The Main Work 2

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DECOLORIZATION OF DYE FROM
TEXTILE WASTE WATER BY ADSORPTION USING RICE HUSK

AND SAWDUS-T AS ADSORBENT
BY
ADENIYI OLUWASEUN ESTHER
MATRIC NO: 1502022003
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
LAGOS STATE POLYTECHNIC, IKORODU.
NOVEMBER , 2017
1
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DECOLORIZATION OF DYE FROM
AND SAWDUST AS ADSORBENT
BY
ADENIYI OLUWASEUN ESTHER
MATRIC NO: 1502022003
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL

ENGINEERINGIN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL
DIPLOMA (HND) IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING.
AT
LAGOS STATE POLYTECHNIC, IKORODU.
NOVEMBER, 2017
2
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Lagos State Polytechnic,
Ikorodu, Campus
Lagos State.
November , 2017.
The Head of Department,
Chemical Engineering Department,
Lagos State Polytechnic,
Ikorodu, Campus
Lagos State.
Dear Sir,
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
In accordance with the requirement of the school of Engineering and Lagos

state Polytechnic, I hereby submit this project report on
“COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DECOLORIZATION OF DYE FROM

AND SAWDUST AS ADSORBENT” in partial fulfilment for the award of
higher national diploma (HND) in Chemical Engineering at Lagos State
Polytechnic.
Yours faithfully,
Adeniyi Oluwaseun Esther
Matric No: 1502022003
3
CERTIFICATION
This work is carried out by ADENIYI OLUWASEUN ESTHER of

matriculation number 1502022003 and certify by Chemical Engineering
Department.
_________________________ _____________
Adeniyi Oluwaseun Esther Date
Student
_________________________ _____________
Engr. M.O. Odunlami Date
Supervisor
________________________ ____________
Engr. O.S. Amodu Date
Head of Department
4
DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to almighty God for His mercy, grace and favour over
me throughout this project report and to my parents and my loved ones, may
God bless them all.
5
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
My unique gratitude goes to almighty God, the fountain of knowledge, for this
great privilege.
Also my immeasurable thanks goes to my beloved and caring parent Mr and

Mrs ATILOLA BASHIUR for their moral and financial support and also
appreciation goes to my friends for their love and care.
I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, ENGR.

SODEINDE O.A for his guidance and timely support at the time of writing this
project report. Also my gratitude goes to other lecturers in the department for
their tremendous supports during my stay on campus and writing of this report.
I also want to extend my gratitude to all my group members under the same
supervision and all HND II chemical engineering students 2015/2016 session
for their cooperation. May God bless you all.
6
ABSTRACT
This work was done to compare the effectiveness of activated carbon produced
from neem leaves powder and coconut shell for treatment of stimulated
wastewater and waste water collected from Sun Flag Nigeria Limited. The
adsorption was carried out batch wise and the parameters studied to determine
the effectiveness of the adsorption were adsorbent dosage, pH, initial
concentration, contact time and temperature. The optimum adsorption capacity
for adsorbent effect for neem leaves powder activated carbon and coconut shell
activated carbon was also achieved at pH 5in figure 7 and 8 when stimulated
waste water was used as adsorbate, while that of wastewater collected was
achieve at pH 6 in figure 27 and 28 for both adsorbent. From the result
obtained, coconut shell activated carbon proves to be more effective than neem
leaves powder activated carbon for treatment of stimulated waste water and
waste water collected. The suitability of the adsorbent was tested with
Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkins isotherm model and kinetics model of first
and second pseudo-order.it was deduced from the result obtained that the linear
plot of Temkins isotherm model in figure 15 and 16 gave a better fit to the
experimental data when stimulated waste water was used as adsorbate.It was
also deduced from the result obtained that the linear plot of second pseudo-
order models in figure 36 and 38 gave a better fit to the experimental data when
waste water collected was used as adsorbate.
7
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Water is available in nature as surface water and ground water through the self.
Purification mechanisms like physical, chemical and microbiological processes
at natural bodies are carried out in nature. However, natural water is rarely
suitable for direct consumption to human beings. Rapid industrialization and
population growth resulted to generation of large quantities of wastewater and
causing problem of their disposal. Industrial waste constitutes the major source
of various kinds of metal pollution in natural water. The presence of heavy
metals in the environment has been of great concern because of their increased
discharge, toxic nature and other adverse effects on the receiving streams.
When the concentration of toxic metal ions exceed tolerance limit, they may
become real health concern (Singh and Lal Jyosna 2009). There is an immediate
need to introduce cleaner technologies to minimize the pollution and to protect
the degrading environment. It is not possible to achieve zero waste discharge,
but it is an essential to treat the waste.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a
relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Examples of heavy metals include mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As),
chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), lead (Pb) cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and
nickel (Ni). Heavy metals are natural components of the Earth's crust. They
cannot be degraded or destroyed. To a small extent they enter our bodies via
food, drinking water and air. As trace elements, some heavy metals (e.g. copper,
selenium, zinc) are essential to maintain the metabolism of the human body.
However, at higher concentrations they can lead to poisoning. Heavy metal
poisoning could result, for instance, from drinking-water contamination (e.g.
8
lead pipes), high ambient air concentrations near emission sources, or intake via
the food chain. Heavy metals are dangerous because they tend to bio
accumulate. Bioaccumulation means an increase in the concentration of a
chemical in a biological organism over time, compared to the chemical's
concentration in the environment. Compounds accumulate in living things any
time they are taken up and stored faster than they are broken down
(metabolized) or excreted. Heavy metals can enter a water supply by industrial
and consumer waste, or even from acidic rain breaking down soils and releasing
heavy metals into streams, lakes, rivers, and groundwater.
Metal interaction with environment is a process that cannot be disregarded

when the issue of corrosion and its effect comes to play. The effect is seen when
metal in the combined state tends to revert back to its most stable natural state
on exposure to certain environmental conditions. The effect of corrosion
process has drastically affected a number of industries resulting in loss and
damages with huge deficit.
The effect of corrosion on the aqueous environment of sea water, salt water and
rain, can be felt when pipes corroded with toxic metals are allowed to sips into
the environment thereby causing health complications to the living system as
contained in the aqueous environment. Other causes can be hazardous, which
may results in loss of capital, loss of equipment and alienation of workforce,
fire and explosion etc. (Holsen et al.,1991).
The ability to protect metallic materials especially those used in engineering

becomes important and a number of ways have been deployed in controlling
corrosion such as electroplating and use of inhibitors. These are substances
added in small concentrations to corrosive media to decrease or prevent the
reaction of the metal in the media (Chauhan and Gunasekaran, 2007). The
inhibitors can be organic or inorganic, and most credible option is the use of
natural inhibitors as an eco-friendly option. The synthetic inhibitors has
heteroatom such as O, N, and S and multiple bonds in their molecules through
9
which they become adsorbed on the metal preventing the metals from
corroding, they are highly basic with high electron density which gives the
characteristics of an inhibitor (Rani and Bharathi, 2012). However, investigation
has shown that some of the synthetic and inorganic inhibitors are toxic causing
kidney failure, liver failure, and mutation of the enzymes etc. (Singh et al.,
2012).
Azadirachtaindica(Neem) is an evergreen tree growing in almost every state in

Nigeria where it has been used for centuries for medicinal purpose and pest
management. Neem kernels contain 30–50% of oil and many active ingredients
having antifeedant, growth-inhibiting, anti-oviposition and insecticidal activities
(Schmutterer, 1995). Neem oil fatty acids comprise oleic, stearic, palmitic and
linoleic acids, mainly used by the soap, pesticide and pharmaceutical industries.
Therapeutically, its crude extracts from bark and leaves have been used in folk
medicine to control diseases such as leprosy, intestinal helminthiasis and
respiratory system. Besides these uses, there are several other reports on the
biological and pharmacological actions such as antiviral, antibacterial,
antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic and antiparalitic
uses.(Schmutterer, 1995).
Coconuts are one of the wonder foods on earth that amply provides for all
human needs and have multiple health benefits. Few people (even fewer
doctors) understand how important the coconut is to stabilizing blood sugar;
lowering cholesterol; healing; hydration; and even replacing blood plasma in an
emergency. Referred to as kalpa vriksha in ancient India, the coconut palm has
been recognized as a top immune booster, antifungal, antibiotic, antiviral and
antibacterial remedy for thousands of years all over the world. Yet, it has been
only recently that modern researchers have begun to fully discover the massive
coconut health benefits this amazing fruit seed offers. To give just one example
of coconuts’ life-saving properties, they were used extensively in the Pacific
during World War II. Since blood plasma supplies were scarce, it was very
10
common for medics to siphon pure coconut water from young coconuts to be
used as emergency plasma transfusions for soldiers who were injured. Since
coconut water is nearly identical to human blood, it was suitable for people of
all blood types.
Organic pollution is the term used when large quantity of organic compounds
originates from domestic sewage, urban run-off, industrial effluents and
agriculture wastewater. Sewage treatment plants and industry includes food
processing, pulp and paper making, agriculture and aquaculture. During the
decomposition process of organic pollutants the dissolved oxygen in the
receiving water may be consumed at a greater rate than it can be replenished,
causing oxygen depletion and having severe consequences for the stream biota.
Wastewater with metal pollutants contains large quantities of suspended solids
which reduce the light available to photosynthetic organisms and, on settling
out, alter the characteristics of the river bed, rendering it an unsuitable habitat
for many invertebrates. Organic pollutants also contribute to the pollution of
water bodies, these includes; pesticides, fertilizers, hydrocarbons, phenols,
plasticizers, biphenyls, detergents, oils, greases, pharmaceuticals, proteins and
carbohydrates. (Mohamed,2013)
Efficient techniques for the removal of highly toxic organic compounds from
water have drawn significant interest. A number of methods such as
coagulation, filtration with coagulation, precipitation, ozonation, adsorption, ion
exchange, reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation processes have been used
for the removal of organic pollutants from polluted water and wastewater. These
methods have been found to be limited, since they often involve high capital
and operational costs. On the other hand ion exchange and reverse osmosis are
more attractive processes because the pollutant values can be recovered along
with their removal from the effluents. Reverse osmosis, ion exchange and
advanced oxidation processes do not seem to be economically feasible because
of their relatively high investment and operational cost.
11
Among the possible techniques for water treatments, the adsorption process by
solid adsorbents shows potential as one of the most efficient methods for the
treatment and removal of organic contaminants in wastewater treatment.
Adsorption has advantages over the other methods because of simple design and
can involve low investment in term of both initial cost and land required. The
adsorption process is widely used for treatment of industrial wastewater from
organic and inorganic pollutants and meets the great attention from the
researchers. In recent years, the search for low-cost adsorbents that have
pollutant –binding capacities has intensified. (Damià,2005)
Materials locally available such as natural materials, agricultural wastes and

