Subject Supine - (for shoulder complex flexion) Flatten lumbar spine (flex knees) Shoulder no abduction, adduction or 167 4.7 (American Academy of rotation Orthopedic Surgeons) (note: to measure gleno-humeral 150 (American Medical Association) motion, stabilize scapula) 166 (mean), 4.7 (standard deviation), (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis center of humeral head near Muscle Stretch acromion process. Stationary arm parallel mid- axillary line. Moving arm aligned with midline of humerus (lateral epicondyle). 2- Shoulder Extension:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject Supine (for shoulder complex flexion) Shoulder no abduction, adduction or rotation 62 9.5 (American Academy of (note: to measure gleno-humeral Orthopedic Surgeons) motion, stabilize scapula) 50 (American Medical Association) 62.3 (mean), 9.5 (standard deviation), (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis center of humeral head near Capsular or ligamentous acromion process Stationary arm parallel mid-axillary line Moving arm aligned with midline of humerus (lateral epicondyle) 3- Shoulder Abduction:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject Supine (for shoulder complex abduction) Shoulder 0 flexion and extension Shoulder laterally (externally) 184 7.0 (American Academy of rotated Orthopedic Surgeons) Shoulder abducted 180 (American Medical Association) Stabilize thorax (note: to measure 184 (mean), 7.0 (standard deviation), gleno-humeral motion, stabilize (Boone and Azen) scapula)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis center of humeral head near Muscle Stretch acromion process Stationary arm parallel to sternum Moving arm aligned with midline of humerus 4- Shoulder Medial (Internal) Rotation:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject Supine 69 4.6 (American Academy of Shoulder 90 abduction Orthopedic Surgeons) Forearm neutral 90 (American Medical Association) Elbow fixed 90 68.8 (mean), 4.6 (standard deviation), Stabilize arm (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis olecranon process of ulna Capsular Stationary arm aligned vertically Moving arm aligned with ulna (styloid process) 5- Shoulder Lateral (External) Rotation:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject Supine 104 8.5 (American Academy of Shoulder 90 abduction Orthopedic Surgeons) Forearm neutral 90 (American Medical Association) Elbow fixed 90 103 (mean), 8.5 (standard Stabilize arm deviation), (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis olecranon process of ulna Capsular Stationary arm aligned vertically Moving arm aligned with ulna (styloid process) 6- Elbow Flexion:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject Supine 141 4.9 (American Academy of Shoulder neutral (arm at side) Orthopedic Surgeons) Forearm supinated 140 (American Medical Association) Elbow fixed 142.9 (mean) 5.6 (standard Stabilize arm deviation), (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis lateral epicondyle of humerus Soft tissue approximation (capsular for Stationary arm aligned humerus thin subjects) (center of acromion process) Moving arm aligned with radius (styloid process) 7- Elbow Extension:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject Supine 0.3 2.0 (American Academy of Shoulder neutral (arm at side) Orthopedic Surgeons) Forearm supinated 0.0 (American Medical Association) Elbow fixed 0.6 (mean) 3.1 (standard deviation), Stabilize arm (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis lateral epicondyle of humerus Bone on bone (hard). Stationary arm aligned humerus (center of acromion process) Moving arm aligned with radius (styloid process) 8- Forearm Supination:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject sitting 81 4.0 (American Academy of Shoulder neutral (arm at side) Orthopedic Surgeons) Elbow fixed at 90 80 (American Medical Association) Stabilize arm 82.1 (mean) 3.8 (standard deviation), Supinate forearm (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis medial to ulnar styloid Capsular Stationary arm parallel to humerus Moving arm aligned with ventral aspect of radius 9- Forearm Pronation:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject sitting 75 5.3 (American Academy of Shoulder neutral (arm at side) Orthopedic Surgeons) Elbow fixed at 90 80 (American Medical Association) Stabilize arm 75.8 (mean) 5.1 (standard deviation), Supinate forearm (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis lateral to ulnar styloid Capsular Stationary arm parallel to humerus Moving arm aligned with dorsum of radius 10- Wrist Flexion:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject sitting 75 6.6 (American Academy of Forearm stabilized on table Orthopedic Surgeons) Flex wrist (fingers relaxed) 60 (American Medical Association) 76.4 (mean) 6.3 (standard deviation), (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis lateral wrist Capsular Stationary arm aligned with ulna Moving arm aligned with fifth metacarpal 11- Wrist Extension:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject sitting 74 6.6 (American Academy of Forearm stabilized on table Orthopedic Surgeons) Extended wrist (fingers relaxed) 60 (American Medical Association) 74.9 (mean) 6.4 (standard deviation), (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis lateral wrist (triquetrum) Capsular Stationary arm aligned with ulna Moving arm aligned with fifth metacarpal 12- Wrist Radial Deviation:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject sitting with forearm 21 4.0 (American Academy of resting on table Orthopedic Surgeons) Stabilize forearm to prevent 20 (American Medical Association) pronation or supination 21.5 (mean) 4.0 (standard deviation), (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis capitate Ligamentous (ulnar collateral ligament) Stationary arm aligned with forearm (lateral epicondyle) Moving arm aligned with metacarpal of middle finger 13- Wrist Ulnar Deviation:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject sitting with forearm resting 35 3.8 (American Academy of on table Orthopedic Surgeons) Stabilize forearm to prevent 30 (American Medical Association) pronation or supination 36.0 (mean) 3.8 (standard deviation), (Boone and Azen)
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Axis capitate Ligamentous (radial collateral Stationary arm aligned with ligament) forearm (lateral epicondyle) Moving arm aligned with metacarpal of middle finger 14- Metacarpophalangeal Joint Flexion:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject sitting with forearm resting 86 (index), 91 (ring), 105 (little) on table (American Academy of Orthopedic Wrist and interphalangeal joints Surgeons - active motion) relaxed 90 (American Medical Association) Forearm neutral Stabilize metacarpal to prevent motion
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Dorsal metacarpophalangeal joint capsular Stationary arm - aligned with metacarpal Moving arm aligned with proximal phalange 15- Metacarpophalangeal Joint Extension:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject sitting with forearm resting 22 (index), 18 (long), 23 (ring), 19 on table (little) (American Academy of Wrist and interphalangeal joints Orthopedic Surgeons - active motion) relaxed 20 (American Medical Association) Forearm neutral Stabilize metacarpal to prevent motion
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Dorsal metacarpophalangeal joint capsular Stationary arm - aligned with metacarpal Moving arm aligned with proximal phalange 16- Metacarpophalangeal Joint Abduction:
Test Position Normal Range
Subject sitting with forearm ??? resting on table Wrist neutral Forearm neutral Stabilize metacarpal to prevent motion
Goniometer Alignment Normal End Feel
Dorsal metacarpophalangeal joint capsular Stationary arm - aligned with metacarpal Moving arm aligned with proximal phalange