Answers to assignment 1 unit 1 biology

1 (a) A is, an artery / named artery, and B is, a vein / named vein ; 1
(b) (Lining / wall) one cell thick ; Thin cells / simple epithelium / squamous epithelium ; Alternative to first
two marking points Thin walls ; Pores ; Selectively / partially permeable ; 2
(c) For transport / eq of, solutes / named solute / nutrients / molecules, to / from, cells / tissues ;
OR
Movement of waste products / named waste product from cells ; 1
(d) Increased blood pressure / hydrostatic pressure / hypertension / increased capillary permeability / decrease
in plasma protein / colloidal osmotic pressure / protein / amino acid deficient diet / blocked lymphatic vessels /
faulty valves in lymphatic vessels ; 1
[5]
2 (a) Rightatrium;
B Left ventricle; 2
(b) Lung; [however qualified] 1
(c) 1. Reference to {narrow / extremely long} capillaries;3
2. Reference to blood in the lungs / reference to oxygenation of blood;
3. Results in {low pressure / loss of pressure} of blood (when it emerges from the lungs);
4. Not enough pressure to get through rest of {capillary network / the body};
5. Pumping the blood again {raises / restores} lost pressure OR provides extra boost of pressure / reference to
second pump;
6. Higher pressure in systemic circulation / lower pressure in pulmonary circulation; 3
(d) (i) D artery AND E vein; 1
(ii) Thick (muscular) {wall / layer} OR Rounded {shape / lumen} OR Smaller lumen; 1
[8]
3 (a) Ventricular systole; 1
(b) 1. Relaxation of atria and ventricles;9
2. Reduces pressure (inside heart) / eq;
3. Refilling / eq;
4. AV valves are open;
(c) 1. Correct reference to the coronary circulation;
2. Via the coronary artery;
3. From the aorta;
4. Reference to capillaries (within) cardiac muscles;
5. Reference to {red blood cells / haemoglobin} {carrying / releasing} oxygen; 3
[6]
4 (a) Pressure reaches highest value / greatest range of pressure in ventricle /
description of sequence of changes; 1

(b) (i) Pressure in ventricle / B is higher than pressure in atrium / A; 1

(ii) 0.2s;
Time when pressure in ventricle / B is higher than pressure in aorta / C; 2

(c) (i) Higher; 1

(ii) Thicker muscle in (wall of) left ventricle; 1
(d) 1 m; 1

(e) 1 mark made of different tissues

2 marks made of specified tissues illustrated with at least two
examples from the table 2

5 (i) Mortality falls as dietary fibre intake increases;

Almost linear relationship / negative correlation / inversely proportional;
Small increase in fibre has large effect;
Quantitative use of figures.

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(b) Higher (blood) pressure / more chance of damage to endothelium; 1

(c) High {hydrostatic / blood} pressure;
Which is higher than {solute potential gradient / eq} / correct osmotic effect described;
(Plasma forced out) through {pores / gaps} in capillary wall;
The fluid is forced out of the capillary into the intercellular space; 25
(d) (i) Blocked lymph vessels / high blood pressure / {low solute potential / high water potential} in blood /
loss of plasma proteins / damage to tissue / histamine / eq; 1
(ii) Oedema;

7 (a) Flatworm has a large surface area : volume ratio / converse; Diffusion {sufficient / effective} for
flatworms {needs / eq} / converse; Mammal {has higher metabolic rate / is warm blooded / eq} / converse; 2
(b) (i) Top two open; Bottom two closed; 2
(ii) X drawn anywhere in the right atrium; 1
(iii) Pacemaker / sets rhythm of heart / initiates cardiac cycle / eq; 1
(c) Blood at high pressure; High concentration of oxygen / eq; High concentration of glucose / eq; 2
[8]

8 (a) A {Aortic / semi lunar / SL} valve;

