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1
(ii) We require L such that
hv, Lui = hL , ui
with
L = (p) + q.
Therefore
Z Z
vLu uL v dx = p (vu uv) n ds, ()
D D
where
L = (p) + q,
with
B = {(x)u + (x)n u = 0, x D} .
We now must choose B (in terms of v) such that the RHS of () is zero.
Z Z
p (vu uv) n ds = p (vn u un v) ds,
D D
Z
u
= p v un v ds,
D
Z
p
= u (v + n v) ds,
D
Z
p
= u v + n v ds,
D
so we choose
B = v + n v = 0, x D .
2
(iii) For L to be Self-adjoint we require p, q, , to be real functions.
(x, 0) = 0, (x, H) = 0,
(L, y) = 0, (L, y) = 0
for x [0, L] and y [0, H]. This itself is a linear homogeneous BVP which suggest
we can use separation of variables (again, since we have already done this in time).
As such pose the solution
Substituting this form into the ODE and dividing by X(x)Y (y) yields the form
X (x) Y (y)
= =
X(x) Y (y)
where we choose the form of the RHS so as to give oscillatory solutions for > 0
(see sheet). We thus have two separate eigenvalue problems to solve, now in one
dimension:
Furthermore we have already dealt with this case. The eigenvalues are
n 2
n = , n = 1, 2, 3, ...
L
noting that for this problem zero is not an eigenvalue. The associated eigenfunctions
are
nx
Xn (x) = sin .
L
Each value of n gives a separate eigenvalue problem (). We therefore obtain a
infinite set of eigenvalues associated with each n . Therefore we use a double
subscript, giving
m 2
mn n = , m = 1, 2, 3, ...
H
with associated eigenfunction
my
Ym (y) = sin .
H
3
Thus the two dimensional eigenfunctions are
nx my
mn (x, y) = sin sin
L H
with associated eigenvalues
m 2 n 2
mn = +
H L
with m, n = 1, 2, 3, ....
This allows us to write down the solution in the time domain in the following way.
For the heat equation, we know that we can write
X
X
u(x, y, t) = amn mn (x, y)emn t
m=1 n=1
and the constants amn would be determined by application of the initial condition
u(x, y, 0) = u0 (x, y), using orthogonality of the eigenfunctions. For the wave equation
we know that we can write
X
X
u(x, y, t) = mn (x, y)(amn ei mn t
+ bmn ei mn t
)
m=1 n=1
and the constants amn and bmn would, as in the heat equation case be determined
by applying the initial conditions in the time dependent problem.
G2 1 (x x0 )
= ,
x 2 ((x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 )
2
G2 1 (x x0 )2
= ,
x2 2 ((x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 ) ((x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 )2
G2 1 (y y0 )
= ,
y 2 ((x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 )
2
G2 1 (y y0 )2
= ,
y 2 2 ((x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 ) ((x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 )2
so
1 (x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2
2x G2 = =0
((x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 ) ((x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 )2
4
as required.
For 3-D, the free-space Greens function is given by
1
G3 (x, x0 ) = ,
4|x x0 |
1
= p .
4 (x x0 ) + (y y0 )2 + (z z0 )2
2
G3 (x x0 )
= 3 ,
x 4 ((x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 + (z z0 )2 ) 2
2 G3 1 3(x x0 )2
= 3 5 ,
x2 4 (. . .) 2 4 (. . .) 2
2x G3 = 0
as required.
x0 = x + r,
(
r(cos , sin ), (2D)
r=
r(cos sin , sin sin , cos ), (3D)
Since we expect to push the boundary out to infinity , WLOG let us take our origin
at x0 = x (i.e. work in (r, , ) coordinates) and also take D to be a circle of radius
R .
For the 2D case, n = er , ds = r d and
G G2 1
n x0 G = = = .
r r 2r
Hence
Z 2
1 u 1
I lim ln r u r d = 0,
R 0 2 r 2r r=R
5
as required.
For the 3D case, n = er , ds = r 2 sin d and
G G3 1
n x0 G = = = .
r r 4r 2
Hence
Z 2 Z
1 u 1 2
I lim u r sin d d,
R 0 0 4r r 4r 2
r=R
Z 2
1 u
= lim r + u d = 0,
R 0 2 r r=R
as required.
6
8. By symmetry, we expect to require 3 image sources at
Therefore A1 = 1 and
1 [(x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 ] [(x + x0 )2 + (y + y0 )2 ]
G(x, x0 ) = ln .
4 [(x x0 )2 + (y + y0 )2 ] [(x + x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 ]