industrial wastes can be utilized as low-cost adsorbents. Activated carbon
produced from these materials can be used as adsorbent for water and
wastewater treatment.
Adsorption is a surface phenomenon with common mechanism for organic and

inorganic pollutants removal. When a solution containing absorbable solute
comes into contact with a solid with a highly porous surface structure, liquid–
solid intermolecular forces of attraction cause some of the solute molecules
from the solution to be concentrated or deposited at the solid surface. The solute
retained (on the solid surface) in adsorption processes is called adsorbate,
whereas, the solid on which it is retained is called as an adsorbent. This surface
accumulation of adsorbate on adsorbent is called adsorption. This creation of an
adsorbed phase having a composition different from that of the bulk fluid phase
forms the basis of separation by adsorption technology.
In a bulk material, all the bonding requirements (be they ionic, covalent, or
metallic) of the constituent atoms of the material are filled by other atoms in the
material. However, atoms on the surface of the adsorbent are not wholly
surrounded by other adsorbent atoms and therefore can attract adsorbate. The
exact nature of the bonding depends on the details of the species involved, but
the adsorption process is generally classified as physicsorption (characteristic of
12
weak Van Der Waals forces) or chemisorption (characteristic of covalent
bonding). It may also occur due to electrostatic attraction.
As the adsorption progress, an equilibrium of adsorption of the solute between

the solution and adsorbent is attained (where the adsorption of solute is from the
bulk onto the adsorbent is minimum). (Mohamed, 2013)
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To determine the optimum condition for the absorbent using parameters such as
adsorbent dosage, temperature, contact time, pH and initial concentration.
To determine the removal percentage of waste water using neem leaves powder
and coconut shell activated carbon as absorbent.
To determine the most suitable adsorption isotherm of stimulatedwaste
waterand waste water collect from sun flag Nigeria limited among adsorption
models such as Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkins isotherm model, also the
suitable kinetic model.
1.2 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
This is important because known natural materials (neem leaves powder and
coconut shell) are use to produced activated carbon which is used for the
treatment of waste water. Waste waters are waste materials especially from
industrial effluents, and the harmful effects of this adsorbate on the ecosystem
would be limited. The adsorbent to be used (neem leaves powder and coconut
shell activated carbon) is relatively the cheapest and easily accessible material
and it is economically wise.
13
1.3 MOTIVATION
One of the motivating factors is the fact that a lot of waste generated in the most
industries contains toxic metals which pollute the waste water discharge to the
sewers and are not biodegradable. This work aims at using the natural material
neem leaves powder and coconut shell activated carbon to treat waste water.
Industrial wastes water or the release of harmful substances into the water
causes damage to man and its surrounding. The importance of the ecosystem to
man is undoubtedly enormous. A research into the reducing of waste water
concentration in effluents from industrial operations, which inhibits sunlight
penetration into the water thus preventing photosynthesis, is the main
motivating factor for wanting to carry out this research work.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
The focus of the present study is to compare the adsorptive capability of neem
leaves powder and coconut shell activated carbon for treatment of waste
waterand stimulated wastewater to assess the potentiality of neem leaves
powder and coconut shell activated carbon by varying adsorbent dosage, pH,
initial concentration, temperature and contact time and to test the adsorption
capability using Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkins isotherm model and to
determine the kinetic model.
1.5 LIMITATION OF STUDY
The major limitation of this experiment was the regeneration of the adsorbent
and due to precision of equipment, various influencing factors was limited to
parameters such as adsorbent dosage, pH, initial concentration, contact time
andtemperature.
14
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Industrial wastewater streams containing heavy metals are produced from
different industries. Electroplating and metal surface treatment processes
generate significant quantities of wastewaters containing heavy metals (such as
cadmium, zinc, lead, chromium, nickel, copper, vanadium, platinum, silver, and
titanium) from a variety of applications. These include electroplating, electro
less depositions, conversion-coating, anodizing-cleaning, milling, and etching
(Chuah, et al 2005).
Dye production industries and many other industries which used dyes and
pigment generate waste water, characteristically high in colour and organic
content. Presently, it was estimated about 10,000 of different commercial dyes
and pigments exist and over 7x105 tonnes areproduced annually worldwide.
(Grag, et al, 2004).
Other sources for the waste water include; the wood processing industry where
a chromate copper-arsenate wood treatment produces arsenic containing wastes;
inorganic pigment manufacturing producing pigments that contain chromium
compounds and cadmium sulphide; petroleum refining which generates
conversion catalysts contaminated with nickel, vanadium, and chromium; and
photographic operations producing film with high concentrations of silver and
ferrocyanide(Daneshvar, et al, 2010).
All of these generators produce a large quantity of wastewaters, residues, and
sludge’s that can be categorized as hazardous wastes requiring extensive waste
treatment (Rana,et al, 2004).
Organic pollution is the term used when large quantity of organic compounds
originates from domestic sewage, urban run-off, industrial effluents and
15
agriculture wastewater. Sewage treatment plants and industry includes food
processing, pulp and paper making, agriculture and aquaculture. During the
decomposition process of organic pollutants the dissolved oxygen in the
receiving water may be consumed at a greater rate than it can be replenished,
causing oxygen depletion and having severe consequences for the stream biota
(Ahmaruzzaman, and Sharma, 2005).
Wastewater contains large quantities of suspended solids which reduce the light
available to photosynthetic organisms and, on settling out, alter the
characteristics of the river bed, rendering it an unsuitable habitat for many
invertebrates. Organic pollutants also contribute to the pollution of water
bodies, these includes; pesticides, fertilizers, hydrocarbons, phenols,
plasticizers, biphenyls, detergents, oils, greases, pharmaceuticals, proteins and
carbohydrates. (Mohamed,2013).
Water is one of the most important elements on earth. Every living being needs
water for its survival. Without water everything (plants, animals, human beings,
other living beings, microbes, etc.) will perish. According to the UN estimates,
the total amount of water on earth is about 14,000 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM)
which is enough to cover the earth with a layer of 3,000 meters depth. However
the fresh water constitutes a very small proportion of this enormous quantity.
(Panday and Singh, 2006).
About 2.7 percent of the total water available on earth is fresh water of which
about 75.2 percent lies frozen in Polar Regions and another 22.6 percent is
present as ground water. The requirement of the fresh water in various sectors
such as domesticirrigation, industry, energy and others increases significantly
all over the world (Rawat, 2013).
Thus water availability, both in terms of quality and quantity, has declined to
such an extent owing to the rapid increase in the population and
industrialization. The increase in the utilization of fresh water for industrial
16
purposes is a serious problem now-a-days which is faced by all through the
world. The wastewater streams released from industries are contributing in
contaminating the fresh water available in nature, depletion of the fresh water
and increasing the water pollution (Dakikyet al, 2012).
The crisis about water resources development and management thus arises
because most of the water is not available for use and secondly it is
characterized by its highly uneven spatial distribution. Accordingly, the
importance of water has been recognized and greater emphasis is being laid on
its economic use and better management. The time has come to avert major
disaster (Aziz et al, 2008).
One of the useful solutions to such a problem is establishment of proper effluent

treatment systems in industries (Babu and Gupta, 2008a). The reclaimed
wastewater, after using such treatment technique, can be reused for the same
industrial processes. The effluent stream released from the industries is mainly
comprised of hazardous chemicals and heavy metal ions such as chromium,
nickel, copper, lead, arsenic, etc.(Babu and Gupta, 2008b).
In 1982, the government of Egypt evaluated the law 48 which has set guidelines
for wastewater disposal (industrial) to limit water bodies pollution in the
country. Many of private industrial plants have been trying to do good adaption
to avoid legislation problems. On the other side, some companies which use
large quantities of water such as textile industry have been looking after
reducing the water bill, through reusing treated effluent waste water. (Groves et
al,1979).
2.1 NEED FOR TREATMENT OF WASTER WATER

Continuous discharge of industrial, domestic and agricultural wastes in rivers
and Lakes causes deposit of pollutants in sediments. Such pollutants include
17
dyes and heavy metals, which endanger public health after being incorporated in
food chain. Incidence of heavy metal accumulation in fish, oysters, mussels,
sediments and other components of aquatic ecosystems have been reported from
all over the World (Sayler et al, 1975.).
Excessive amounts of some heavy metals and dyes can be toxic through direct
through their inorganic salts or via organic compounds from which the metals
can become easily detached or introduced into the cell.
Exposure to different metals may occur in common circumstances, particularly
in industrial setting. Accidents in some environments can result in acute, high
level exposure. Some of the waste water is toxic to aquatic organisms even at
low concentration. The problem of heavy metal and dye Pollution in water and
aquatic organisms including fish, needs continuous monitoring and surveillance
as these elements do not degrade and tend to biomagnified in man through food
chain. Hence there is a need to remove the heavy metals from the Aquatic
ecosystems (Mohanty et al, 2005).
Research and development, therefore focuses on sector-specific methods and
Technologies to remove colour and heavy metals from different kinds of waste
Streams. Effects of heavy metals on environment, Animals and human beings
has becomes imperative to treat these toxic compounds in Wastewater effluents
before they are discharged into freshwater bodies (Kailas, 2010).
2.2 TOXICITY OF WASTE WATER

Due to their mobility in aquatic ecosystems and their toxicity to higher life
forms, waste water in surface and groundwater supplies have been prioritized as
major contaminants in the environment. Even if they are present in dilute,
Undetectable quantities, their recalcitrance and consequent persistence in water
bodies Imply that through natural processes such as biomagnifications,
concentrations may become elevated to such an extent that they begin
exhibiting toxic characteristics. These metals in waste water can either be
detected in their elemental state, which implies that they are not subject to
18
further biodegradative processes or bound in various salt complexes. In either
instance, metal ions cannot be mineralized. Apart from environmental issues,
Technological aspects of metal recovery from industrial waters must also be
considered (Watson, 2002).
2.3 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Several methods have been devised for the treatment of waste water, the
commonly used procedures for removing metal ions and dyes from aqueous
streams include chemical precipitation, lime coagulation, ion exchange, reverse
osmosis and solvent extraction (Ahalya et al, 2003).
2.3.1 CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION

Chemical precipitation is the most widely used for heavy metal removal from
inorganic effluent.Precipitation of metals is achieved by the addition of
coagulants such as alum, lime, iron salts and other organic polymers. The large
amount of sludge containing toxic compounds produced during the process is
the main disadvantage (Ahalya et al, 2003).
Lime precipitation can be employed to effectively treat inorganic effluent with a
metal concentration of higher than 1000 mg/L. Other advantages of using lime
precipitation include the simplicity of the process, inexpensive equipment
requirement, and convenient and safe operations. However, chemical
precipitation requires a large amount of chemicals to reduce metals to an
acceptable level for discharge. Other drawbacks are its excessive sludge
production that requires further treatment, slow metal precipitation, poor
settling, the aggregation of metal precipitates, and the long-term environmental
impacts of sludge disposal (Barakat, 2011). In spite of its advantages, chemical
precipitation requires a large amount of chemicals to reduce metals to an
acceptable level for discharge (Jüttner et al, 2000).
2.3.2 ION EXCHANGE
19
Ion exchange is another method used successfully in the industry for the
removal of heavy metals from effluent. Commonly used matrices for ion
exchange are synthetic organic ion exchange resins. The disadvantage of this
method is that it cannot handle concentrated metal solution as the matrix gets
easily fouled by organics and other solids in the wastewater. Moreover ion
exchange is nonselective and is highly sensitive to the pH of the solution.
2.3.3 REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS

The reverse osmosis process depends upon a semi-permeable membrane
through which pressurized water is forced. Reverse osmosis, simply stated, is
the opposite of the Natural osmosis process of water. Osmosis is the name for
the tendency of water to Migrate from a weaker saline (salt) solution to a
stronger saline solution, gradually equalizing the saline composition of each
solution when a semi-permeable membrane separates the two solutions. In
reverse osmosis, water is forced to move from a stronger saline Solution to a
weaker solution, again through a semi-permeable membrane. Because
Molecules of salt are physically larger than water molecules, the membrane
blocks the Passage of salt particles. The end result is desalinated water on one
side of the membrane and a highly concentrated, saline solution of water on the
other side (Barakat M.A. 2011). The disadvantage of this method is that it is
expensive (Ahalya et al, 2003).
2.3.4 ULTRA FILTRATION

Ultra filtration technologies can be used in a variety of ways in wastewater
treatment and water reuse systems. Ultra filtration can reduce the amount of
treatment chemicals, has smaller space requirements, and reduce labour
requirements. On the contrary in this method uses more electricity, may need
pre-treatment, and requires replacement of membranes (Eckenfelder, 2000).
2.3.5 COAGULATION–FLOCCULATION
20
Coagulation–flocculation can be employed to treat wastewater laden with heavy
metals. Principally, the coagulation process destabilizes colloidal particles by
adding a coagulant and results in sedimentation (Shammas, 2004). To increase
the particle size, coagulation is followed by the flocculation of the unstable
particles into bulky floccules (Semerjianand Ayoub2003). The general approach
for this technique includes pH adjustment and involves the addition of
ferric/alum salts as the coagulant to overcome the repulsive forces between
particles (Licskó, 1997). In spite of its advantages, coagulation–flocculation has
limitations such as high operational cost due to chemical consumption. The
increased volume of sludge generated from coagulation–flocculation may
hinder its adoption as a global strategy for wastewater treatment.
2.4 ABSORBENT
Absorbent are used usually in the form of spherical pellets, rods, mouldings, or
monoliths with a hydrodynamics radius between 0.25 and 0.5mm. They must
have high abrasion resistance, high thermal stability and small pore diameters,
which results in higher exposed surface area and hence high capacity for
adsorption. Some of the important adsorbents which are generally used in the
industry and for pollution control are: silica gel, activated alumina, zeolites and
activated carbon. For removal of pollutants, one looks to adsorbents with
high surface area and porosity and showing fast adsorption kinetics.
2.5 ACTIVATED CARBONS

Activated carbons have high porosity, high surface area and are prepared from
readily available carbonaceous precursors such as coal, wood, coconut shells
and agricultural wastes. Activated carbons are extensively used in water
treatment. These carbonaceous materials possess the potential for the removal
of inorganic and organic pollutants from effluent streams. It was found that
activated carbon possesses a significant weak acidic ion exchange character so
21
as to remove trace metal contaminants and to adsorb pollutants from
wastewater.
2.6 ADSORPTION
Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on
the surface of a Solid or a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic
film (adsorbate). It is different from absorption, in which a substance diffuses
into a liquid or solid to form a solution. The term Sorption encompasses both
processes, while desorption is the reverse process. (Matos and Arruda, 2003).
Adsorption is operative in most natural physical, biological, and chemical

systems, and is widely used in Industrial applications such as activated charcoal,
synthetic resins and water purification. Similar to surface tension, adsorption is
a consequence of surface energy. In a bulk material, all the Bonding
requirements (be they ionic, covalent or metallic) of the constituent atoms of the
Material are filled. But atoms on the (clean) surface experience a bond
deficiency, because they are not wholly surrounded by other atoms.
Thus it is energetically favourable for them to bond with whatever happens to
be available. The exact nature of the bonding depends on the details of the
species involved, but the adsorbed material is generally classified as exhibiting
physicsorption or chemisorptions. (Hui Qiu, 2009).
2.7 FACTORS AFFECTING ADSORPTION

2.7.1 EFFECT OF pH
Adsorption of metal ions from the wastewater is mainly influenced by the pH of

the solution. pH can influence the surface charge of the adsorbent, the degree of
ionization also the species of adsorbate. In a particular pH range, most metal
sorption is enhanced with pH, increasing to a certain value followed by a
reduction when further pH increases.
2.7.2 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

22
Depending on the types of adsorbent used, temperature can affect the adsorption
capacity of adsorbent. Temperature can change the adsorption equilibrium
depending on the exothermic or endothermic nature of a process.
2.7.3 EFFECT OF CONTACT TIME
The adsorption of metal ion and dye by adsorbent also depends on the
interactions of functional groups between the solution and the surface of
adsorbent. Adsorptions can be assumed to be complete when equilibrium is
achieved between the solute of solution and the adsorbent.
2.7.4 EFFECT OF ADSORBENT DOSE
Adsorbent dose is another parameter used to determine the capacity of

adsorbent at a given concentration of the adsorbate.
2.7.5 EFFECT OF INITIAL CONCENTRATION
Initial concentration can alter the metal removal efficiency through a

combination of factors such as the availability of specific surface functional
groups and the ability of surface functional groups to bind metal ions. Initial
concentration of solution can provide an important driving force to overcome
the mass transfer resistance of metal between the aqueous and solid phases
(Malkocand Nuhoglu, 2005).
2.8 ADSORPTON ISOTHERM MODEL
Sorption isotherm is used to describe the mechanism of how adsorbate ions

interact on the surface of adsorbent. There are several isotherm equations
available to analyze experimental sorption equilibrium parameters, but the well
known adsorption isotherm models used for single solute systems are Langmuir
(Langmuir,1918.) and Freundlich isotherms (Freundlich,1906) Both adsorption
isotherm models are found to be more suitable to describe the relationship
23
between q (quantity adsorbed at equilibrium, mg/g) and C (concentration of
adsorbate remained in the bulky solution at the equilibrium, mg/L).
2.8.1 LANGMUIR ISOTHERM
Based on Langmuir adsorption theory, molecules are adsorbed at a fixed

number of well-defined active sites which are homogeneously distributed over
the surface of the adsorbent. These active sites have the same affinity for
adsorption of a mono molecular layer and affinity for adsorption of a mono
molecular layer and there is no interaction between the adsorbed molecules. (
Langmuir,1918).
For Langmuir equation, it is written as:
qe = (Co – Ct) V
W
Where qe is the metal adsorption capacity of adsorbent and intensively depends
on the physical and chemical properties of adsorbate and adsorbent, Coand Ctare
the liquid phase concentration at initial concentration, V is the volume of
solution, W is the mass of dry adsorbent used. Langmuir isotherm can be
explained based on the assumption; the adsorption process is only limited to
mono-layer adsorption and reversible process when no interaction occurs
between the molecules adsorbed on the active site and the neighbouring sites
(Febriantoet al 2009).
2.8.2 FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM

Freundlich isotherm model interprets the adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces
with interactions occurring between the adsorbed molecules and is not restricted
to the formation of a monolayer. This isotherm is commonly used to describe
the adsorption of organic and inorganic compounds on a wide variety of
adsorbents (Febrianto, et al 2009).
For Freundlich equation, it is written as:
24
qe = Kf 1
n
Where Kf is the adsorption equilibrium constant while 1/n is the heterogeneity
factor which is related to the capacity and intensity of the adsorption and C is
the equilibrium concentration (mg/L). This model assumes that when the
adsorbate concentration increases, the concentration of adsorbate on the
adsorbent surface also increases and, correspondingly, the sorption energy
exponentially decreases over the completion of the sorption centre of the
adsorbent (Faust and Aly, 1987.). Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models
are frequently used for describing the short term and mono-component
adsorption of metal ions by different materials (Aksu, and Kabasakal, 2004.)
2.8.3 TEMKIN ISOTHERM MODEL

Temkin isotherm is the early model describing the adsorption of hydrogen onto
platinum electrodes within the acidic solutions. The isotherm (Temkin and
Pyzhev 1940)contains a factor that explicitly taking into the account of
adsorbent adsorbate interactions. By ignoring the extremely low and large value
of concentrations, the model assumes that heat of adsorption (function of
temperature) of all molecules in the layer would decrease linearly rather than
logarithmic with coverage (Aharoni and Ungarish 1977). As implied in the
equation, its derivation is characterized by a uniform distribution of binding
energies (upto some maximum binding energy). Temkin equation is excellent
for predicting the gas phase equilibrium (when organization in a tightly packed
structure with identical orientation is not necessary), conversely complex
adsorption systems including the liquid-phase adsorption isotherms are usually
not appropriate to be represented (Kim et al, 2004).
2.8.4 FLORY–HUGGINS ISOTHERM MODEL

Flory–Huggins isotherm model (Horsfall and Spiff, 2005), which occasionally
deriving the degree of surface coverage characteristics of adsorbate
25
ontoadsorbent, can express the feasibility and spontaneous nature ofan
adsorption process. In this respect, ᶿis the degree of surfacecoverage, where
KFH and nFH are the indication of its equilibriumconstant and model exponent.
Its equilibrium constant, KFH thatused for the calculation of spontaneity free
Gibbs energy, is relatedto the equation below(K. Vijayaraghavan, 2006).
∆G◦ = −RT ln (KFH)
2.8.5 HILL ISOTHERM MODEL

