WCDMA Principle: Huawei Northwest Africa Region RNP Solution Manage: William - Chen

WCDMA Principle
introduction
www.huawei.com
Huawei Northwest Africa Region

RNP Solution Manage: William.chen
William.chen@huawei.com
HUAWEI Confidential
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The comparison of GSM and WCDMA
GSM WCDMA
Difference
TDMA CDMA
Frequency reuse Code reuse
Hard Capacity Soft Capacity

channel, timeslot power
Hard handover Soft handover
Channel structure Channel structure

Logic/physical Channel Logic/Transport/
physical Channel
HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

Agenda
Feature of WCDMA
WCDMA Overview
CDMA access
Load: capacity
Channel structure
WCDMA Radio Resource Management

Power control
Load control
Handover control
Channel control

WCDMA: Wideband and Codes
WCDMA: Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Chip data is
transmitted
within 3.84MHz The two side
frequency is
worked as
Guard band
u Wideband: 4.4M-5M frequency

bandwidth for one user;
u Code: Channelization code and
Scrambling code is used for cells
and users;

Advantage of WCDMA
Wide band frequency can improve transmit rate.
All WCDMA user share power resource, signal can be lower than noise, why?
P(f)
Channel P(f)
Spreading Code
User1
f f P(f)
P(f)
P(f)
User2
f f
Wide band signal Noise
f
Narrow band signal
Signal accumulate
but noise not Scrambling code P(f)
P(f)
User1 Signal
f
transmit
Wide band signal
f + Noise

Rake Reception
Transmitter
Receive
signal
time

WCDMA: not frequency reuse
In GSM system, all

the cells use
different frequency;
Power
Tx power for one cell
ncy or each user is fixed
T im que
e Fre
Different user use different timeslot;
Power What is used for CDMA(WCDMA) to

c y dominate the cell, to separate user?
tim en
e qu
F re
CODE
Scrambling codes
Channelization codes

WCDMA: separate cells, users
All the cells use same frequency in one carrier
f1
f1 f1 OVSF Code1 OVSF Code2
f1
f1 f1
f1 Scrambling code2
Cell2 Scrambling code1
Channel Code (OVSF)

Cell1
Scrambling code
Signal combine
User1 Data x
User2 Data
x
x
Scrambling codes are used
User3 Data to identified different cells;
User n Data OVSF codes are used to
identified different users;
DL Data transmit OVSF: Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

WCDMA: Code reuse
WCDMA use Primary Scrambling Code to dominate different cells.
1 PSC 15 SSC
SF1 total 8192 SC PSC1 SSC1,SSC2SSC15

SF7 SF2
1,2,3,4,5.... PSC2 SSC1,SSC2SSC15
SF3 ..
.. . .,.
SF9 SF4
..... . .,.
SF6 ..
8192 PSC512 SSC1,SSC2SSC15
There must be There are total 512

adequate distance to PSC to reuse for whole
separate two cell with SF4 network, it is adequate
same Scrambling code resource comparing to
frequency

OVSF: Channelization Code
SF = 128
Different service use different OVSF code
SF = 64
SF = 4 SF = 32
Spreading SF = 16
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Factor = 2
SF = 8
Cch,2,0 = (1,1) AMR 12.2K
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) PS32Kbps DL
PS64Kbps DL
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Video Call
PS128Kbps DL
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Typical service:
PS384Kbps DL
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
u All code within the tree are orthogonal
u Limitation of code, SF is number of codes
u It is selected by NodeB automatically

WCDMA: Load and User
In GSM, congestion means there
is no channel resource. And cell
reach high load.
Power
y
nc In CDMA(WCDMA), congestion
tim
e q ue
F re means there is no Power resource.
The NodeB Transmit power
represent DL load, and Receive
power represent UL load.
Power
What is the difference?

Time ncy
freque
Channel resource for each is fixed, it hard
capacity; Power resource for each user is
unfixed, it is soft capacity

WCDMA: DL Load calculation
Cell load means how many user it can accommodation, Downlink load represent
the transmit power
Maximum Tx Power
Tx power
User1(AMR)
90% for R5/R6
75% for R99 User2(AMR)
User3(VP)
Hz ncy
Power
5M ue
eq
Fr
Common channel Time(10ms)
Number of User NodeB Tx

Power
u Power consume depend on service

u Power consume is changed according to
user position
Tx Power for each User arises as
u There are 10% load margin for load control the user go fare away from NodeB

WCDMA: UL Load calculation
Uplink load represent the receive power, it is calculated by noise rise
RTWP (Receive Total Wideband Power) is used to