B Aorta / aortic arch;
C {Atrio-ventricutar / AV / bicuspid / mitral} valve; 2
(b) 1. {Valves / named valve / C} close;
2. (To) prevent backflow (of blood);
3. Reference to {contraction / systole} of ventricle;
2
 4. Thick (muscular) wall / more muscle;
5. Provides high {pressure / force / eq};
6. To pump blood through {systemic circulation / round body / eq};
7. Reference to elasticity of {aorta / B} (to accommodate blood expelled from ventricle) / eq; 4
(c) (i) 1. Uterus bigger / more tissue;
2. More muscle development / eq;
3. Reference to {development / maintenance} of {placenta / eq};
4. Reference to development of {fetus / baby};
[Maximum three marks]
(ii) 1. {More / greater} contraction / heart works harder;
2. (Because) {blood / oxygen / nutrients};
3. (Pumped to) {uterus / placenta / fetus / mothers body}; 4
[10]
9 (a) narrowing of the arteries ; thrombosis / blood clot ; 2
(b) (i) age and gender ; 1
(ii) both increased with age ; figures similar 0-34 / over 65 ; deaths in males greater between 25-74 / converse
for females / valid comparison for any age group in this range ; males levels off 45 onwards, females rises
throughout ; 3
[6]
10 [Only allow points if linked to aspect of diet]
1. High intake of {saturated fat / animal fat / example of fat / cholesterol};
2. Atherosclerosis / description of deposition inside arteries;
3. (Which leads to) reduced {blood flow / oxygen / eq) to heart muscle / increased blood pressure (in coronary
circulation) / reference to thrombosis;
4. High {salt / Na+} intake;
5. High blood pressure / hypertension;
6. (Which leads to increased) {risk / eq} of {heart attack / heart failure / myocardial infarction}; 3
[3]

11 (a) Artery / arteriole ; 1

(b) (i) Tunica media / middle coat ; 1
(ii) Provide {strength / support } / prevents bursting ; Idea that they enable artery to withstand high blood
pressure / eq ; 211
(c) 1. Separation of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood ;
2. (Therefore) better {oxygenation of blood / oxygen supply to tissues} ;
3. Maintains different pressure to lungs and rest of body / eq ;
4. Mammals have a high (er) demand for oxygen ;
5. Idea of repressurisation ; 2
[6]
12 (a) P aorta Accept pulmonary artery 1 Q vena cava Accept any named vein 1 R capillary 127
(b) Correct answer (with or without working) = 2 marks Answer: 76(.2)%;
Correct working with incorrect answer = 1 mark 10.5 2.5 or 8 seen; 2
(c) (i) (pulses) due to {elastic recoil/eq} / general drop due to {friction / dividing into more vessels}; 1
(ii) (pressure drop) due to large volume of capillary network / friction between blood cells and walls of
capillary; 1
[7]
13 (a) (i) Heart is visible / transparent organism / reference to ethical issues / eq; 1
(ii) 1. Temperature;
2. Volume of solution;
3. Daphnia {same age / growth conditions} / eq;
4. Time in solution prior to counting heart rate / eq; 212

(iii) 1. Very active / high metabolic rate;

2. Supplies oxygen / removes CO2;
3. Slow diffusion (through body surface) / diffusion insufficient / eq;
4. Low SA/V ratio / eq; 2
(b) 1. Will increase blood pressure;
2. Risk of damage to arteries;
3. Increase risk of heart attack / stroke / aneurysm;
4. More chance of atherosclerosis / eq;
5. Vasoconstriction / eq; 2
3
 [7]
14 thromboplastin
prothrombin
fibrinogen
fibrin
red blood cells
All six correct - 3 marks five or four correct - 2 marks three or two correct - 1 mark one correct - 0 marks
[one mark for each two correct answers rounded down]
[3]
15 (a) (i) {semilunar / aortic} valve 1
(ii) ventricular systole 1
(iii) A description and an explanation to include three from:
1. ventricles contract
2. atrioventricular(AV) valves dose
3. semilunar valves open /eq
4. due to higher pressure in ventricles;
5. compared to (atria / artery}
6. blood passes into {aorta / artery) 3

