Lab 12: A.

General Sensation
B. Special Senses
Vision
Hearing and equilibrium

Lab 12 Checklist: (to be completed before Lab 12)

Complete the Review Sheets for Lab 11.

Read all parts of this lab, including Lab Manual Exercises General Sensation
and The Special Senses.

Be prepared for a quiz at the beginning of this lab. It will be based on last
weeks lab.

Read and start the Review Sheets for this lab.

Come to lab prepared to use any extra time for review for Lab Test 2.

Learning Objectives:

Part A: General Senses

The student should be able to:

1. List the stimuli that activate general sensory receptors.
2. Define exteroceptor, interoceptor and proprioceptor.
3. Recognize and describe the various types of general sensory receptors as
studied in the laboratory, and list the function and location of each.
4. Describe receptor physiology through tactile localization and two-point
discrimination tests.
5. Define adaptation and briefly explain the advantage of this phenomenon.
6. Define referred pain and provide an example.

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Key Terms:
stimuli, sensory receptors, mechanoreceptor, thermoreceptor, photoreceptor,
nociceptor, chemoreceptor, exteroceptor, interoceptor, proprioceptor, special
senses, general senses, nonencapsulated (free) nerve endings, encapsulated
nerve endings, lamellar corpuscles, tactile corpuscles

tranducers, sensation, perception, two-point threshold, tactile localization

adaptation, negative afterimages

referred pain

Part B: Special Senses

The student should be able to:

1. Identify the external, internal, and accessory anatomical structures of the
eye on the model or appropriate image and list of the function(s) of each;
identify the structural components that are present in a dissected sheep or
cow eye (if applicable)
2. Define the following terms: accommodation, astigmatism, hyperopia, myopia,
refraction, presbyopia, and convergence, and describe several simple visual
tests to which the terms apply.
3. Identify the anatomical structures of the external, middle, and internal ear
on a model or appropriate diagram, and explain their functions.
4. Identify the anatomy of the organ of hearing (spiral organ in the cochlea) on
the model or appropriate image, and explain its function in sound reception.
5. Define sensorineural deafness and conduction deafness and related these
conditions to the Weber and Rinne tests.
6. Describe the anatomy of the organs of equilibrium in the internal ear
(cristae ampullares and maculae), and explain their relative function in
maintaining equilibrium.
7. Define nystagmus and relate this event to the balance and Barany tests.

Key Terms:
lacrimal gland, nasolacrimal duct, lysozyme, extrinsic eye muscles

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fibrous layer, sclera, cornea, vascular layer (uvea), choroid, ciliary body, ciliary
processes, ciliary muscles, ciliary zonule (suspensory ligament), lens, iris, pupil,
retina, pigmented layer, neural layer, photoreceptors, rods, cones, bipolar cells,
ganglion cells, optic disc, optic nerve, blind spot, macula lutea, fovea centralis,
posterior segment, anterior segment, anterior chamber, posterior chamber,
vitreous humor, aqueous humor, scleral venous sinus, glaucoma, cataract

refraction, accommodation, presbyopia, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism,

convergence, near point of accommodation, visual acuity, color blindness

external (outer) ear, auricle (pinna), external acoustic meatus, cerumen,

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

middle ear (tympanic cavity), oval (vestibular) window, round (cochlear) window,
pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube, auditory ossicles, malleus (hammer), incus
(anvil), stapes (stirrup)

internal (inner) ear (labyrinth), bony (osseous) labyrinth, membranous labyrinth,

perilymph, endolymph, vestibule, saccule, utricle, semicircular canals

cochlea, scala vestibuli, cochlear duct (scala media), scala tympani, vestibular
membrane, basilar membrane, spiral organ, hair cells, tectorial membrane,
pitch, cochlear nerve

sensorineural deafness, conduction deafness, Weber test, Rinne test

vestibular apparatus, static equilibrium, dynamic equilibrium, maculae, otoliths,

ampulla, crista ampullaris, ampullary cupula, vestibular nerve, vestibulocochlear
nerve (cranial nerve VIII)

nystagmus, Barany test

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A. General Sensations

Do all Activities listed in the Lab Manual.