Hill equation (A.V. Hill 2004)that originated from the NICA (Koopal et al,
1994)model, was postulated to describe the binding of different species onto
homogeneous substrates. The model assumes that adsorption is a cooperative
phenomenon, with the ligand binding ability at one site on the macromolecule,
may influence different binding sites on the same macromolecule (Ringot,
2007).
2.8.5 DUBININ–RADUSHKEVICH ISOTHERM MODEL

Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm (M.M. Dubinin, 1947)is an empirical model
initially conceived for the adsorption of subcritical vapours onto micropore
solids following a pore filling mechanism. It is generally applied to express the
adsorption mechanism (Gunay et al, 2007)with a Gaussian energy distribution
onto a heterogeneous surface (Dabrowski 2001). The model has often
successfully fitted high solute activities and the intermediate range of
concentrations data well, but has unsatisfactory asymptotic properties and does
not predict the Henry’s law at low pressure(Altin et al, 1998).The approach was
usually applied to distinguishthe physical and chemical adsorption of metal ions
,with its mean free energy, E per molecule of adsorbate (for removing a
molecule from its location in the sorption space to the infinity) can be computed
by the relationship (Hobson 1996):
26
E= 1
√2BDR
Where BDR is denoted as the isotherm constant. Meanwhile, theparameter ε can
be correlated as:
ε = RT ln(1 + 1 )
Ce
Where R, T and Ce represent the gas constant (8.314 J/mol K),absolute

temperature (K) and adsorbate equilibrium concentration(mg/L), respectively.
One of the unique features of theDubinin–Radushkevich isotherm model lies on
the fact that it istemperature-dependent, which when adsorption data at
differenttemperatures are plotted as a function of logarithm of amount adsorbed
versus the square of potential energy, all suitable data willlie on the same curve,
named as the characteristic curve.
2.9 ADSORPTION THERMODYNAMIC

Temperature is one of the important parameters for the sorption of metal ions
related with the thermodynamics of the adsorption process. Generally, there are
two common types, endothermal and exothermal sorption processes which are
determined based on the increase or decrease in the temperature during
adsorption. If the sorption increases with the increasing temperature, the
sorption is an endothermal process whereas if the sorption decreases with the
increasing temperature it is described as an exothermal process.
2.10 ADSORPTION KINETICS
27
Contact time from experimental results can be used to study the rate-limiting
step in the adsorption process in terms of the kinetic energy. The overall
adsorption process can be controlled either by one or more steps such as pore
diffusion, surface diffusion or a combination of more than one step. Lagergen’s
first order equation and Ho’s second order equation are such examples of
kinetic models commonly used to describe these adsorption kinetic models (Ho,
Y.S., 2006.). The pseudo first-order kinetic equation of Lagergen’s model is
given as such equations (Lagergren, S., 1898):
dqt = K1 (qe – qt)
dt
Where qe and qt are the amount of adsorbed waste (mg/g) at equilibrium and at
any instant of time t (min), respectively and K1 is the rate constant of pseudo
first order adsorption operation (min). Pseudo first order equation refers to the
assumption of the rate of change of solute uptake with time which is directly
proportional tothe difference in the saturation concentration and the amount of
solid uptake with time. (Khaled, et al, 2009).
The pseudo second order kinetic equation is given as:
dqt = K(qe – qt)2
dt
The pseudo second order model is based on the assumption that the rate limiting
step may stem from the chemical adsorption involving valence forces through
the sharing or exchange of electrons between the adsorbent and adsorbate (Ho
and McKay, 1999).
28
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
MATERIALS/ EQUIPMENTS
The following equipment was used to carry out this work:
Analytical balance
UV spectrophotometer
Water bath
Mesh sieves
Oven
Muffle furnace
Magnetic stirrer
pH meter
Glassware such as beaker, conical flask and measuring cylinder
The following materials were used:
Neem leaves, coconut shell, methyl blue, waste water from Sun flag Nigeria
limited.
3.1 PREPARATION OF ADSORBENTS
3.1.1 NEEM LEAVES

Mature Neem leaves, were collected from a number of tall Neem trees (Lagos
State Polytechnic, Lagos, Nigeria) and washed repeatedly with water to remove
dust and soluble impurities and allowed to dry first at room temperature in a
shade and then in an air oven at 60OC – 70OC for 30hr till the leaves became
crisp (Kraus, 1995), and crushed into a fine powder in a mechanical grinder.
The Neem Leaf Powder (NLP)was sieved and separate according to the
diameter. This fraction (600mic)was washed again a number of times with
double distilled water to remove colour and turbidity and was dried. After
drying for several hours at room temperature, the Neem Leaf Powder (NLP)
was preserved in dry container for use as an adsorbent (Khan et al, 1995).
29
3.1.2 COCONUT SHELL
The coconut shell sample was obtained from Ojota market in Lagos Nigeria.
Dirt was removed from samples after which were sun dried for 24hour.The
dried shells were burned in the furnace at 6500C for 2hours.The carbonized
coconut shell were crushed and separated into different mesh sizes. The
charcoal was treated with Hcl (hydrochloric acid).The moist activated carbon
was kept in the furnace at 700OC for 30miunte (activated temperature) in order
to increase the porosity of the activated carbon. The resulting activated carbon
was washed with distilled water and also dried in the furnace at 110 OC for 2hrs.
It was packed in the dry container for use as an adsorbent (Long, et al., 2010).
3.2 PREPARATION OF ADSORBATE

The dye stock solution was prepared by dissolving 1.0g of dye in deionised
water in one litre volumetric flask and made to a 1g/L. The working solutions
were obtained by diluting the stock solution in accurate proportions to needed
initial concentration (12 - 56mg /l).
3.3 BATCH ADSORPTION STUDIES
In this work, a batch adsorption technique was used to study the important
parameters such as amount of adsorbent, pH values, contact time, temperature
and initial concentration. The batch adsorption was carried out in 100 ml of
beaker by agitating a pre weighed amount of the adsorbent (0.5g) with 30 ml of
the wastewater of known concentration. The conical flask was kept in a constant
temperature, water bath and the mixture was agitated for a pre-determined time
interval at a constant speed. Experiment was carried out by varying the
adsorbent amount (5-25g), the adsorbate concentration (12.0 -56.03mg/l),
contact time (5-25mins), adsorbent(0.5-2.5),pH(1-9)and the adsorption
temperature(50- 90).
After adsorption, the solution was filtered and the concentration was determined
using UV spectrophotometer.
30
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Removal efficiency (%)
Removal efficiency of waste water was calculated using the equation below:
Removal efficiency = (Co - Ct) × 100
Co
Where Co is initial concentration and Ct is the concentration of waste water after
adsorption for a period of time.
4.1 USING STIMULATED SOLUTION AS ADSORBATE

TABLE 1: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF TIME USING NEEM
LEAVE POWDER
Time Ct (Co - Ct) (Co - Ct) (Co - Ct) ×100
(mins) (mg/l) (mg/l) Co Co
5 8.679 29.570 0.773 77.300
10 5.554 32.700 0.855 85.500
15 4.351 33.900 0.886 88.600
20 2.722 35.530 0.929 92.900
25 1.890 36.360 0.951 95.100
Initial concentration = 38.25mg/l
100
removal efficiency(%)
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (mins)
FIGURE 1: Effect of contact time with constant dosage (0.5g), particle size
(600mic)and volume of adsorbate (30ml)on adsorbent effect for neem
leaves powder activated carbon.
31
TABLE 2: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF TIME USING COCONUT
SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON.
5 1.616 36.634 0.958 95.800

10 0.830 37.420 0.978 97.800
15 0.650 37.600 0.983 98.300
20 0.490 37.760 0.987 98.700
25 0.210 38.040 0.995 99.500
100
removal efficiency (%)
99
98
97
96
95
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (mins)
FIGURE 2:Effect of contact time with constant dosage (0.5g), particle size
(1.18mm)and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent effect for coconut
shell activated carbon.
TABLE 3: DOSAGE EFFECT USING NEEM LEAVE POWDER

Mass Cg (Co – Cg) (Co – Cg) (Co – Cg)×100
(g) (mg/l) (mg/l) Co Co
0.5 4.864 33.386 0.873 87.300

1.0 2.231 36.019 0.942 94.200
1.5 1.010 37.240 0.974 97.400
2.0 0.896 37.354 0.977 97.700
2.5 0.604 37.646 0.984 98.400
32
100
removal percentage(%)
95
90
85
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
dosage
FIGURE 3: Effect of dosage with constant particle size (600mic), time

(5mins), and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent effect for neem
TABLE4: DOSAGE EFFECT USING COCONUT SHELL ACTIVATED

CARBON.
0.5 2.424 35.826 0.937 93.700

1.0 1.633 36.617 0.957 95.700
1.5 0.842 37.408 0.978 97.800
2.0 0.451 37.799 0.988 98.800
2.5 0.182 38.068 0.995 99.500
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
dosage
FIGURE 4: Effect of dosagewith constant particle size (1.18mm), time

(5mins), and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent effect for coconut
shellactivated carbon.
33
TABLE 5: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE USING
NEEM LEAVE POWDERACTIVATED CARBON.
Temperature Ct (Co - Ct) (Co - Ct) (Co - Ct) ×100
(oC) (mg/l) (mg/l) Co Co
50 7.835 30.415 0.795 79.500
60 6.101 32.149 0.840 84.000
70 4.937 33.013 0.863 86.300
80 3.854 35.396 0.899 89.000
90 2.772 35.478 0.927 92.700
95
90
85
80
75
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
temperature(°C)
FIGURE 5: Effect of temperaturewith constant particle size (600mic),

dosage (0.5g), time (5mins) and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent
effect for neem leaves powder activated carbon.

COCONUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON.
50 4.327 33.923 0.887 88.700

60 3.910 34.340 0.898 89.800
70 2.495 35.755 0.935 93.500
80 1.097 37.153 0.971 97.100
90 0.905 37.345 0.976 97.600
34
100
removal efficiency (%) 98
96
94
92
90
88
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
temperature(°C)
FIGURE 6: Effect of temperature with constant particle size (1.18mm),

effect for coconut shellactivated carbon.
TABLE 7: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF pH USING NEEM LEAVE

POWDER
pH Ct (Co - Ct) (Co - Ct) (Co - Ct) ×100
(mg/l) (mg/l) Co Co
1 1.075 37.175 0.972 97.200
3 0.837 37.413 0.978 97.800
5 0.120 38.013 0.996 99.600
6 0.745 37.505 0.981 98.100
7 0.945 37.307 0.975 97.500
100
removal percentage
99
(%)
98
97
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH
FIGURE 7: Effect of pH with constant particle size (600mic), dosage (0.5g),

time (5mins) and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent effect for neem
leaves powderactivated carbon.
35
TABLE8: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF pH USING COCONUT
(mg/l) (mg/l) Co Co
1 0.890 37.360 0.977 97.700
3 0.614 37.636 0.984 98.400
5 0.051 38.199 0.997 99.700
6 0.631 38.030 0.984 98.400
7 0.792 37.458 0.979 97.900
removal efficiency(%)
100
99.5
99
98.5
98
97.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
pH
FIGURE 8: Effect of pHwith constant particle size (1.18mm), dosage (0.5g),

time (5mins) and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent effect for
coconut shellactivated carbon.
TABLE 9: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF INITIAL

CONCENTRATION USING NEEM LEAVE POWDER
Initial Ct (Co - Ct) (Co - Ct) (Co - Ct) ×100
concentration (mg/l) (mg/l) Co Co
(mg/l)
12.32 1.690 10.630 0.863 86.300
27.16 0.670 26.490 0.975 97.500
38.25 0.430 37.820 0.989 98.900
44.29 0.210 44.080 0.995 99.500
50.03 0.195 49.835 0.996 99.600
36
105
removal percentage(%)
100
95
90
85
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Initial concentration (mg/l)
FIGURE 9: Effect of initial concentrationwith constant particle size

(600mic), dosage (0.5g), time (5mins) and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on
adsorbent effect for neem leaves powder activated carbon.
TABLE 10: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF INITIAL

CONCENTRATION USING COCONUT SHELL
Initial Ct (Co - Ct) (Co - Ct) (Co - Ct) ×100
concentration (mg/l) (mg/l) Co Co
(mg/l
12.32 0.760 11.560 0.938 93.800
27.16 0.540 26.620 0.980 98.000
38.25 0.481 37.769 0.987 98.700
44.29 0.299 43.991 0.993 99.300
50.03 0.175 49.855 0.997 99.700
100
removal percentage
98
96
(%)
94
92
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Initial concentration (mg/l)
37
FIGURE 10: Effect of initial concentrationwith constant particle size
(1.18mm), dosage (0.5g), time (5mins) and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on
adsorbent effect for coconut shell activated carbon.
4.2ISOTHERM MODEL
Equilibrium data commonly known as adsorption isotherm, are basic
requirements for the design of adsorption system (Ozer and Dursan, 2007). The
equilibrium data were modelled with the Langmuir and freundlich model.
4.2.1LANGMUIR ISOTHERM
NEEM LEAVES POWDER ACTIVATED CARBON
The amount of adsorption at equilibrium, qe (mg/l) is calculated as follows
qe =(Co – Ct) V
W
Where Co and Ctare the liquid phase concentration at initial and equilibrium,
V (L) = volume of the solution, W (g) = mass of dry adsorbent used, y =
concentration of contaminant absorbed (mg/l).
At 0.5g
qe = 33.386 = 66.772mg/l
0.5
TABLE 11: LANGMUIR ISOTHERM FOR NEEM LEAVES POWDER
Mass Cg(mg/l) Co- Cg qe 1 1
(g) (mg/l) qe Cg
0.5 4.864 33.386 66.772 0.015 0.206
1.0 2.231 36.019 36.019 0.028 0.448
1.5 1.010 37.240 24.827 0.040 0.990
2.0 0.896 37.354 18.677 0.054 1.116
2.5 0.604 37.646 15.058 0.066 1.656
38
0.08
0.06 y = 0.0347x + 0.0099
R² = 0.9637
1/qe
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
1/Cg
FIGURE 11: The linear plot of specific adsorption against the equilibrium
concentration.
From the graph plotted
Slope = 0.034
Intercept = 0.009
Correlation coefficient (R2) = 0.963
Calculating for qm and ka from the linear equation of Langmuir isotherm
1/ qe = 1/ka+ 1/qm
where 1/ qm = intercept
= 0.009
Also 1/ ka= slope
= 0.034
The shape of the Langmuir by the dimensionless constant separation term (RL)
to determine high affinity adsorption and is expressed as
RL = 1/1+ kaCt
RL = 0.947
TABLE 12: LANGMUIR ISOTHERM FOR COCONUT SHELL

ACTIVATED CARBON
Mass Cg(mg/l) Co- Cg qe 1 1
(g) (mg/l) qe Cg
0.5 2.424 35.826 71.652 0.014 0.413
1.0 1.633 36.617 36.617 0.027 0.612
1.5 0.842 37.408 24.939 0.040 1.188
39
2.0 0.451 37.799 18.899 0.053 2.217
2.5 0.182 38.068 15.227 0.0656 5.495
0.08
0.06 y = 0.0087x + 0.0226
R² = 0.7927
1/qe
0.04
0.02
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1/Cg
concentration.

Slope = 0.008
Intercept =0.022
1/ qe = 1/ka+ 1/qm
= 0.022
Also 1/ ka= slope
= 0.008
RL = 1/qe + kaCt
RL = 0.955.
4.2.2 FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM

NEEM LEAVES POWDER
40
The equilibrium data were analyzed using linear form ofFreundlich isotherm by
plotting log qe versus log Ct, M (g) mass of adsorbent, X (g) mass of adsorbate
and Ct(mg/l) equilibrium concentration.
TABLE 13: FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM FOR NEEM LEAVES
POWDER
Mass Cg Co - Cg qe Log qe Log Cg
(g) (mg/l) (mg/l)
0.5 4.864 33.386 66.772 1.825 0.687
1.0 2.231 36.019 36.019 1.556 0.348
1.5 1.010 37.240 24.827 1.395 0.004
2.0 0.896 37.354 18.677 1.271 -0.048
2.5 0.604 37.646 15.058 1.178 -0.219
2
1.5 y = 0.6989x + 1.3371
R² = 0.9817
log qe
1
0.5
0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
log Cg
FIGURE 13: Linear graph of log qe against log Ct.

Slope = 0.689
Intercept =1.337
Correlation coefficient (R2)= 0.981
Calculating for kfand n from the linear form of Freundlich equation
Log qe = log kf + 1/n logCe
1/n = slope
n = 0.978
kf= 0.168
41
TABLE 14: FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM FOR COCONUT SHELL
(g) (mg/l) (mg/l)
0.5 2.424 35.826 71.652 1.855 0.385
1.0 1.633 36.617 36.617 1.563 0.213
1.5 0.842 37.408 24.939 1.397 -0.075
2.0 0.451 37.799 18.899 1.276 -0.346
2.5 0.182 38.068 15.227 1.183 -0.740
2
1.5
log qe
1
0.5 y = 0.5534x + 1.5171
R² = 0.8751
0
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
log Cg

Graph of log qe against log Ct from the graph plotted
Slope =0.553
Intercept =1.517
Correlating coefficient =0.875
1/n = slope
n = 0.957
kf= 0.919
4.1.3 TEMKINS ISOTHERM

In Temkins isotherm the quantity of impurities adsorbed at equilibrium is
express as:
q = BInA + BInC
where B = RT/b
42
TABLE 15: TEMKINS ISOTHERM FOR NEEM LEAVES POWDER
ACTIVATED CARBON
Temperature Ct (Co – Ct) qe In Ct
(oC)
50 7.835 30.415 0.710 1.020
60 6.101 32.149 0.573 1.349
70 4.937 33.013 0.472 1.597
80 3.854 35.396 0.402 1.808
90 2.772 35.478 0.338 2.059
0.8
0.6
qe
0.4 y = -0.3627x + 1.0672

0.2 R² = 0.9902
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
In Ct
FIGURE 15: Linear graph of qe against InCt.

From the graph plotted A=19.069 B=0.362 R2= 0.990
TABLE 16:TEMKINS ISOTHERM FOR COCONUT SHELL

ACTIVATED CARBON
(oC)
50 4.327 33.923 0.747 -0.010
60 3.910 34.340 0.619 0.093
70 2.495 35.755 0.511 0.914
80 1.097 37.153 0.429 1.364
90 0.905 37.345 0.377 1.465
43
0.8
0.6
y = -0.2072x + 0.6951
qe
0.4
R² = 0.9299
0.2
0
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
In Ct

4.3KINETICS MODEL
LANGERGREN PSEUDO FIRST-ORDER
The integral from the langergrenpseudo first-order equation is given as:
Log (qe - qt) = log qe – K1 t
2.303
Where qeis the amount of adsorbed adsorbate on the adsorbent at equilibrium, qt
is the amountof adsorbed adsorbate on the adsorbent at time, K 1 is the
adsorption constant ofpseudo first-order.
TABLE 17: LANGERGREN PSEUDO FIRST-ORDER USING NEEM

LEAVES POWDERAS ADSORBENT
Time Ct Co - Ct qe qt qe - qt Log
(mins) (mg/l) (mg/l) (qe - qt)
5 8.679 29.570 21.260 5.914 15.346 1.186
10 5.554 32.700 52.980 3.270 49.710 1.696
15 4.351 33.900 75.640 2.260 73.380 1.866
20 2.720 35.530 88.16 1.177 86.384 1.936
25 1.890 36.360 99.67 1.454 98.216 1.992
44
2.5
log (qe - qt)
2 y = 0.037x + 1.1796
1.5 R² = 0.8041
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (mins)
FIGURE 17: Linear graph of loq (qe – qt) against time

K1 and qe can be determine from the slope and intercept of the graph of pseudo
first-order using the integral from the langergrenpseudo first-order equation
2.303
The parameter of pseudo first-order areK1= 0.0852, qe = 0.848 and R2=0.804
LANGERGREN PSEUDO SECOND – ORDER

The integral form of pseudo second – order equation is given as:
t/qt= 1/h+ 1/qe (t)
Where K2is the rate of pseudo second order, h=K2qe2can be regarded as the
initial adsorption rate when t = 0.
TABLE 18:LANGERGREN PSEUDO SECOND – ORDER USING NEEM
LEAVES POWDER AS ADSORBENT
Time Ct Co - Ct qt t/qt
(mins) (mg/l) (mg/l)
5 8.679 29.570 5.914 0.845
10 5.554 32.700 3.270 3.058
15 4.351 33.900 2.260 6.637
20 2.720 35.530 1.177 16.992
25 1.890 36.360 1.454 17.193
45
20
15 y = 0.9326x - 5.044
R² = 0.9121
10
t/qt
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-5
time (mins)
FIGURE 18: Linear graph of t/qt against time.

first-order using the integral from the langergrenpseudo second-order equation
t/qt= 1/h+ 1/qe (t)
The parameter of pseudo second -order are qe= 1.073,K2= 0.1722, h = 0.198 and
R2 = 0.912.
TABLE 19: LANGERGREN PSEUDO FIRST-ORDER USING