16

(iii) 1. only three Daphnia used / not enough {samples / repeats} to be representative / only one Daphnia used
per concentration;
2. different Daphnia used (for each caffeine concentration) / different Daphnia used for 35 au;
3. range not large enough to make prediction / eq;
4. Daphnia may respond differently at higher concentrations / eq OR they may die;
5. taking readings for 10 seconds not sufficient;
6. describe one environmental variable to be controlled / allow time for Daphnia to acclimatise;
7. need for a control; max 3
[9]
17 (a) (i) X = aorta/ aortic arch;
Y = (left) ventricle / cardiac muscle;
Z = coronary artery /eq; 3
(ii) second box down on the left; 1
(iii) SAN / sino atrial node / pacemaker / eq; 1
(b) (i) 1. sequence of events from one beat to the next beat / eq;
2. reference to {contraction / systole} and {relaxation / diastole};
3. correct detail of sequence e.g. atrial systole ventricular systole diastole / approx 30% of time spent in
systole and 70% in diastole;
4. correct detail of electrical regulation of cardiac cycle/eq; max 2
(ii) 1. left ventricle has {more / thicker} muscle / eq;
2. blood from (left ventricle) has to divide between more capillaries / eq;
3. left ventricle has to pump blood further / eq; max 2
(iii) 1. pressure increases as blood forced into ventricle during atrial systole;
2. pressure increases during (initial) ventricular systole/eq;
3. (due to) reducing volume of ventricle (causing pressure increase);
4. pressure starts to decrease due to blood into artery / loss of blood from ventricle;
5. decreases during diastole / eq;
6. (due to) increasing volume (of chamber); max 2
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18 (a) 1. capillaries {have thin walls / made of flattened epithelium / thin cells / eq};
2. reference to presence of pores;
3. reference to basement membrane;
4. reference to permeability of capillary wall /eq; max 3
(b) 1. proteins are large (molecules);
2. cannot pass through capillary wall / eq; 2
(c) 1. idea of reduced concentration of plasma proteins / eq;
2. therefore reduced osmotic effect / eq; 2
[7]
19 (a) far right-hand box; 1
(b) (i) 110 / first one / higher one / eq; 1
(ii) 1. highsalt {intake / in diet / eq};
2. high(saturated) {fat / cholesterol / LDL / eq} {intake / in diet / eq};
3. highalcohol intake;
4. smoking;
5. stress;
6. hardening of arteries / atherosclerosis / eq;
7. old age;
8. inherited trait / eq;
9. obesity / overweight;
10. lack of exercise / eq; max 2
(c) (i) 100%; 1
(ii) {twice as / 2 more / 100% more} likely to have heart disease / eq; 1
[6]
20 (a) (i) 0.14% / 0.07% per year; 1
(ii) 3.9 - 4 times; 1
(b) (i) The greater the BMI the greater the chance of dying due to coronary heart disease / eq;
Correct reference to figures; 2
(ii) BMI = ; 1 metres)in (heightkg)(in mass body)(2
(iii) 1. Fatty deposits in arteries / atheroma / plaques / reference to atherosclerosis;
2. Higher cholesterol levels;
3. Higher blood pressure;
4. Risk of damage to (coronary) arteries;
5. Risk of blood clot blocking coronary arteries;
6. Risk of type II diabetes; 3
[8]
21 (a) A description to include two from:
1. narrowing leads to higher blood pressure;
2. increases risk of {further damage to the artery wall/ aneurysm}
3. platelets stick to damaged wall;
4. triggers blood clotting process / eq;
5. correct reference to mast / foam cells / inflammatory response;
(b) (i) A description to include three from:
1. platelets stick to damaged wall of artery / eq;
2. thromboplastin released (from damaged tissue/platelets);
3. correct reference to Ca2+ / Vit. K;
4. prothrombin converted to thrombin;
5. fibrinogen converted to fibrin;
6. fibrin mesh traps blood cells forming a clot; 314
(ii) An explanation to include two from:
1. blood clot blocks coronaryartery;

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 2. restricts blood flow to heart muscle;
3. lack of oxygento heart (muscle) / ischaemic;
4. for respiration / reference to anaerobic respiration;
5. insufficient energy release for contraction / infarction / damage to heart muscle; 3
[8]
22

(b) no {difference / effect} due to :

