Hydraulic Machines Lab Report

Date: Nov 17, 2017.

Time of arriving: 1:30 PM

Lab Supervisor:

M. Jawad.

Zahid Mahmood Akhtar.

Problem Statement:

To draw the Characteristic Curves of Centrifugal Pump

Scope of work:

The efficiency of centrifugal pump was calculated by comparing the power input and
power output of the centrifugal pump through various mechanical instruments.

Procedure:

1. First of all the whole apparatus was arranged on a base support in conjunction
with water reservoir and hydraulic bench, and all the connections were made
properly with the processor.
2. The gauges were in contact with the apparatus to check the variations in different
conditions of the pump like current, voltages, inlet head and outlet head.
3. The pump was operated at different volume flow rates keeping RPM same and
then RPM were varied keeping volume flow rate same.
4. The input power and the output power were calculated and the graph were
plotted.

Technical data:

= =
= =
= =
= =
= = 998.2

= =

=
Hydraulic Machines Lab Report

=
= = +
= =

= =

= = 100%

Table of observations and calculations:

Motor Volume Time Inlet Outlet Current Voltage Flow rate Total Input Output Efficiency
speed V t head head I V Q head power Power
N (10-3m3) (sec) Hin Hout (amp) (volts) (10-3m3/s) H Pin Pout
(rpm) (m) (m) (m) (W) (W)
2300 2 8.56 -2.0 6.0 1.5 160 0.23 8.0 240 18.01 7.50
2300 2 6.85 -1.8 5.5 1.5 160 0.29 7.3 240 20.73 8.63
2300 2 4.40 -1.7 5.0 1.5 160 0.45 6.7 240 29.52 12.3
2600 3 9.75 -2.0 9.0 1.2 180 0.31 11.0 216 33.39 15.45
2600 3 7.25 -1.2 8.0 1.2 180 0.41 9.2 216 36.93 17.10
2600 3 5.62 -1.6 7.0 1.2 180 0.53 8.6 216 44.63 20.67
3000 4 4.00 -2.0 6.0 1.6 210 1.00 8.0 336 78.33 23.31
3000 4 3.20 -1.8 5.0 1.6 210 1.25 6.8 336 83.23 24.77
3000 4 2.70 -1.5 4.5 1.6 210 1.48 6.0 336 86.95 25.87

Characteristic Curves:

At N = 2300 RPM

35
29.52
30

25
20.73
20 18.01

15 12.3

7.5 8.63
10

0
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Volume flow rate (10-3m3/s)

output power Efficiency

Hydraulic Machines Lab Report

At N = 2600 RPM

50 44.63
45
40 36.93
33.39
35
30
25 20.67
20 17.1
15.45
15
10
5
0
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
Volume flow rate (10-3m3/s)

Output Power Efficiency

At N = 3000 RPM

100
86.95
90 83.23
78.33
80
70
60
50
40
23.31 24.77 25.87
30
20
10
0
0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Volume flow rate (10-3m3/s)

Output Power Efficiency

Hydraulic Machines Lab Report

RPM vs Output power and Efficiency

90
86.95 83.23
80
78.33
70

60

50
44.63

40 36.93
29.52
33.39 25.87
30
20.73 20.67
18.01 24.77
20 23.31
17.1
8.63 12.3 15.45
10
7.5
0
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200
RPM

Output Power Efficiency

Results / Comments:

A few of the most important results are very obvious;

At constant RPM, with increase in volume flow rate the output power increases.
At constant RPM, with increase in volume flow rate the efficiency of pump
increases.
With increase in RPM, by increase in volume flow rate, the output power increases.
With increase in RPM, by increase in volume flow rate, the efficiency of pump
increases.

Conclusion:

Although there were the chances of error while performing the lab experiment but the
results are made quite efficient by varying the volume flow rate and keeping RPM
constant and vice versa.

Time of leaving: 3:45 PM

Hydraulic Machines Lab Report

Theoretical Description

Pumps

Introduction:

A pump is a machine used to move liquid through a piping system and to raise the
pressure of the liquid. It is a hydraulic machine which converts mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy.

Classification of Pumps:

The pumps have been classified on the basis of nature of pressurizing the incompressible
fluid as explained below;

Pumps

Positive Displacement Pumps Rotodynamic

(very high pressure pumps) Pumps

Reciprocating
Rotary Pumps Low head Medium head High head
Pumps

Axial Pumps Centrifugal Pumps Centrifugal Pump

Piston Pump Gear Pump
(Propeller) (Mixed flow type) (Radial type)

Plunger Pump Screw Pump

The pump of our concern is centrifugal pump which we need to study and we are using
in our lab sessions;

Centrifugal Pumps:

A centrifugal pump is a roto-dynamic pump that

uses a rotating impeller to increase the pressure and
flow rate of a fluid. Centrifugal pump are most
common type of pump used to move liquids
through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump
impeller along or near to the rotating axis and it is
Hydraulic Machines Lab Report

accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially

outward or axially into a diffuser or volute
chamber, from where it exits into the downstream
piping system. Centrifugal pump are typically used
for large discharge through smaller heads.
Centrifugal pump are often associated with the
radial-flow type. However, the term "centrifugal
pump" can be used to describe all impeller type
rotodynamic pumps including the radial, axial and
mixed-flow variations.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Centrifugal Pumps:

Advantages:

A few of the most important advantages of centrifugal pumps are given below:

They do not have the drive seals that lessen the risk of leakage.
Applicable to pump out risky and harmful liquids.
They have the magnetic coupling that can be broken easily in overload conditions
and it protects pump from damage.
The pump and motor are apart from each other so no heat transfer is possible from
motor to pump.
They produce less friction.