See and study the demonstration microscope slides of lamellar corpuscle,
tactile corpuscle.

Microscope Slides:

Plate # in
Name of Microscope
A Brief Atlas of Notes
Tissue Slides
the Human Body

Lamellar Demo slide

corpuscle

Tactile Demo slide #37

corpuscle

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B. Special Senses
Do all Activities listed in the Lab Manual.
See and study the demonstration microscope slides of retina and cochlea.

Microscope Slides:

Name of
Microscope Slides Notes
Tissue

retina
#28 (demo slide)

cochlea #29 (demo slide)

The Eye:

Do all Activities listed in the Lab Manual.

Study the eye models using the following keys, and label as many features as
possible in the diagram.
After studying the eye models, continue with the Working Model of the Eye,
and relate the features learned here to the components of the working
model.

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 Eye Models

Eye in Orbit

1. through 6. extrinsic eye muscles 26. optic disc (blind spot)

8. and 9. iris
10. cornea no numbers:
16. sclera lens
10 and 16. fibrous tunic pupil
12. and 25. choroid optic nerve
8, 9, and 12. vascular tunic anterior segment
20. ciliary body and ciliary posterior segment
muscle anterior chamber
21. ciliary processes posterior chamber
23. retina (sensory or neural tunic) scleral venous sinus

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Deluxe Eye Model

11. - 17. extrinsic eye muscles 32. macula lutea with

19. sclera fovea centralis
20. cornea 33. optic nerve
19 and 20. fibrous tunic 55. lacrimal gland
21. choroid no numbers:
23. retina (anterior optic disc
margin) lens
25. ciliary body and pupil
ciliary muscle anterior segment
28 and 29. iris posterior segment
30. retina anterior chamber
l. rods posterior chamber
n. cones scleral venous sinus

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 Working Model of the Eye

The working model of the eye allows you to investigate the refractive
properties of the eyeball, and to observe the effect of eyeball shape on the
formation of a clear image.

The retina of the eye in this model is represented by a white screen, on which
the macula lutea is in the center shown by a circle and blind spot is
represented by a hole off centered. The retina screen can be moved to three
different settings for eyeball shape to mimic: normal (the middle slot), myopia
(the last slot) and hyperopia (the first slot position).

Part 1: Demonstrating Normal vision

1. Adjust the eyeball to normal shape by placing the retina screen in the
middle slot at the back of the model.

2. The +62mm crystalline lens is placed in the slot labeled SEPTUM which
would separate the aqueous and vitreous humors.

3. Fill the tank with water, up to the fill line.

4. Place the light source about 30 cm in front of the eyeball.

5. Position the plexiglass letter imprint immediately in front of the light

source. The letters from the plexiglass should be in focus on the retina
screen, if not you may need to readjust the distance of the plexiglass
stand in relation to the light source or shift the distance of the light
source from the model. This represents the condition of the normal eye
when viewing a distant object.

Part 2: Demonstrating Myopia (Near-sightedness)

1. The model, light source and crystalline lens should set the same as in
normal vision. The image should be in focus on the retina.

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2. Adjust the eyeball to the elongated shape by placing the retina screen
back to the last slot position. The eye model is now near-sighted, and the
image is blurred because it is focused in front of the retina.

3. Place the concave lens (-1000mm) in the holder in front of the cornea to
change the power of the lens of the eye. Observe the quality of the
image on the retina screen. This demonstrates the use of concave
(divergent) or negative diopter lens to correct myopia.

4. Without moving the model, remove the concave lens. While observing the
retina screen, move the plexiglass letter closer to the eye, to sharpen
the image. Near-sighted people need to bring objects close to their eyes
in order to focus clearly.