1. genotype / eq;
2. age;
3. size / eq;
4. gender /eq;
5. physiological state / eq;
6. pre-treatment / eq;
7. absorption rate /eq; max 3
(c) 1. variation due to chance / eq;
2. still some caffeine present within the organism / still some caffeine present on the surface;
3. idea of time to recover from effect of caffeine;
4. inaccuracy of measurements / eq; max 2
[8]
23 (a) Cell membrane structure OR (steroid) hormone production OR Bile salt production OR Vitamin D
production in the skin; 1
(b) 1. High (LDL) cholesterol in blood circulation;
2. Increases the likelihood of {deposits / plaques / atheroma} on arterial wall;
3. Narrows arteries / blocks arteries / restricts blood flow;
4. Hardens arteries / makes arteries less elastic;
5. Reference to atherosclerosis;
6. Increases risk of {CHD / blood clots / angina / heart attack / eq}; 4
(c) (i) Reduce intake of saturated fat / eat food with more plant sterols; 14
(ii) (Most) cholesterol produced by liver; Healthier margarine can only {affect dietary intake / reduce
absorption from gut}; 2
[8]
(b) (i) A suggestion to include three from:
1. reduced flow of blood to heart [ / cells]
2. lack of oxygen (to cells) / reference to anaerobic respiration / ischaemic / eq
3. cells / muscles damaged / die / eq
4. reference to lactic acid / angina 3
(ii) walls of the artery are elastic /eq 1
(c) An explanation to include:
1. angioplasty operation has less risk / eq
2. angioplasty is less invasive / less major operation / may not need general anaesthetic / faster recovery rate 2
(d) arteries carry blood under higher pressure / eq 1
[12]
24 (a) (i) artery; 1
(ii) Any two from the following pairs:
1. thick {wall / layer} of (smooth) muscle / thick elastic {layer / wall};
2. allows artery to expand / withstand pressure from the pulse of blood / eq;
3. collagen (fibres);
4. provides strength / eq;
5. smooth lining;
6. prevent resistance to blood flow / eq;
7. small lumen / eq;
8. to maintain high pressure / eq; max 4
(b) 1. inhibits the enzyme (that catalyses the conversion);
2. by active site-directed inhibition / eq;
3. inhibitor {is a similar shape to the substrate } / blocks active site;
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 4. by non active site-directed inhibition;
5. inhibitor attaches to enzyme at point other than active site / eq;
6. (and) causes active site to change shape; max 4
[9]
25 (ii) Raised {cholesterol / lipid / fatty acid / triglyceride} level in {plasma / blood};
Increased risk of {atheroma / formation of plaques / atherosclerosis} (in arteries);
Restricted blood flow / narrowing of lumen;
Raised blood pressure / hypertension / coronary heart disease; 2
(b) Increasing LDL levels increase {risk / eq} of CHD; Credit manipulation of figures / biggest increase
between 120-141 and 142- 167 / eq; 2
[8]
26 (b) (i) Anything that {affects / raises} the chance of harm / eq; 1
(ii) 1. Strain on the heart;
2. Raises blood pressure;
3. Raises cholesterol / LDL (in the blood);
4. Increased risk of formation of {atheroma / plaques};
5. Atherosclerosis / atherosclerosis explained / eq;
6. Increased risk of type 2 diabetes / explained; 3

. (a) Increasing the number of risk factors increases risk of CHD;

Increase by one risk factor double incidence / eq;
Adding third risk factor has larger effect on incidence;
Relevant use of manipulated figures; 3
(b) High blood cholesterol:
1. Fatty deposition in artery walls / plaque formation;10
2. Atheroma formed;
3. Increased blood pressure;
4. Lumen of (coronary) arteries narrowed / reduced elasticity of artery wall / eq;
5. Correct reference to LDLs;
High blood pressure:
6. Damage to (lining of) arteries;
7. Risk of aneurysm / damaged lining (of arteries) rupturing;
8. Increased risk of blood clot blocking coronary arteries;
9. Correct reference to inflammatory response;
Smoking:
10. Increases blood pressure;
11. Increases risk of aneurysm;
12. Less antioxidants / more free radicals;
13. Increases {number / activation} of platelets;
14. (Leading to) increased risk of blood clot blocking coronary arteries;
General points [allow in any section]:
15. Reduced blood supply to heart muscle;
16. Angina / increased risk of heart attack;
17. Reference to interactions between factors to increase risk;
18. Correct reference to atherosclerosis; 6
[Maximum 3 marks for each risk factor]
[9]
27 (a) (i) reduce intake of fat / particularly saturated fat / correct examples / increase fibre / fresh fruit and
vegetables / increase intake of foods containing sterols / stanols / include oily fish; 1
(ii) A suggestion and an explanation to include two from:
1. cholesterol synthesized by the body;
2. further detail e.g. made in liver / cholesterol made from saturated fats;
3. genetic factors;
4. further detail e.g. hypercholesterolaemia / number of LDL receptors;
(b) (i) 39.9 / 40.0%;;
(if wrong, 14.8 8.9 OR 5.9 seen;) 2
(ii) (Statin) B; 1
(iii) ref to {validity / reliability /identification of anomalous results / allows for variation }; NOT accuracy /
precision
to confirm the drug was having the effect / eq; 2
[8]
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