CE 226 (EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING)

QUIZ NUMBER 3

MAR CHRISTIAN M MARTILLANO

MSCE-Structural Engineering
2016190006

ENGR. GEORGE MARIANO SORIANO

Professor

.
1 INTRODUCTION
This examination aims to determine the section for the girders and columns of the simple steel
frame structure shown below, that will provide the smallest displacement during the El Centro
Earthquake, considering only the self-weight of the members.

And also to determine which beam column connection would provide the smallest displacement for
the chosen section.

Option 1 Option 2

1
2 SECTION WITH SMALLEST DISPLACEMENT

2.1 Member Properties

Three wide flange sections were studied to determine the smallest displacement. These materials
were based on the ASTM A6 specifications, with elastic modulus of 200 GPa. Properties were shown in
the table below, based on JFE Steel Corporation.
Weight
Section Iy (cm4) Iz (cm4)
(kg/m)
W920x420 585 1140000 73000
W920x310 313 548000 17100
W840x400 577 1010000 67500

Five types of steel frame using these three wide flange section were studied:
Type A frame with W920x420 sections for column and girder
Type B frame with W920x310 sections for column and girder
Type C frame with W840x400 sections for column and girder
Type D frame with a heavy and stiff section (W920x420) for column and a lighter section
(W920x310) for girder and
Type E frame with a lighter and less stiff section (W920x310) for column and a heavy section
(W920x420) for girder.

2.2 Approximate Storey Stiffness, k

24 1 +
= ( )
2 2 + 1
+
1

2
= 1 +
52 ( + )
where:
Cs = correction term

= 22 for first story

= 32 for second story

2

= 55 for top story, and

= 0.00 for intermediate stories

H = storey height
k = flexural stiffness, with subscript c for columns, ga girder in the floor above and
gb for girder in the floor below.
= EI/L
= storey height factor
= 1.0 for columns with same height
= low-rise correction factor
n = number of panels, 2 for this frame

12
Due to the unfamiliarity to the formula, I just used = 3 3

2.3 Lumped Mass, mi

In getting the lumped mass for the first floor, half of the mass of the columns below and above
this floor was included. For the second floor, half of the mass of the of the column below this floor was
added.

Table 1. Lumped Mass and Approximate Story Stiffness for Type A Frame
Modulus Approx.
Column Girder Column Girder Moment of Lumped
of Story
Story Mass Mass Height Length inertia, Iy Mass, mi
Elasticity, Stiffness, ki
(kg/m) (kg/m) (mm) (mm) (mm4) (kg)
E (Mpa) (N/mm)
2 585 585 4000 5000 200000 1.14E+10 9360 1710000
1 585 585 4000 5000 200000 1.14E+10 12870 1710000

Table 2. Lumped Mass and Approximate Story Stiffness for Type B Frame
Modulus Approx.
Column Girder Column Girder Moment of Lumped
of Story
Story Mass Mass Height Length inertia, Iy Mass, mi
Elasticity, Stiffness, ki
(kg/m) (kg/m) (mm) (mm) (mm4) (kg)
E (Mpa) (N/mm)
2 313 313 4000 5000 200000 5.48E+09 5008 822000
1 313 313 4000 5000 200000 5.48E+09 6886 822000

3
Table 3. Lumped Mass and Approximate Story Stiffness for Type C Frame
Modulus Approx.
Column Girder Column Girder Moment of Lumped
of Story
Story Mass Mass Height Length inertia, Iy Mass, mi
Elasticity, Stiffness, ki
(kg/m) (kg/m) (mm) (mm) (mm4) (kg)
E (Mpa) (N/mm)
2 577 577 4000 5000 200000 1.01E+10 9232 1515000
1 577 577 4000 5000 200000 1.01E+10 12694 1515000

Table 4. Lumped Mass and Approximate Story Stiffness for Type D Frame
Modulus Approx.
Column Girder Column Girder Moment of Lumped
of Story
Story Mass Mass Height Length inertia, Iy Mass, mi
Elasticity, Stiffness, ki
(kg/m) (kg/m) (mm) (mm) (mm4) (kg)
E (Mpa) (N/mm)
2 585 313 4000 5000 200000 1.14E+10 6640 1710000
1 585 313 4000 5000 200000 1.14E+10 10150 1710000

Table 5. Lumped Mass and Approximate Story Stiffness for Type E Frame
Modulus Approx.
Column Girder Column Girder Moment of Lumped
of Story
Story Mass Mass Height Length inertia, Iy Mass, mi
Elasticity, Stiffness, ki
(kg/m) (kg/m) (mm) (mm) (mm4) (kg)
E (Mpa) (N/mm)
2 313 585 4000 5000 200000 5.48E+09 7728 822000
1 313 585 4000 5000 200000 5.48E+09 9606 822000

2.4 Damping Ratio,

According to the Damping Properties of Materials, which was prepared by Tom Irvine, the
damping ratio of a steel frame with height less than 50.0 m ranges from 0.015 to 0.025. A damping ratio
of 2.0% was used in this calculation.

2.5 Response Spectra

The program Prism from Inha University in South Korea was used for the seismic response
analysis. The earthquake imposed is the El Centro Ground Motion.

