, et al. The Decline of Indentured Servitude. The Decline of Indentured Servitude,
Gettysburg College,
public.gettysburg.edu/~tshannon/hist106web/site18/The%20Decline%20of%20Indentured%20
Servitude.htm.

The article written depicts the environment of key areas in colonial America where
indentured servitude was most popular. It also depicts the rise and decline of the institution of
exploiting labor, ending in the year 1917. It highlights the British economy and the role it played
in the colonial areas of The West Indies, the Chesapeake, South Carolina and Georgia and also
emphasized key legislation which impacted the lives of indentured servants, but also enslaved
Africans living in this area and period as well.

Berkowitz, Michael. Maps Charts & Graphs. Maps, Charts & Graphs, Michael Berkowitz,
2011, www.trinityhistory.org/AmH/u2maps.htm.

Berkowitzs website serves as a mini data collection of maps highlighting the colonies in
America. Highlighting the Ethnic Patterns During the year 1760 map, our team chose to create a
more interactive version of the basic image in order to emphasize the travel across the Atlantic
ocean immigrants had to make. From The British settlements in Jamestown to growing tobacco
plantations, this graph depicts the settlement patterns of peoples we wanted to illustrate.

Broadsheet. Tag Archives: Bread Riots. Broadsheet.ie, 30 May 2014, 5:17,

www.broadsheet.ie/tag/bread-riots/.

The information given in this article describes the Bread Riots of Ireland during the 1740s.
This source gives context as to why many Irish people immigrated to colonial America during this
time, and helps create a more three-dimensional view of life during this time. The connection of
the Bread Riots and indentured servitude is relatively strong; due to famine, and increasing
housing bills, many Irish people traveled to the New World. However, many of the immigrants
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had only enough money to sail across the ocean, so apprenticeships in the colonies was not
uncommon, not only for the Irish, but masses of Europeans in general.

Brophy, Alfred L. Law and Indentured Servitude in Mid-Eighteenth Century Pennsylvania. 1991.
Law Journal Library,
heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/willr28&start_page=69&collection=journals&
id=79.

Brophys work covers a variety of topics concerting servitude including the formal law of
servitude, servant contracts, demographic data on servants and masters, and the life and work of
servants. The introduction of the work documents the typical journey of an indentured servant
from the ship to his/her new life under servitude. It also contains a section that focuses on
Pennsylvania servant laws and how they came to be. Overall, the points discussed within this
work touch on many aspects of indentured servitude that will be explained through our project.

"Certificate of Indenture for Henry Barr." Family in Society: Essential Primary Sources, edited by
K. Lee Lerner, et al., Gale, 2006, pp. 218-220. World History in Context,
ezproxy.butler.edu/login?url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2688300090/UHIC?u=but
leru&xid=55e138a3.

This primary source gives an example of what indentured servants were expected and not
expected to do. While this is only one contract, it does lay out rules and regulations that shed
light on the lives of those peoples within the realm of indentured servitude. It also begs the
question as to why people would chose this life, as in this case, even though it has so many
unjust rules to follow. This will be an excellent source to use within our project because it gives
a real example of how indentured servitude came about for certain people and what a contract
might look like.

"First Part of an Indentured Servant Contract, 1765." The Immigrant Experience, Primary Source
Media, 1999. American Journey. U.S. History in Context,
ezproxy.butler.edu/login?url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/EJ2210007649/UHIC?u=but
leru&xid=9a9c8fb2.

This particular source is simply an image of part of an indentured servant contract. It

would be useful in conveying emotion into our project. Seeing a document can sometimes make
things more real for audiences rather than just simply reading facts, so we chose to add this to
our website. With a document like this, hopefully the reader will toy with the notions of freedom.
With a single piece of paper, an indentured servant signs away their freedom. With this
certificate in particular, a father signs off his two children due to his concerns about the
economic wellbeing of the family.
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Franz, Alyssa. Kingdom of Benin. Kingdom of Benin | The Black Past: Remembered and
Reclaimed, University of Washington, www.blackpast.org/gah/benin.

Franzs article details the powerful kingdom of Benin, Africa before, during, and after
Europeans captured peoples from the central and western coast of Africa. This source is used to
make a three dimensional image of those to traveled to colonial America, and in this instance, the
travel of enslaved Africans was also made. Here, Franz destroys removes all incorrect
predispositions of African history and culture. Particular to Benin, the Kingdom was a fully
functional and booming society with distinct politics, society, and economy much like the
European countries frequently discussed as well.

Galeson, David. The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An economic
Analysis. Vol. 44, no.1, pg. 1-26, March. 1984,
www.jstor.org/stable/2120553?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.