Noise Rise
calculate the Noise Rise

Pole load
n No user access
6dB 75% for R5/R6 RTWP1 = 105.3dBm
3dB 50% for R99/R4 n Some of use access

RTWP2 = 102.3dBm
Noise rise is 105.3-102.3=3dB, and UL load is
Number of User 50%.
u Receive power arise as the user increase;

u Noise arise rapidly in later part;
u Cell radius depend on UL coverage usually;

Typical Transport Channel
BCH Broadcast Channel

transmit information specific to the UTRA network or for a given cell.
Paging Channel
PCH
transmit data relevant to the paging procedure, that is, when the
network wants to initiate communication with the terminal.
Forward Access Channel

FACH
transmit control information or packet data in downlink direction.
Random Access Channel

RACH
transmit control information or packet data in uplink direction.
DCH Dedicated Channel or Dedicated Transport Channel

Transport of all the information for a given user coming from layers
above the physical layer, including service data and signaling.

Initial UE Radio Access
Several important Physical channel
NodeB
Synchronise on P-SCH (un-scrambled)
NodeB Timeslots
Synchronise on NodeB Frames S-SCH (un-scrambled)

Get Scrambling Code Group
Information of scrambling code CPICH (scrambled)

Pattern for DL Macro diversity
Get broadcast information, paging CCPCH

information Carry [BCH, PCH, FACH]
PRACH
Send access requirement
Carry transport channel [RACH]
Send, receive signalling and DPDCH/DPCCH

service data including CS/PS Carry transport channel [DCH]

Physical channel construe comparison
WCDMA Physical WCDMA Transport GSM Physical GSM logical

channel channel channel channel
SCH - SCH BCH
CPICH - FCCH BCH
CCPCH BCH BCCH BCH
CCPCH PCH PCH CCCH
CCPCH FACH AGCH CCCH
PRACH RACH RACH CCCH
SDCCH
SACCH DCCH
DPCH DCH FACCH
TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H

The summary of WCDMA principle
Why WCDMA data signal can be lower than interference?
n Data power accumulated but interference does not after dispreading
n Rake Reception
What is used to separate the cell and user in DL?

n Channelization code (VOSF) is used to separate DL user
n Scrambling code is used to separate cells
What is the feature for WCDMA planning?
n frequency is same for all cells;

n Scrambling codes is reused for different cells
What dose WCDMA cell load represent?

n DL load represent the occupancy of DL Tx power;
n UL load represent the received noise rise;

Agenda
Feature of WCDMA
WCDMA Overview
CDMA access
Load: capacity
Channel structure
WCDMA Radio Resource Management

Power control
Load control
Handover control
Channel control

What are the radio resource for WCDMA
Power is key radio resource as

view of Air interfere
RNC
Transmission, Channel element,
OVSF codes and power are all
radio resource as view of UTRAN
NodeB
All those radio resource can be

What is the benefit of RRM? managed by below ways:
1. Grandee the QoS of CN n Power Control
require
2. Improve the system capacity
n Load Control
3. Increase the cell coverage n Handover Control

n Channel Control

Necessary for Power control
Why WCDMA needs fast Power control?
User1 The Power is accumulated by all user

User2 in downlink, power control can save
User3 Total the power consumption for each user,
Power improve DL capacity. It is same as
User4
UL.
User n
The UE near the NodeB has

aloud voice, NodeB cant
decode far UE signal in this
situation. It is called near-far
effect. Power control can
degrade near UEs Tx level

Power Control Procedure
Power control procedure: DL power control
2
4
3
1 5
NodeB
Outer loop Inner loop
RNC
Power Control Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control
1 RNC send Initial SIR target to NodeB at RL setup phase; Service BLER
NodeB measure UL SIR, and compare it with SIR target; AMR 1%

2
Video Call 0.1%
NodeB send the TPC (Transmitter Power control) to UE to
3
modify Tx Power according to comparison result; PS64 5%
4 NodeB decode the data and send the BLER to RNC; PS384 10%
5 There have default BLER for service, RNC will modified SIR target according to the
comparison between the received BLER and default one ;

Power Control against fast fading
Power control against fast fading
Power level pathloss
Long term fading

Short term fading
Distance
Signal variations due to fast fading is frequent and

considerable(20-30dB) , the frequency of fast power
control is 1500Hz,it can compensate the fading.
Tx Power Level Rx Power Level