COCONUT SHELL AS ADSORBENT
5 1.616 36.634 23.120 7.327 15.793 1.198
10 0.830 37.420 53.240 3.742 49.498 1.695
15 0.650 37.600 75.538 2.507 73.031 1.865
20 0.490 37.760 87.982 1.888 86.094 1.935
25 0.210 38.040 99.710 1.522 98.178 1.992
2.5
2
log (qe - qt)
y = 0.0366x + 1.1886
1.5 R² = 0.8093
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (mins)
46
second-order using the integral from the langergrenpseudo first-order equation
2.303
The parameter of pseudo first-order areK1= 0.0829, qe = 0.842 and R2 =0.809.
TABLE 20: LANGERGREN PSEUDO SECOND – ORDER USING

5 1.616 36.634 7.327 0.682
10 0.830 37.420 3.742 2.672
15 0.650 37.600 2.507 5.983
20 0.490 37.760 1.888 10.593
25 0.210 38.040 1.522 16.426
20
15 y = 0.7882x - 4.5515
R² = 0.9642
10
t/qt
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-5
time (min)
second-order using the integral from the langergrenpseudo second-order
equation
t/qt= 1/h+ 1/qe (t)
47
R2 = 0.964.
4.4 USING WASTEWATER FROM SUN FLAG NIGERIA LIMITED AS

ADSORBATE
TABLE 21: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF TIME USING NEEM
LEAVE POWDERACTIVATED CARBON.
5 40.140 14.860 0.270 27.000
10 35.410 19.590 0.356 35.600
15 29.500 25.500 0.464 46.400
20 21.610 33.390 0.607 60.700
25 19.270 35.730 0.650 65.000
Initial concentration = 55mg/l
80
removal efficiency
60
40
(%)
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (min)
FIGURE 21:Effect of contact time with constant dosage (0.5g), particle size
(600mic) and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent effect for neem
TABLE22: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF TIME USING COCONUT

48
5 37.150 17.850 0.325 32.500
10 34.790 20.210 0.367 36.700
15 29.010 25.990 0.473 47.300
20 20.110 34.890 0.634 63.400
25 18.840 36.160 0.657 65.700
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (min)
FIGURE 22:Effect of contact timewith constant dosage (0.5g), particle size

(1.18mm) and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent effect for coconut
shell activated carbon.
TABLE 23: DOSAGE EFFECT USING NEEM LEAVES

POWDERACTIVATED CARBON.
0.5 38.370 16.630 0.302 30.200

1.0 32.450 22.550 0.410 41.000
1.5 28.110 26.890 0.489 48.900
2.0 21.090 33.910 0.617 61.700
2.5 20.030 34.970 0.636 63.600
49
80
removal efficiency
60
40
(%)
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
dosage(g)
FIGURE 23: Effect of dosagewith constant particle size (600mic), time

(5mins), and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent effect for neem
leaves powder activated carbon
TABLE 24: DOSAGE EFFECT USING COCONUT SHELLACTIVATED

CARBON.
0.5 35.190 19.810 0.360 36.000

1.0 29.560 25.440 0.463 46.300
1.5 25.090 29.910 0.544 54.400
2.0 19.740 35.260 0.641 64.100
2.5 18.910 36.090 0.656 65.600
80
60
40
20
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
dosage (g)
FIGURE 24: Effect of dosagewith constant particle size (1.18mm), time

(5mins), and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent effect for coconut
shellactivated carbon.
50
TABLE25: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE USING
NEEM LEAVE POWDERACTIVATED CARBON.
50 30.730 24.270 0.441 44.100
60 27.580 27.420 0.499 49.900
70 23.410 31.590 0.574 57.400
80 21.090 33.910 0.617 61.700
90 20.10 34.900 0.635 63.500
80
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
temperature °C
FIGURE 25: Effect of temperaturewith constant particle size (600mic),

effect for neem leaves powder activated carbon.

COCONUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON.
50 28.190 26.810 0.487 48.700

60 25.870 29.130 0.530 53.000
70 21.980 33.021 0.600 60.000
80 19.790 35.210 0.640 64.000
90 18.950 36.050 0.655 65.500
51
80
removal efficiency
60
40
(%)
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
temperature (°C)
FIGURE 26: Effect of temperaturewith constant particle size (1.18mm),

effect for coconut shellactivated carbon
TABLE 27: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF pH USING NEEM

LEAVE POWDERACTIVATED CARBON.
(mg/l) (mg/l) Co Co
1 29.900 25.100 0.456 45.600
3 26.400 28.600 0.520 52.000
5 24.150 30.850 0.561 56.100
6 18.090 36.910 0.671 67.100
7 20.910 34.090 0.620 62.000
80
removal efficiency
60
40
(%)
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
pH
FIGURE 27: Effect of pH with constant particle size (600mic), dosage

(0.5g), time (5mins) and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent effect for
neem leaves powderactivated carbon.
52
TABLE 28: PRESENT DATA ON EFFECT OF pH USING COCONUT
(mg/l) (mg/l) Co Co
1 25.910 29.090 0.529 52.900
3 22.790 32.210 0.586 58.600
5 21.090 33.910 0.617 61.700
6 17.790 37.210 0.677 67.700
7 19.030 35.970 0.654 65.400
80
removal efficiency
60
40
(%)
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
pH
FIGURE 28: Effect of pH with constant particle size (1.18mm), dosage

(0.5g), time (5mins) and volume of adsorbate (30ml) on adsorbent effect for
coconut shellactivated carbon.
LANGMUIR ISOTHERM
NEEM LEAVES POWDER ACTIVATED CARBON
The amount of adsorption at equilibrium, qe (mg/l) is calculated as follows
qe =(Co – Ct) V
W
Where Co and Ctare the liquid phase concentration at initial and equilibrium,
V (L) = volume of the solution, W (g) = mass of dry adsorbent used, y =
concentration of contaminant absorbed (mg/l).
53
TABLE 29: LANGMUIR ISOTHERM FOR NEEM LEAVES POWDER
Mass Ct(mg/l) Co– Ct qe 1 1
(g) (mg/l) qe Ct
0.5 38.370 16.630 33.260 0.030 0.026
1.0 32.450 22.550 22.550 0.044 0.031
1.5 28.110 26.890 17.927 0.056 0.036
2.0 21.090 33.910 16.955 0.059 0.047
2.5 20.030 34.970 13.988 0.071 0.050
0.08
0.06 y = 1.4289x - 0.0023
R² = 0.8846
1/qe
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
1/Cg
concentration.

Slope = 1.428
Intercept = 0.002
1/ qe = 1/ka+ 1/qm
= 0.002
Also 1/ ka= slope
= 1.428
54
RL = 1/1+ kaCt
RL = 0.933
TABLE 30: LANGMUIR ISOTHERM FOR COCONUT SHELL

ACTIVATED CARBON
Mass Cg(mg/l) Co– Ct qe 1 1
(g) (mg/l) qe Ct
0.5 35.190 19.810 39.620 0.025 0.028
1.0 29.560 25.440 25.440 0.039 0.034
1.5 25.090 29.910 19.940 0.050 0.040
2.0 19.740 35.260 17.630 0.056 0.051
2.5 18.910 36.090 14.436 0.069 0.053
0.1
y = 1.4957x - 0.0138
1/qe
0.05 R² = 0.9254
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
1/Cg
concentration.
Slope = 1.454
Intercept =0.013
1/ qe = 1/ka+ 1/qm
= 0.013
Also 1/ ka= slope
55
= 1.454
RL = 1/qe + kaCt
RL = 0.928
FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM
The equilibrium data were analyzed using linear form ofFreundlich isotherm by
plotting log qe versus log Ct, M (g) mass of adsorbent, X (g) mass of adsorbate
and Ct(mg/l) equilibrium concentration.
TABLE31: FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM FOR NEEM LEAVES POWDER

Mass Ct Co – Ct qe Log qe Log Ct
(g) (mg/l) (mg/l)
0.5 38.370 16.630 33.260 1.522 1.584
1.0 32.450 22.550 22.550 1.353 1.511
1.5 28.110 26.890 17.927 1.253 1.449
2.0 21.090 33.910 16.955 1.229 1.324
2.5 20.030 34.970 13.988 1.146 1.302
2
y = 1.1141x - 0.297
log qe
1 R² = 0.8694
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
log Cg
FIGURE 31: Linear graph of log qe against log Ct

Slope = 1.114
Intercept =0.297
56
1/n = slope
n = 0.898
kf= 0.610
TABLE 32: FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM FOR COCONUT SHELL

(g) (mg/l) (mg/l)
0.5 35.190 19.810 39.620 1.598 1.546
1.0 29.560 25.440 25.440 1.406 1.471
1.5 25.090 29.910 19.940 1.300 1.400
2.0 19.740 35.260 17.630 1.246 1.295
2.5 18.910 36.090 14.436 1.159 1.277
2
1.5 y = 1.4195x - 0.6424
log qe
1 R² = 0.9269
0.5
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
log Cg

Graph of log qe against log Ct from the graph plotted
Slope =1.419
Intercept =0.642
Correlating coefficient =0.926
1/n = slope
n = 0.705
kf= 0.680
57
TEMKINS ISOTHERM
In Temkins isotherm the quantity of impurities adsorbed at equilibrium is
express as:
q = BInA + BInC
Where B = RT/b
TABLE 33: TEMKINS ISOTHERM FOR NEEM LEAVES POWDER

ACTIVATED CARBON
(oC)
50 30.730 24.270 0.485 3.425
60 27.580 27.420 0.457 3.317
70 23.410 31.590 0.451 3.153
80 21.090 33.910 0.424 3.049
90 20.100 34.900 0.388 3.000
0.6
y = 0.1901x - 0.1653
0.4
R² = 0.8631
qe
0.2
0
2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
In Ct

TABLE 34:TEMKINS ISOTHERM FOR COCONUT SHELL

ACTIVATED CARBON
(oC)
50 28.190 26.810 0.536 3.339
58
60 25.870 29.130 0.486 3.253
70 21.980 33.021 0.472 3.090
80 19.790 35.200 0.440 2.985
90 18.950 36.050 0.401 2.942
0.6
0.5
0.4
qe
0.3
0.2 y = 0.2824x - 0.4145
0.1 R² = 0.9074
0
2.9 2.95 3 3.05 3.1 3.15 3.2 3.25 3.3 3.35 3.4
In Ct
FIGURE 34: Linear graph of qe against InCt