Galensons work discusses the economic view of indentured servitude, a key view to
understand in order to fully understand the advantages and disadvantages of servitude. He
touches upon the appearance and disappearance of indentured servitude in the Americas. This
work explains the economic forces that led to introduction of indentured servitude and why/how
it was implemented within the Americas for three centuries. It covers the origins of North
America indentured servitude in the seventeenth century, indentured servitude work incentives
and institutional structure, the evolution of indentured servitude in the colonies, the decline and
revival of indentured servitude in America within the nineteenth century, and the economics and
politics of indentured servitude overall within America. All of these topics discussed by
Galenson are relevant to better understanding indentured servitude within the colonies and will
be helpful in portraying the overall events that happened within America due to indentured
servitude.

Henry Buckland's Career. Encyclopediavirginia.org,

www.encyclopediavirginia.org/slide_player?mets_filename=sld4778mets.xml.

Henry Buckland serves as a prominent figure in the world of indentured servitude. He

immigrated to Virginia where he began an apprenticeship, and later he became a relatively famous
architect. There arent many famous former indentured servants, so we chose to spotlight Buckland
and his story in order to show multiple accounts of servitude and the many layers of its institution.
This paired with servant certifications can help piece together the world of that time, and hopefully
create a more supplemental experience for the viewer.

HistoryWorld. History of Germany. HISTORY OF GERMANY,

www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=2800&HistoryID=ac62>rack=
pthc.
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The website gives an in-depth history of Germany and its development as a global power
and country. During this period, however, Germany technically exist but was a conglomerate of
powerful nation-states. The information about the country is used in our map in order to give
context as to why Germans immigrated to colonial America during the time. Around the year
1760, European countries began to establish their powers on a global scale, and many Germans
had the incentive to move to the colonies and pursue prosperity.

Indentured Servant. Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster,

www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/indentured%20servant.

The Merriam-Webster dictionary was used in order to establish a concrete definition of

indentured servitude. This information is used on our page where we define the differences
between slavery and and indentured servitude for the visitors who may not know the terminology
for each word. With this, we are able to create a space where all of the words used can be
understood by definition, and not only within the context of the American colonies.

Indentured Servants in the U.S. PBS, Public Broadcasting Service,

www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/indentured-servants-in-the-us/.

We also decided to use PBS as a source not only to discover more about indentured
servitude and slavery, but also to demonstrate the utilization of publicly sponsored information
such as PBS or NPR. Using Americas largest public media enterprise, we were able to use a
platform that is formatted very well for children, and the its use of language also guided our team
into deciding how academic our terminology should be. After surfing this website, we were able to
capture the voice of our website and gain key information about the differences between
indentured servitude and slavery in colonial America.

Index - Global Slavery Index 2016. Global Slavery Index, www.globalslaveryindex.org/index/#.

This website was used in tandem with our other source concerning the statistics of modern
slavery. It offers an interactive map documenting the countries with the highest rates of modern
slavery whether its exploited labor or sex trafficking. Even though this source is more global,
connecting our topic of indentured servitude to something more modern and worldwide can help
supplement the viewers learning, and hopefully understand that slavery and servitude arent just
issues of colonial America, but also an issue today.

International Labour Organization (ILO) , et al. ILO. Statistics on forced labour, modern slavery
and human trafficking (Forced labour, modern slavery and human trafficking), 2016,
www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/statistics/lang--en/index.htm.
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This informative report gives current statistics on the number of illegally exploited workers
on the globe. On the website, these numbers are used to communicate the modern issues of slavery
and other forms of labor exploitation. After watching the film El Norte, the number of
undocumented laborers is a large number, leaving room for abuse and neglect. The numbers used
here are to find a modern connection with our theme, but hopefully also start a conversation about
the issues of not only exploited labor, but freedom as a whole.

"John Matthews." Dictionary of American Biography, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936. U.S.
History in Context,
ezproxy.butler.edu/login?url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/BT2310008158/UHIC?u=b
utleru&xid=bdefe419.

This narrative offers a different perspective of a man who enjoyed the good side of
indentured labor and apprenticeship. This mans account tells of how he was able to apprentice
in Europe and gain passage to America. He then was able to set up his own shop as a free man.
This is how indentured servitude was supposed to work, although it rarely turned out that way.
This source will be interesting to use in contrast with other narratives that we have collected.

Kollenborn, K.P. The Buster Clan. Indentured Servants in Colonial Virginia, 1 Jan. 1970
thebusterclan.blogspot.com/2016/09/indentured-servants-in-colonial-virginia.html.