WCDMA handover control
Handover control of WCDMA has many category
Handover by destination UMTS2100
n Intra-freq handover A-B f2 cell A f2 cell B
n Inter-freq handover A-C

n Inter-RAT handover C-F
Handover by triggered event

f1 cell C f1 cell D UMTS900
n Handover by coverage Above all
n Handover by load ???
n Handover by service ???
GSM Cell E GSM Cell F GSM900

Soft handover feature
What is difference between hard handover and soft handover
Hard handover Soft handover
There are only one RL (Radio Link) There are two or three RLs (Radio
between UE and NodeB in hard Link) between UE and NodeB in soft
handover procedure. handover procedure
It apply in It apply in
n Between different frequency cell n Between same frequency cell
n Between GSM and WCDMA

Soft handover include two types
Data combination for Soft/Softer handover
Iu UL Data
combination
RNC in RNC
UL Data
combination
in NodeB
Iub
NodeB NodeB
For limitation of UE receiver

ability, there are 3 maximum
DL signal could be decoded
simulates usually.
The 4th or above cell will be

noise to UE, it should be
nSofter handover: Multi nSoft handover: Multi optimized to avoid it too strong.
connection with different connection with different
cells belong to one NodeB NodeB

Handover based on load and service
Handover based on load Handover based on service

In dense urban or hotspot, Two cells belong RNC will handover some user to the cell
to one sector (transmit within one antenna) that fit it more.
will cover one position to absorb the
capacity. When an HSDPA User move from rural
area into urban, he will handover to r99 cell
RNC will handover some user in high load at first, and then handover to R99+HSPA
cell to low one in below situation. cell based on service:
R99+HSPA
WCDMA Cell1
HSDPA
User
R99 HSPA+R99
WCDMA Cell2
Urban Rural

Load Control Purpose
Can WCDMA cell be operated at high load level?
DL load UL load
Pole load
90%
Pole load
75%
75%
50%
20%
Common channel
Capacity Capacity
In pole load situation there is no more power for power control, there must be
spaced power for power control to maintain the QoS.

Load Control Procedure
Load Control usually include below procedure: Load control action

n Admission control n Load Balance
User
n Load control (normal) handover
Carry1: high load
n Congestion control
Carry2:low load
DL load
Pole load Congestion control
90%
75% Load control
n Channel reconfiguration
Admission control
Power consume
20%
PS384K
Capacity PS128K
PS64K

Dynamical Channel Control
Why does WCDMA RRM need Dynamical Channel Control?
Radio resource is allocated by two point:
n Core Network requirement RNC will monitor the
resource utilization
n Actual utilization situation situation. It will
modify it according
CN
to actual situation.
128Kbps 128Kbps
User
NodeB 64Kbps
RNC
32Kbps
User apply CN check RNC/NodeB Actual Throughput time

DL384Kbps with HLR allocate 128Kbps
service and assign CE/Transmission
128Kbps /Power/code Dynamical Channel Configuration
resource for UE Control help us save radio resource
and improve cell capacity

Summary of RRM
What the purpose of RRM?
n Use minimum radio resource to maintain the required QoS
What the benefit of RRM?

n Grandee the QoS of CN require
n Improve the system capacity
n Increase the cell coverage
What action does RRM include?

n Power Control
n Load Control
n Handover Control
n Channel Control

Thanks
www.huawei.com

WCDMA Principle: Huawei Northwest Africa Region RNP Solution Manage: William - Chen

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WCDMA Principle

Huawei Northwest Africa Region

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Hard Capacity Soft Capacity

Hard handover Soft handover

Channel structure Channel structure

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WCDMA Radio Resource Management

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u Wideband: 4.4M-5M frequency

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In GSM system, all

Different user use different timeslot;

Power What is used for CDMA(WCDMA) to

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Cell2 Scrambling code1

Channel Code (OVSF)

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SF1 total 8192 SC PSC1 SSC1,SSC2SSC15

There must be There are total 512

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Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) PS32Kbps DL

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What is the difference?

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Number of User NodeB Tx

u Power consume depend on service

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RTWP (Receive Total Wideband Power) is used to

calculate the Noise Rise

6dB 75% for R5/R6 RTWP1 = 105.3dBm

3dB 50% for R99/R4 n Some of use access

u Receive power arise as the user increase;

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BCH Broadcast Channel

Forward Access Channel

Random Access Channel

DCH Dedicated Channel or Dedicated Transport Channel

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Synchronise on NodeB Frames S-SCH (un-scrambled)

Information of scrambling code CPICH (scrambled)

Get broadcast information, paging CCPCH

Send, receive signalling and DPDCH/DPCCH

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WCDMA Physical WCDMA Transport GSM Physical GSM logical

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