KINETICS MODEL
LANGERGREN PSEUDO FIRST-ORDER
The integral from the langergrenpseudo first-order equation is given as:
2.303
Where qe is the amount of adsorbed adsorbate on the adsorbent at equilibrium,
qt is the amountof adsorbed adsorbate on the adsorbent at time, K 1 is the
adsorption constant ofpseudo first-order.
TABLE 35: LANGERGREN PSEUDO FIRST-ORDER USING NEEM

LEAVES POWDER AS ADSORBENT
5 40.140 14.860 33.260 2.972 30.288 1.481
10 35.410 19.590 22.550 1.959 20.591 1.314
15 29.500 25.500 17.927 1.700 16.227 1.210
59
20 21.610 33.390 16.955 1.670 15.285 1.184
25 19.270 35.730 13.988 1.429 12.559 1.099
2
log (qe - qt)
1.5
1
y = -0.0179x + 1.5258
0.5 R² = 0.9302
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (min)

first-order using the integral from the langergrenpseudo first-order equation

2.303
The parameter of pseudo first-order areK1= 0.0276, qe = 0.6557 and R2 =0.930
LANGERGREN PSEUDO SECOND – ORDER

The integral form of pseudo second – order equation is given as:
t/qt= 1/h+ 1/qe (t)
Where K2is the rate of pseudo second order, h=K2qe2can be regarded as the
initial adsorption rate when t = 0.
NEEM LEAVES POWDER AS ADSORBENT
5 40.140 14.860 2.972 1.682
10 35.410 19.590 1.959 5.105
60
15 29.500 25.500 1.700 8.824
20 21.610 33.390 1.670 11.976
25 19.270 35.730 1.429 17.495
20
15 y = 0.7699x - 2.5327
t/qt
10 R² = 0.9895
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (min)

first-order using the integral from the langergrenpseudo second-order equation
t/qt= 1/h+ 1/qe (t)
R2 = 0.989
TABLE 37: LANGERGREN PSEUDO FIRST-ORDER USING

5 37.150 17.850 39.620 3.570 36.050 1.557
10 34.790 20.210 25.440 2.021 23.419 1.370
15 29.010 25.990 19.940 1.733 18.207 1.260
20 20.110 34.890 17.630 1.745 15.885 1.201
25 18.840 36.160 14.436 1.446 12.990 1.114
61
2
log (qe - qt)
1.5
1
y = -0.0211x + 1.6169
0.5 R² = 0.9517
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (min)

second-order using the integral from the langergrenpseudo first-order equation
2.303
The parameter of pseudo first-order areK1= 0.0484, qe = 0.619 and R2 =0.951

5 37.150 17.850 3.570 1.401
10 34.790 20.210 2.021 4.948
15 29.010 25.990 1.733 8.656
20 20.110 34.890 1.745 11.461
25 18.840 36.160 1.446 17.289
20
15 y = 0.7658x - 2.7357
t/qt
10 R² = 0.9857
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
time (min)
62
second-order using the integral from the langergrenpseudo second-order
equation
t/qt= 1/h+ 1/qe (t)
R2 = 0.985
4.4DISCUSSION
Effect of contact timeshown in figure 1, 2, 21 and 22 proves that increase in
removal efficiency was increased in contact time between adsorbate and
adsorbent also it also show that more time become available for the wastewater
to make an attraction withcoconut shell. The removal percentage of coconut
shell activated carbon is increased steadily over the period of time than neem
leave powder for stimulated waste water and waste water collected.
Effect of dosage shown in figure 3, 4, 23 and 24proves that the adsorption
capacity was increased with the increment of adsorbent dosage. This shows that
more surface area was made usingcoconut shell activated due to increase in
mass of adsorbent forstimulated waste water and waste water collected.
Effect of temperatureshown in figure 5, 6, 25 and 26 proves that the percentage
removal continuously increased as temperature increasedfor stimulated waste
water and waste water collected. Increasing the temperature is known to
increase the rate of diffusion of the adsorbate molecules across the external
boundary layer and in the internal pores of the adsorbent particle, owning to the
decrease in the viscosity of the solution.
Effect of pH shown in figure 7, 8, 27 and 28 proves that adsorption of metal
ions from the wastewater is influenced by the pH of the solution. pH influence
the surface charge of the adsorbent, the degree of ionization also the species of
adsorbate. Most metal sorption is enhanced with pH, increasing to a certain
value followed by a reduction when further pH increases. The optimum
adsorption capacity for adsorbent effect for neem leaves powder activated
63
carbon was achieved at pH 5 and that of coconut shell activated carbon was also
achieved at pH 5 when stimulated waste water was used as adsorbate while that
of wastewater collected was achieve at pH6 for both adsorbent.
Effects of initial concentration shown in figure 9 and 10 proves that the effect of
initial concentration on the removal efficiency of neem leaves powder activated
carbon and coconut shell activated carbon was investigated over range of
concentration. It shows that when the concentration is increased, the amount of
material adsorbed decreased for stimulated waste water.Percentage sorption of
neem leaves powder decreased from 99.600 to 86.300 while that of coconut
decreased from 99.700 to 93.800.
When Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkins isotherm model and kinetics model of
first and second pseudo-order to test the suitability of the adsorbents, it was
deduced from the result obtained that the linear plot of Temkins isotherm in
figure 15 and 16 model gave a better fit to the experimental data when
stimulated waste water was used as adsorbate.
When Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkins isotherm model and kinetics model of
first and second pseudo-orderwas used to test the suitability of the adsorbents, it
was deduced from the result obtainedthat the linear plot of second pseudo order
in figure 36 and 38 models gave a better fit to the experimental data when waste
water collected was used as adsorbate.
64
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 CONCLUSION
From the result obtained, it was concluded that the adsorption process is
effective in treatment of stimulated waste water. Coconut shell activated carbon
and neem leaves activated carbon are effective in the treatment of stimulated
waste water and economical. It is concluded when various parameters were
studied to determine the effectiveness of the adsorption of adsorbent dosage,
pH, contact time and temperature,coconut shell activated carbon proves to be
more effective than neem leaves activated carbon.The optimum adsorption
capacity for adsorbent effect for neem leaves powder activated carbon was
achieved at pH 5 and that of coconut shell activated carbon was also achieved at
pH 5 when stimulated waste water was used as adsorbate. While that of
wastewater collected was achieve at pH 6 for both adsorbents.
When Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkins isotherm model and kinetics model were
used to test the suitability of the adsorbents, it was deduced from the result
obtained that the linear plot of Temkins isotherm model gave a better fit to the
experimental data when stimulated waste water was used as adsorbate.
It was also deduced from the result obtained that the linear plot of second
pseudo order model gave a better fit to the experimental data when waste water
collected was used as adsorbate.
5.1RECOMMENDATION
It can be recommended that activated carbon produced from cocoa, banana peel,
saw dust, peanut husk charcoal, fly ash, natural zeolites, animal bone meal tea
wood bark, rice husk, cotton waste and bituminous coal can also be considered
for treatment of wastewater or industrial effluent. Also other isotherm model
such as Flory-Huggins, Hill, Dubinin– Radushkevich can also be considered in
future work.
65
REFERENCE
Ahalya N., Ramachandrl T.V. and Kanamadi RD., 2003 Biosorption of Heavy
Metal Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, Vol.7 page 4.
Aharoni C., Ungarish M., 1977, Kinetics of activated chemisorption. Part 2.

Theoretical models, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 73 page 456–464.
Ahmaruzzaman and Sharma (2005) Removal of basic dye methylene blue from
aqueous solutions using sawdust and sawdust coated with polypyrrole. J Iran
Chem Soc 7 page 339–350
Aksu, Z.and E. Kabasakal, 2004. Batch adsorption of 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic

acid (2,4-D) from aqueous solution by granular activated carbon. Separation and
Purification Technology, 35: 223-240
Altin O., Ozbelge H.O., Dogu T., 1998 Use of general purpose adsorption
isotherms for heavy metal–clay mineral interactions, J. Colloid Interface Sci.
198 page 130–140.
Aziz, A.; Ouali, M.S.; Elandaloussi, E.H.; De Menorval, L.C.; Lindheimer, M.

2009 Chemically modified olive stone: A low-cost sorbent for heavy metals and
basic dyes removal from aqueous solutions. J. Hazard. Mater., vol 163, 441–
447.
Babu B.V. and Gupta S., (2008b), “Removal of Cr(VI) from Wastewater Using
Activated Tamarind Seeds as an Adsorbent”, Journal of Environmental
Engineering and Science, Vol. 7, page 553-557.
66
Barakat M.A. 2011. New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial
wastewater Arabian Journal of Chemistry 4, page 361–377.
Barka, N.; Ouzaouit, K.; Abdennouri, M.; Makhfouk, M.E. 2013 Dried prickly
pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica) cladodes as a low-cost and eco-friendly
biosorbent for dyes removal from aqueous solutions. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem.
Eng., vol 44,page 52–60.
Bharathi KS., Rani ST (2012) Equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic studies

on adsorption of a basic dye by Citrullus lanatus rind. Iran J Energy Environ
3(1) page 23–34
Chauhan N, Gunasekeran JR (2007) Heavy metals of cork biosorption of cork

biomass: effect of the pretreatment, Coll Surf A: Physicochemical Engineering
Asp, 238, page 51-58
Chuah, T.G., Jumasiah, A., Katayon, S., Thomas Choong, S.Y., 2005. Rice
husk as a potentially low-cost biosorbent for heavy metal and dye removal: an
overview. Desalination 175, page 305–316.
Dabrowski A., 2001, Adsorption—from theory to practice, Adv. Colloid

Interface Sci. 93 page 135–224.
Dakiky, M., M. Khamis, A. Manassra, and M. Mereb, 2002 “Selective

Adsorption of Chromium (VI) in Industrial Wastewater Using Low-Cost
Abundantly Available Adsorbents”, Advances in EnvironmentalResearch, vol 6,
page 533–540.
Damia E. (2005). Adsorption of Cobalt (ii) from aqueous solution onto

activated carbon prepared from hazelnut shell, page 951-963.
67
Daneshvar, N. D. Salari, and S. Aber, 2010 “Chromium Adsorption and
Chromium (VI) Reduction to Trivalent Chromium in Aqueous Solutions by
Soya Cake”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B94, 49–61.
Dubinin M.M., 1960, The potential theory of adsorption of gases and vapors for
adsorbents with energetically non-uniform surface, Chem. Rev. 60 page 235–
266.
Eckenfelder, W. W. 2000. Industrial Water Pollution Control, (McGraw-Hill

Companies), pp. 451-457.
Faust, S.D. and Aly O.M., 1987. Burterworth publishers., Stoneham, M.A,
USA.
Febrianto, J., A.N. Kosasih, J. Sunarso, Y. Ju, N. Indraswati and S. Ismadji,

2009. Equilibrium and kinetic studies in adsorption of heavy metals using
biosorbent: A summary of recent studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162:
616-645.
Freundlich, H.M.F 1906. Over the adsorption in solution. J. Phys. Chem., vol
57, page 385–470.
Grag,V.K, Rasksh Kumar and Renuka Gupta, 2004. “ Removal of malachite

green dye from aqueous solution by adsorption using agro-industries, waste”, A
case study of phosopia cenerasia, journal: Dyes and Pigment. India, page 62: 1-
10.
Grove, M.D., Spencer, G.F., Rohwedder, W.k., Mandava, N., Worley, J.F and
cartercook, 1979. “Bacassinolide a plant growth promoting steroid isolated from
Brassica napus pollen”. Nature, page 216-217
68
Gunay A., Arslankaya E., Tosun I., 2007, Lead removal from aqueous solution
by natural and pretreated clinoptilolite: adsorption equilibrium and kinetics, J.
Hazard. Mater. 146 page 362–371.
Hill A.V.,1910, The possible effects of the aggregation of the molecules of

haemoglobin on its dissociation curves, J. Physiol. (London) 40iv–vii.
Ho YS, McKay G (1999) Pseudo-second-order model for sorption processes.