Part 3: Demonstrating Hyperopia (Far-sightedness)

1. The model and light source should set the same as in normal vision. The
image should be in focus on the retina.

2. Without moving the model, adjust the eyeball to the shortened shape by
placing retina screen forward into the first slot position. The eye model
is now far-sighted, and the image is blurred because it is focused behind
the retina.

3. Place the convex lens (+400mm) in the holder in front of the cornea to
change the power of the lens of the eye. Observe the quality of the
image on the retina screen. This demonstrates the use of convex
(converging) or positive diopter lenses to correct hyperopia.

4. Without moving the model, remove the lens. While observing the retina
screen, move the plexiglass letter farther from the eye, to sharpen the
image. Far-sighted people have no difficulty in clearly viewing distant
objects.

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The Ear:

Do all Activities listed in the Lab Manual.

Study the ear models using the following keys, and label as many features
as possible in the diagram.
After studying the ear models, continue with the Working Model of the
Ear, and relate the features learned here to the components of the
working model.

Ear Models

Ear Model (Older Model)

A. External Ear
1. auricle (pinna)
2. external auditory
canal/meatus C. Inner Ear
3. tympanic membrane 12. vestibule
13. oval window
B. Middle Ear 14. round window
5. tympanic cavity 15. semicircular canal
7. pharyngotympanic 16. semicircular canal
(auditory) tube 17. semicircular canal
8. malleus (hammer) 18. cochlea
9. incus (anvil)
11. stapes (stirrup)

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Deluxe Ear Model
(Newer model, on wooden base)

A. External Ear

I. auricle (pinna)
II. external auditory canal/meatus

B. Middle Ear

III. tympanic membrane

IV. tympanic cavity
34. malleus (hammer)
35. incus (anvil)
36. stapes (stirrup)
38. entrance of pharyngo-
tympanic (auditory) tube
42. round window
43. oval window

C. Inner Ear

47. internal auditory meatus 57. utricle of vestibule

48. semicircular canal
49. semicircular canal
50. semicircular canal
53, 54, 55. ampullae of semi-
circular canals
58. saccule of vestibule
67. vestibular nerve of
vestibulocochlear
cranial nerve (VIII)

VI. cochlea
68. cochlear nerve of vestibulocochlear cranial nerve
(VIII)

VII. temporal bone

mastoid process
pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
73. styloid process of temporal bone

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Giant Three-Part Ear
(Newer model, not on a wooden base)
1. auricle (or pinna) 21. ampulla of canal
3.-4. external auditory 22. semicircular canal
canal/meatus 23. ampulla of canal
7. temporal bone 24. semicircular canal
25. ampulla of canal
10. tympanic membrane 26. vestibule
(eardrum) 27. oval window (under stapes)
28. round window
Three Auditory Ossicles: 29. cochlea, first turn
11. incus (anvil) scala vestibuli (orange)
12. malleus (hammer) scala media (white)
13. stapes (stirrup) scala tympani (blue)
30. cochlea, second turn
18. tympanic cavity 31. cupula
19. pharyngotympanic 32. vestibular nerve
(auditory) tube 33. cochlear nerve
20. semicircular canal

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 Working Model of the Ear

The working model of the ear allows you to observe the movement of the ear drum,
ear ossicles and oval window in response to sound waves that are artificially
generated in the model by mechanically vibrating the eardrum.

In addition, you will be able to observe the wave motion in the fluid of the cochlear
labyrinth as it makes the basilar membrane vibrate.

Identify the following components of the model:

eardrum cochlear labyrinth (plexiglass tube): The

ear ossicles: hammer (malleus), labyrinth has been uncoiled; the region
anvil (incus), stirrup (stapes) most distant from the middle ear
oval window represents the apex of the cochlea.
round window basilar membrane with hair cells

Use of the ear model:

1. Watch the movements of the eardrum, ossicles, oval window, basilar membrane
and round window as you turn the handle.

2. Vary the speed with which you turn the handle, and change the position of the
rubber belt to change the gear ratio.

Are there any differences in the patterns of flutter in the basilar membrane, in
response to the changes in frequency?
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