4
 1.4

1.2

1
Acceleration (g)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
Period (sec)

Figure 3. Acceleration Response Spectrum ( = 2.0%) for the El Centro Ground Motion

2.6 Angular Frequency,

Angular frequencies were obtained by using these formula:
[ 2 ] = 0
0 + 2 2
=| 1 | =| 1 |
0 2 2 2
1 + 2 2 1 2
| |=0
2 2 2 2

Table 6. Angular Frequency, Period and Psedo-Acceleration of the Frames

Angular Frequency Psedo-Acceleration Psedo-Acceleration
Period (sec)
Type (rad/sec) (g) (m/s2)
1 2 T1 T2 A1 A2 A1 A2
Type A 7.936 19.633 0.79 0.32 0.665 1.000 6.523 9.808
Type B 7.522 18.609 0.84 0.34 0.874 0.755 8.577 7.407
Type C 7.521 18.607 0.84 0.34 0.874 0.755 8.577 7.407
Type D 9.230 22.567 0.68 0.28 0.924 0.828 9.062 8.125
Type E 6.165 15.476 1.02 0.41 0.655 0.757 6.423 7.424

5
2.7 Mode Shapes
In determining the mode shapes, this equation was used:
1 + 2 12 1 2 0
| 2 | { 11 } = { }
2 2 1 2 21 0
1 + 2 22 1 2 0
| 2 | { 12 } = { }
2 2 2 2 22 0
Table 7. Mode Shapes of the Frames
Mode Shape 1 Mode Shape 2
Type
11 21 12 22
Type A 0.655 1.000 -1.110 1.000
Type B 0.655 1.000 -1.110 1.000
Type C 0.655 1.000 -1.110 1.000
Type D 0.669 1.000 -0.978 1.000
Type E 0.643 1.000 -1.252 1.000

2.8 Lateral Force

Lateral force per floor was obtained by using these formula:

2
= = =1
2 2
=1 =12 +22

Table 8. Lateral Force per Floor

Lateral Force per Floor (N)
Type L1/M1 L2/M2 f11 f21 f12 f22
V1 V2
Type A 1.195 -0.195 65753.49 72975.88 27357.32 -17927.11 71217.585 75145.592
Type B 1.195 -0.195 46263.10 51344.65 11054.57 -7244.01 47565.510 51853.147
Type C 1.195 -0.195 85283.73 94651.32 20378.56 -13353.96 87684.662 95588.709
Type D 1.201 -0.201 73919.17 72261.24 16195.06 -10837.68 75672.479 73069.433
Type E 1.189 -0.189 47131.20 58994.68 16835.78 -10820.65 50047.909 59978.820

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2.9 Displacement
Table 9. Displacement of Frame
Story
Story Shear Displacement
Type Story Drift
(N) (mm)
(mm)
2 75145.592 0.044 0.1295
Type A
1 146363.178 0.086 0.0856
2 51853.147 0.063 0.1840
Type B
1 99418.657 0.121 0.1209
2 95588.709 0.063 0.1841
Type C
1 183273.371 0.121 0.1210
2 73069.433 0.043 0.1297
Type D
1 148741.912 0.087 0.0870
2 59978.820 0.073 0.2068
Type E
1 110026.728 0.134 0.1339

Type A frame has the least displacement due to the imposed ground motion, while type E
frame has the largest displacement.

3 COLUNM GIRDER CONNECTION WITH SMALLEST DISPLACEMENT

It is assumed that the girder if fixed to the column. Just based on observation, it can easily be said
that the option 2 connection will have a bigger displacement since the column in that orientation is less
stiff. It can be justified through these calculation.

Table 10. Lumped Mass and Approximate Story Stiffness for Type A-1 Frame
Modulus Approx.
Column Girder Column Girder Moment of Lumped
of Story
Story Mass Mass Height Length inertia, Iy Mass, mi
Elasticity, Stiffness, ki
(kg/m) (kg/m) (mm) (mm) (mm4) (kg)
E (Mpa) (N/mm)
2 585 585 4000 5000 200000 7.30E+08 9360 109500
1 585 585 4000 5000 200000 7.30E+08 12870 109500

Table 11. Angular Frequency, Period and Psedo-Acceleration of the Frames

Angular Frequency Psedo-Acceleration Psedo-Acceleration
Period (sec)
Type (rad/sec) (g) (m/s2)
1 2 T1 T2 A1 A2 A1 A2
Type A 7.936 19.633 0.79 0.32 0.665 1.000 6.523 9.808
Type A-1 2.008 4.968 3.13 1.26 0.130 0.337 1.272 3.304
7
Table 12. Mode Shapes of the Frames
Mode Shape 1 Mode Shape 2
Type
11 21 12 22
Type A 0.655 1.000 -1.110 1.000
Type A-1 0.655 1.000 -1.110 1.000

Table 13. Lateral Force per Floor

Lateral Force per Floor (N)
Type L1/M1 L2/M2 f11 f21 f12 f22
V1 V2
Type A 1.195 -0.195 65753.49 72975.88 27357.32 -17927.11 71217.585 75145.592
Type A-1 1.195 -0.195 12818.23 14226.19 9215.61 -6038.94 15787.160 15454.876

Table 14. Displacement of Frame

Story
Story Shear Displacement
Type Story Drift
(N) (mm)
(mm)
2 75145.592 0.044 0.1295
Type A
1 146363.178 0.086 0.0856
2 15454.876 0.141 0.4265
Type A-1
1 31242.036 0.285 0.2853

Option 2 connection has the bigger displacement.

4 REFERENCES
Chopra A. K. (2001). Dynamics of Structures Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering,
Second Edition
Clough R. W. (2003). Dynamics of Structures, Third Edition
JFE Steel Corporation. Wide Flange Shape
Schultz A. E. (1990). Approximating Lateral Stiffness of the Stories in Elastic Frames
Irvine T. (2004). Damping Properties of Materials