The website above describes the history of indentured servitude but specifically concerning
Virginia. This source is fantastic because even though we tie the whole globe into our topic, our
main center of focus is colonial Virginia. The webpage describes the lives of servants from its
origins, to daily life. It also gives an indepth look at the certifications servants were required to
carry. Furthermore, it describes their behavior, treatment, and also does a fantastic job at
explaining the transition from servitude to slavery. In the beginning of colonial American history,
enslaved Africans were actually indentured servants, but later the shift to racism and slavery
quickly entered into the picture due to the social and economic atmosphere at the time

Marten, James. "Labor of Innocents: Forced Apprenticeship in North Carolina, 1715-1919."

Journal of Southern History, vol. 72, no. 2, 2006, p. 447+. World History in Context,
ezproxy.butler.edu/login?url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A146628861/UHIC?u=butl
eru&xid=89c6cc5a.

This article discusses a different side of indentured servitude, also known as

apprenticeships. Specifically, this article explains what the lives of children were like who were
forced into these so called apprenticeships. It discusses how apprenticeships were used
throughout history as a form of social control and the effect that it had on members of society.
This text is significant to our project because it examines another aspect of indentured servitude,
this time dealing with children.
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Molenaer, Jan Miense. Jan Miense Molenaer. The fat kitchen, www.pubhist.com/w2825.

This website showcased a painting with a ton of historical context concerning the Dutch and
its empire. On our Map, page, we track the origins of those who came to colonial America, and
a huge mass was of citizens from the Netherlands area. Its also important to demonstrate a use of
a variety of sources, and a visual source such as a painting can aid those in their learning of the
area through pictures instead. The family painted is fat, happy, and full of live, which documents
the booming economy of the Dutch. Years later, after initial settlement, the Dutch East India
Trading Company was formed, demonstrating the power and influence the area had on the rest of
world and Americas colonies.

Smith, Abbot E. Colonists in bondage: white servitude and convict labor in America, 1607-1776.

University of North Carolina Press, 2012. This entire book is available in the Butler
libraries or in the form of an eBook. It appears to cover our topic well. It talks about indentured
servitude in a light that is similar to many slave narratives. We will be able to use it well since we
have already gotten used to traditional slave tellings.

Soylent Communications. Randall Robinson. NNDB, 2014,

www.nndb.com/people/782/000120422/.

The research of Randall Robinson was conducted when our team decided to create a section
analyzing modern slavery and its presence. Weve previously spoken of leaders such as Martin
Luther King Jr. and Angela Davis, but we decided to choose Randall Robinson due to his activism
and background as a lawyer. This section of our website focuses on the 13th amendment and
questions whether the law actually stopped slavery, or if theres other economic, political, and
social institutions keeping African Americans and other exploited minorities from attaining full
freedom.

The Dutch Economy in the Golden Age (16th 17th Centuries). EHnet, Economic History
Services, eh.net/encyclopedia/the-dutch-economy-in-the-golden-age-16th-17th-centuries/.

In our Map, section of our website, we research the origins of the immigrants who
traveled to the colonies and a large majority originated from the Netherlands region. With this in
mind, we did some research to understand the atmosphere of the time, and why a person would
sail to the colonies. After some reading, the Dutch during the key years of travel was also during
the Dutch Golden Age, which explains the establishment of New York, which was originally
owned by the Dutch before the British government took it over.
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The Migration of the Scotch Irish. Digital Heritage, 6 Nov. 2015,

digitalheritage.org/2011/12/the-migration-of-the-scotch-irish-from-ulster-to-western-north-caro
lina/.

The source above was also used for our Map, section where we analyzed key groups who
traveled to colonial America. Like the Dutch, British, and Beninians (originating from Benin), a
large mass who immigrated to the colonies were the Scottish and Irish. This source describes the
economy, society, and political institutions of the time as well. After some research, during the
years of 1740-1741, the Bread Riots of Ireland occured. This key event is highlighted in our
timeline, but after using this source there is a clearer understanding in comprehending the reasons
as to why they would leave for America.

Wolfe, Brendan, and Martha McCartney. Indentured Servants in Colonial Virginia. Indentured
Servants in Colonial Virginia, Encyclopedia Virginia: Virginia Foundation for the Humanities,
8 Dec. 2011,
www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Indentured_Servants_in_Colonial_Virginia#start_entry.

Encyclopedia Virginias article on indentured servants in colonial virginia contains factual

information about the origins of indentured servitude, the land and labor of servitude within
Virginia, the contract terms, the behavior and treatment of servants, and a comparison of Virginian
servitude to slavery. It also consists of an in-depth timeline that highlights key events (with a
short summary) that occurred during the time of indentured servitude. Along with context, this
source also contains many primary sources with licenses that allow them to be used within our
project including a picture of the indenture of James Bracken and a picture of the title page of the
1758 edition of The Whole Duty of Man. This source contains both historical evidence and
primary sources that can be implemented easily within our project.