Process Bio Chem 34 page 451–465
Hobson J.P., 1996 Physical adsorption isotherms extending from ultra high
vacuum to vapour pressure, J. Phys. Chem. 73 page 2720–2727.
Holsen G. 1991,Comparative investigations of the genotoxic effects of metals in

the single cell gel assay and the sister chromatid exchange test. Environ Mol
Mutagen.;23 page 299–305.
Horsfall M., Spiff A.I., 2005, Equilibrium sorption study of Al3+, Co2+
andAg2+ in aqueous solutions by fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis
HOOK) waste biomass, Acta Chim. Slov. 52 page 174–181.
Hui Qiu, Lu LV, Bing-cai Pan, Qing-jian Zhang, Wei-ming Zhang and Quan-
xing Zhang, 2009 J Zhejiang Univ Sci A, vol 5 page 716-724.
Jüttner K., Galla U., and Schmieder H., 2000, Electrochemical approaches to
environmental problems in the process industry, Electrochimica Acta. Vol. 45,
page 2575–2594.
Kailas L. Wasewar 2010. Adsorption of metals onto tea factory waste: a

review., IJRRAS vol 3
69
Khaled, A., A.E. Nemr, A. El Sikaily and O. Abdelwahab, 2009. Treatment of
artificial textile dye effluent containing Direct Yellow 12 by orange peel carbon.
Desalination, 238: 210-232.
Khan, S.A., R. Rehman and M.A. Khan, 1995. “Adsorption of Cr (III), Cr (VI)
and Ag (I) on Bentonite”, Waste Mgmt., 15, page 271–282.
Kraus, W., “Biologically Active Ingredients”, in The Neem Tree, H.

Schmutterer (Ed.), page.35–92, VCH, Weinheim, 1995.
Kim Y., Kim C., Choi I., Rengraj S., Yi J., 2004, Arsenic removal using
mesoporous alumina prepared via a templating method, Environ. Sci. Technol.
38 page 924–931.
Koopal L.K., Van Riemsdijk W.H., De Wit J.C.M., Benedetti M.F., 1994,
Analytical isotherm equation for multicomponent adsorption to heterogeneous
surfaces, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 166 page 51–60.
Lagergren, S. 1898 About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble

substances. Handlingar, vol 24, page 1–39.
Langmuir, I., 1918 The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and
platinum. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,vol 40, page 1361–1403.
Long X., Chang H., and Yuan W., 2010, “Reduction of Hexamine cobalt (III)
Catalyzed by Coconut Activated Carbon”, Environmental Bryrer and
Sustainable Energy, Vol. 29 No.1, page 85-92.
Malkoc E and Nuhoglu Y. 2005. Fixed bed studies for the sorption of chromium
(IV) onto tea factory waste. Chem. Eng. Sci.; 61pp 4363-4372.
70
Matos G. D and Arruda M. A. Z. 2003. Vermicompost as natural adsorbent for
removing metal ions from laboratory effluents, Process Biochemistry, 39 vol(1)
page 81-88.
Mohammad, M.; Yaakob, Z.; Abdullah, S. 2013 Carbon derived from jatropha
seed hull as a potential green adsorbent for cadmium(ІІ) removal from
wastewater. Materials, vol 6, page 4462–4478.
Mohan, D.; Singh, K.P.; Sinha, S.; Gosh, D. 2012, Removal of pyridine from
aqueous solution using low cost activated carbons derived from agricultural
waste materials. Vol 42,page 2409–2421
Mohanty K., Jha M., Meikap, B.C., Biswas, M.N., 2005, Removal of chromium
(VI) from dilute aqueous solutions by activated carbon developed from
Terminalia arjuna nuts activated with zinc chloride, Chem. Eng.Sci. 60,page
3049–3059.
Panday, K.K., Prasad, G., Singh, V.N., 2006.. Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous
solution by adsorption on fly ashwollastonite. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.
34A, 367–374.
Rana P., Mohan N., Rajagopal C., 2004. Electrochemical removal of chromium
from wastewater by using carbon aerogel electrodes, Water Res. 38 (12) page
2811–2820
Rawat, N.S., 2013 “Neem Plantation for Better Pesticides for ReducingPoverty
and for Protecting Environment in India”, Indian J. Environ.Protection, 14,
433–439.
71
Ringot D., Lerzy B., Chaplain K., Bonhoure J.P., Auclair E., Larondelle Y.,
2007, In vitro biosorption of ochratoxin A on the yeast industry by-products:
comparison of isotherm models, Bioresour. Technol. 98 page 1812–1821
Robert, H.S.; Friml, J. Auxin 2009, and other signals on the move in plants. Nat.
Chem. Biol., 5,325–332.
Sayler G. S., Nelson J. D., Jr., and. Colwell R. R 1975. Role of Bacteria in
bioaccumulation of mercury in the Oyster Crassostrea virginica. Appl
Microbiology.; 30(1) page 91–96.
Schmutterer, H., 1995 “The Tree and its Characteristics”, in The Neem Tree, H.
Schmutterer (Ed.), PP.1–34,
Semerjian, L. and Ayoub, G.M. 2003. High-pH-magnesium coagulation–

flocculation in wastewater treatment. Advanced Environmental Research.
Vol.7, page 389–403
Shammas, N.K., 2004. Coagulation and flocculation in Physicochemical

Treatment Processes, edited by L.K. Wang, Y.T. Hung and N.K. Shammas,
(Humana Press, New Jersey), page 103–140.
Singh D. K., and Lal Jyosna, 2009. Removal of Toxic Heavy Metal Ion from
Waste Water by Coal Based Adsorbent, Poll. Page 11-42.
Tempkin M.I., V. Pyzhev, 1940 Kinetics of ammonia synthesis on promoted

iron catalyst, Acta Phys. Chim. USSR 12 page 327–356.
Vijayaraghavan K., T.V.N. Padmesh, K. Palanivelu, M. Velan 2006,

Biosorption of nickel(II) ions onto Sargassum wightii: application of two-
72
parameter and three parameter isotherm models, J. Hazard. Mater. B133 page
304– 308.
Watson, P.D, Brown J, Johnson, M.A., Jefcoat, I.A., 2002. Peanut hull pellets as
a single use sorbent for the capture of Cu (II) from wastewater. Waste Manage.
KMLJ22, page 471–480.
73

The Main Work 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Main Work 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DECOLORIZATION OF DYE FROM

TEXTILE WASTE WATER BY ADSORPTION USING RICE HUSK

ADENIYI OLUWASEUN ESTHER

MATRIC NO: 1502022003

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

LAGOS STATE POLYTECHNIC, IKORODU.

ADENIYI OLUWASEUN ESTHER

MATRIC NO: 1502022003

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL

LAGOS STATE POLYTECHNIC, IKORODU.

Lagos State Polytechnic,

The Head of Department,

Chemical Engineering Department,

Lagos State Polytechnic,

In accordance with the requirement of the school of Engineering and Lagos

“COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DECOLORIZATION OF DYE FROM

Adeniyi Oluwaseun Esther

Matric No: 1502022003

This work is carried out by ADENIYI OLUWASEUN ESTHER of

Adeniyi Oluwaseun Esther Date

Engr. M.O. Odunlami Date

Engr. O.S. Amodu Date

Also my immeasurable thanks goes to my beloved and caring parent Mr and

I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, ENGR.

Metal interaction with environment is a process that cannot be disregarded

The ability to protect metallic materials especially those used in engineering

Azadirachtaindica(Neem) is an evergreen tree growing in almost every state in

Materials locally available such as natural materials, agricultural wastes and

Adsorption is a surface phenomenon with common mechanism for organic and

As the adsorption progress, an equilibrium of adsorption of the solute between

1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1.2 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

1.5 LIMITATION OF STUDY

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

One of the useful solutions to such a problem is establishment of proper effluent

2.1 NEED FOR TREATMENT OF WASTER WATER

2.2 TOXICITY OF WASTE WATER

2.3 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

2.3.1 CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION

2.3.3 REVERSE OSMOSIS PROCESS

2.3.4 ULTRA FILTRATION

2.5 ACTIVATED CARBONS

Adsorption is operative in most natural physical, biological, and chemical

2.7 FACTORS AFFECTING ADSORPTION

Adsorption of metal ions from the wastewater is mainly influenced by the pH of

2.7.2 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

2.7.3 EFFECT OF CONTACT TIME

2.7.4 EFFECT OF ADSORBENT DOSE

Adsorbent dose is another parameter used to determine the capacity of

2.7.5 EFFECT OF INITIAL CONCENTRATION

Initial concentration can alter the metal removal efficiency through a

2.8 ADSORPTON ISOTHERM MODEL

Sorption isotherm is used to describe the mechanism of how adsorbate ions

2.8.1 LANGMUIR ISOTHERM

Based on Langmuir adsorption theory, molecules are adsorbed at a fixed

For Langmuir equation, it is written as:

2.8.2 FREUNDLICH ISOTHERM

2.8.3 TEMKIN ISOTHERM MODEL

2.8.4 FLORY–HUGGINS ISOTHERM MODEL

adsorption process. In this respect, ᶿis the degree of surfacecoverage, where

2.8.5 HILL ISOTHERM MODEL

2.8.5 DUBININ–RADUSHKEVICH ISOTHERM MODEL