Disadvantages:

A few of the most important disadvantages of centrifugal pumps are given below:

They include energy loss because of coupling that produce some magnetic
resistance.
If intense load occur the chances are there that the coupling slips.
If liquids with ferrous particles are pumped out, corrosion occurs and over the
time the pump stops working.
Low flow rate can lead to overheating of pump.

Priming:

Priming in the pumps can be explained in such a way that if the impellers keep on
rotating and there is no fluid inside the pump i.e. only air is present no pressure difference
is going to create due to absence of fluid. This is called priming. So we add water in the
pump from its outlet so that it may create the pressure difference and pump out the fluid.
Hydraulic Machines Lab Report

Cavitation:

Cavitation is the formation of bubbles or cavities in liquid, developed in areas of

relatively low pressure around an impeller. The imploding or collapsing of these bubbles
trigger intense shockwaves inside the pump, causing significant damage to the impeller
and/or the pump housing.

It occurs when gas bubbles are

formed in the pump due to drop in
absolute pressure of the liquid below
vapor pressure. These gas bubbles
occupy space inside the pump and
affect the pump's operating pressure
and flow. With vapor bubbles in the
low-pressure zones of the pump, the
motor's energy is wasted expanding
the bubbles instead of bringing more
liquid into the pump. As the bubbles
pass into the pump's high-pressure
zones, the motor's energy is wasted
compressing the bubbles instead of expelling the liquid from the pump. The bubbles can
collapse as they pass from low- to high-pressure zones in the pump. When vapor bubbles
collapse inside the pump the liquid strikes the metal parts at the speed of sound. The
noise generated from these collisions of gas bubbles into the metal parts of pump sounds
like pumping marbles and stones.

Causes of Cavitation:

The main causes of cavitation are given below;

1. Drop in pressure at the suction nozzle due to low .

2. Increase of the temperature of the pumped liquid; increasing the vapour
pressure of fluid.
3. Increase in the fluid velocity at pump suction; decreases the pressure
head and increase frictional pressure drop thus decreasing the operating pressure.
4. Reduction of the flow at pump suction.
5. Undesirable flow conditions caused by obstructions or sharp elbows in the suction
piping.
6. The pump is not selected correctly.
Hydraulic Machines Lab Report

Effects of Cavitation:

If it is kept untreated, it can cause;

1. Failure of pump housing.

2. Destruction of impeller.
3. Excessive vibration - leading to premature seal and bearing failure.
4. Higher than necessary power consumption.
5. Decreased flow and pressure.

Net Positive Suction Head:

Net positive suction head (NPSH) may refer to one of two quantities in the analysis
of cavitation:

= Net Positive Suction Head Available.

= Net Positive Suction Head Required.

NPSH is particularly relevant to hydraulic system that are most vulnerable to cavitation.

Net Positive Suction Head Available:

o It is the pressure head at the inlet of the

suction port.
o It is the property of system.
o It is calculated under the working
conditions.
o Its formula is given as,

Net Positive Suction Head Required:

o It is the minimum value of the pressure head, below which the cavitation would
occur.
o It is provided by the pump manufacturer.
Hydraulic Machines Lab Report

Valve

Introduction:

The word is derived from the Latin Valva, the moving part of a door. A valve is a device
that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids,
or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are
technically fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve,
fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure.

Types of Valves:

There are different types of valves and only a few of them have been discussed here.
They are explained below;

Gate valve:

A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve which opens by

lifting a round or rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid.
The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces between
the gate and seats are planar, so gate valves are often used when a
straight-line flow of fluid and minimum restriction is desired.

Globe valve:

A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type

of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a
movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a
generally spherical body.

Needle valve:

An instrument needle valve uses a tapered pin to gradually open a

space for fine control of flow. The flow can be controlled and
regulated with the use of a spindle. A needle valve has a relatively
small orifice with a long, tapered seat, and a needle-shaped plunger
on the end of a screw, which exactly fits the seat.
Hydraulic Machines Lab Report

Control Valve:

A control valve is a valve used to control fluid flow by varying the

size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from a controller.
This enables the direct control of flow rate and the
consequential control of process quantities such as pressure,
temperature, and liquid level.

Plug / Cock Valve:

Plug valves are valves with cylindrical or conically tapered "plugs"

which can be rotated inside the valve body to control flow through
the valve. The plugs in plug valves have one or more hollow
passageways going sideways through the plug, so that fluid can
flow through the plug when the valve is open.

Check Valve:

A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve, reflux valve, retention

valve or one-way valve is a valve that normally
allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction

Butterfly valve:

A butterfly valve is from a family of valves called quarter-

turn valves. Rotating the actuator turns the disc either parallel or
perpendicular to the flow. Unlike a ball valve, the disc is always
present within the flow, so it induces a pressure drop, even when
open.

Solenoid Valve:

A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an electric

current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the
case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports.
Hydraulic Machines Lab Report

Diaphragm Valve:

Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves) consists of

a valve body with two or more ports, a diaphragm, and a
"weir or saddle" or seat upon which the diaphragm closes
the valve. The valve is constructed from either plastic or
metal.

Four way control Valve:

4-way valves are one of the most commonly used

pneumatic components for directional control. By
providing four distinct flow paths, these valves make it
easy to reverse the motion of a cylinder or motor.