Modelling and Simulation of Electrical Machines and Power Systems, J, Robert, DK. Tran (Editors) Elsevier Science Publishers B., (North-Holland) 19 ‘© IMACS, 1988 ASYMPTOTIC MODEL FOR THE NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MACHINE-CONVERTER ASSOCIATIONS: 5 s M.S. GaRRIDO"®, B. GasToUT®, J.Fernando STLVA’ A detailed model which eliminates some of the problems usually encountered in the classical approaches is developed for a thyristor bridge rectifier. Using only polyphase state variables, the model allows, in particular, the employment of Clark and Park transformations, important in the analysis of machine-converter associations. 1, INTRODUCTION For an accurate description of the currents and the voltages in a machine-converter association, a complete digital simulation of the system is often necessary. The simulation of the static converter is normally based on classical models having either fixed or variable topologies. In the study of machine-converter associations there is an important case, nanely the one involving polyphase machines and bridge converters (aynchronous machine/rectifier, induction nachine/inverter, ete.), for which neither of these two types of classical models is well suited. Indeed, while the fixed topology models introduce sone state variables (the bridge averse currents) which, in fact, are not state variables of the electrical machines [1!, the variable topology models eliminate some of the state variables of the electrical machine {2]. As a consequence, the conventional techniques used in electrical machine analysis (e.g. the 3x2 transformations) are not of any significant help in the digital simulation of the complete system. In what follows, a new model for bridge converters is considered, which adopts as state variables precisely the state variables of the electrical machine, being therefore perfectly suited to the investigation of machine-converter associations. The model introduces an asymptotic representation of the bridge converter, which allows the use of a non-linear transformation, reducing the DC side of the converter to an equivalent AC polyphase circuit. The study of the system can then be entirely performed on the AC side, by Just employing the state variables of the machine. TINIG, 2 Av. Gama Pinto, 1699 LISBOA Codex, Portugal § UCL, 3 Place du Levant, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium20 MS. Garrido etal This model, which has been previously applied to the diode bridge rectifier [3], will be next extended to thyristor bridge rectifiers. 2. ASYMPTOTIC MODEL OF A THYRISTOR BRIDGE RECTIFIER Considering the elements of the thyristor rectifier represented in figure 1-a as equivalent to a diode element (pH), plus a direct blocking voltage (',, M, ...J, the equivalent cireuit of figure 1-b is obtained. lo FIGURE 1 (a) Bridge rectifier (b) Equivalent circuit Tn the absence of free-wheeling, the following conditions are valid: ° Ty 20 Wy Ht, HMMS Ure O (2) 16 1,0, thea x and ok we ° HU, FM HIE uN 0 I 20 ut = (Uy emt em) = Mo If 1,0, then k and Mm = “hy urs 0 By means of the Heaviside function ar 4,20 @ wD (ou), Tso oO, Keo and of a new function 8 defined b; 1d ke y‘Machine-Converter Associations a (3) Bos WO =n represented by a full-line in figure 2, all the above conditions (1) can be expressed in a much more concise form as: "oe ae uw +m ane T Or OT BU +m TD (4) k ig uw “1 4 OU, 4 PIGURE 2 Functions g, (full-line) and g', (dotted line). Applying Kirchoff laws to the circuit in figure 1-b, the following equations are obtained: y= yy Uy ty. fa = Te Yo te ry i oT Ee tk where = 8-8 (8) ket hat 1 a Fie Mer +8 mg "ae +8 my 4 8 Gra, ee 1 and where the i, are the delta AC currents, such that 7”) Relations (5) represent the basic transformation performed by a thyristor bridge rectifier. This transformation collapses in free-wheel operation, for which (3) In practical applications, the functions g, will be asymptotically approached by first introducing a new function2 M.S. Garrido et al 1. 12 4/a (2) Had) = (att V2, Waste Vo Oo, Ig-Va and then redefining 8, as (0) Bt ee Bg (nC 1) =a] which 4s represented by a dotted line in figure 2, for a finite value of ‘the paraneter a. ‘THE STATE EQUATIONS considering now a rectifier inserted between an inductive polygonal AC circuit and an inductive DC circuit, as represented in figure 3, the AC and DC state equations are, respectively: ai J BC r i eA eu Sakeh2, 5 Meats ha Ge k an ar, ° Roly + +E oot to 0 To FIGURE 3 Rectifier systen. Since, according to (5), the currents I, and i, in (11) are not independent, I, may be eliminated. Doing ‘tha? one obthine the folloving independent stSte equations of the rectifier system represented in figure 3: (2) eg = ER AS + where:‘Machine-Converter Associations 23 by Thy Mes Mo as) 4, APPLICATION OF THE CLARK TRANSFORMATION For a three-phase rectifier, the state equations (12) can be reduced by a 3x2 transformation, as the Clark transformation 1 oye -1/2 x (1a) | xp[=7273] 0 va/2 wave | + | x, we ae ve x Since wat y= 0 as) vo twa Ty = 0 the static converter has no effect on the honopolar equation of the polyphase circuit. For a balanced three-phase circuit, the homopolar current is zero, and the system will be completely described by the two equations Ra fas (ae) - + 8 Fea Rap Teo tae Pot Ys where the above Clark parameters, obtained by classical techniques fron the three-phase parameters, keep the general form (13). Employing a diode bridge rectifier (obtained for It, =1", = 0) it is shown elsewhere [4] that this model also admits the utilisation of Park's ‘transformation. 5, NUMERICAL APPLICATION ‘The present model can be treated numerically if a finite value for the paraneter ais adopted in the asymptotic approach given by equations (9) and (10). Actually,q is to be fixed in function of the precision required for the asymptotic approximation. Also, as the stiffness of the state equations increases witha, the Euler-Backward method [5] appears as most convenient for a numerical treatment of the model.24 MS. Garrido etal One has, then, to integrate a fixed system of two differential equations, and a significative economy in computing tine is obtained, with respect to the classical fixed topology model, where not two, but five equations would be necessary. On the other hand, an important gain in simplicity is obtained, with respect to the classical variable topology model, since how the state equations are automactically generated. An example concerning the simulation of a commutation failure with” free-wheeling is presented in figure 4. x SIMULATION ; eT AA AA THVT TY 100 a ~ANAAA ar “RR 000 AM “ Ty) 4) FIGURE 4 Application example‘Machine-Converter Associations 25 The typical computational time on a HP200 calculator, using Basic (compiled) language, is 1 sec/electric period, which certainly can be considered a very short time. Also, the typical progran size is about one hundred lines and takes about 2Kby of memory. CONCLUSION A non-classical model, using just the polyphase state variables was developed for a thyristor bridge rectifier. The model is compatible with the classical techniques employed in polyphase circuits, as, for example, the 3x2 transformations. This particular feature makes such a model well suited for studying machine-converters associations { 4). REFERENCES [1] Franz, P. and Meyer, A., Digital Simulation of a Complete Subsynchronous Cascade, TEEE-PAS 100 (1981). [2] Le Doeurf, R. and Gudefin, E£.V., Modelling in View of Digital Simulation of the Three-Phase Machines Associated to Static Converters in Electrical Machines and Converters, Elsevier Science Publishers (1984). [3] Garrido, M.S., On Park's Model of a Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier in Electrical Machines and Converters, Elsevier Science Publishers (1984). [4] Marques, G.D., On Park's Models for the Simulation of the Slip Power Recovery Drive, this volume. [5] chua, 1.0. and Lin, P., Computer Aided Analysis of Electronic Circuits, Prentice-Hall, 1975,