Prof. A.F.

Guimarães
Mathematical Physics 1 – Problems 2a
Problem 1 Let us now calculate the following products, &* &+ and &* &̅+ .
So:
Verify the followings rules for scalar and vector products.
&* &+ = 68 − 79 + 3(69 + 87)
( ! ∙ # ) = $%(&̅* &+ ) = $% (&* &̅+ ),
&* &̅+ = 68 + 79 + 3(87 − 69 )
[ ! × # ] = ,-(&̅* &+ ) = −,-(&* &̅+ ). (2.2)

Solution: By the use of (2.2), we have

Let ! and # be the complex numbers given by:
$%(&* &+ ) + $%(&* &̅+ ) = 268 = 2($% &* $% &+ )
! = 0* (cos 1 + 3 sin 1)
1
∴ $% &* $% &+ = [$%(&* &+ ) + $%(&* &̅+ )]
# = 0+ (cos 4 + 3 sin 4 ) 2
(1.1) (2.3)

Let us calculate &̅* &+ , Problem 3

&̅* &+ = 0* 0+ (cos 1 + 3 sin 1 )(cos 4 − 3 sin 4 ) Prove that, if &(3 − 1) = −&̅(3 + 1), then arg & is either
&̅* &+ = 0* 0+ [cos 4 cos 1 + sin 4 sin 1 < ?<
or − > .
>
+3 (sin 4 cos 1 − sin 4 cos 1 )]
∴ &̅* &+ = 0* 0+ [cos(4 − 1) + 3 sin(4 − 1)]
Solution:
Let us choose & = 6 + 37, then,
(1.2)
(6 + 37)(3 − 1) = −(6 − 37)(3 + 1)
Where | ! | = 0* and | # | = 0*. Another product (&* &̅+ ) is 63 − 6 − 7 − 37 = −63 − 6 − 7 + 37
given by: 23(6 − 7) = 0 ∴ 6 = 7
&* &̅+ = 0* 0+ [cos(4 − 1) − 3 sin(4 − 1)]
(3.1)
(1.3) The argument of & is given by:
The scalar product is given by: 7
arg & = tg A*
6
( ! ∙ #) = |&* ||&+ | cos(4 − 1) ∴ arg & = tg A* 1
(1.4) (3.2)
< ?<
But −B < arg & ≤ B, then arg & = or arg & = −
By the use of the result from (1.2) or (1.3) we can write,
> >
.
( ! ∙ #) = $%(&̅* &+ ) = $%(&* &̅+ )
(1.5) Problem 4

And the product of vectors, If 6 and 7 are two complex numbers and E is a real
parameter, then the expression & = 6 + E(7 − 6) represents
[ ! × #] = |&* ||&+ | sin(4 − 1) a curve in complex plane. Set & = F + 3G and determine the
(1.6) parametric equations F = F(E) e G = G(E) of this curve.
What kind of curve is it?
Hence, Solution
The numbers 6 and 7 are given by 6 = 6* + 36+ and 7 =
[ ! × #] = ,-(&̅* &+ ) = −,-(&* &̅+ ) 7* + 37+ . Here, 7* − 6* ≠ 0 and 7+ − 6+ ≠ 0. So we can
(1.7) write:

Problem 2 & = 6* + 36+ + E(7* + 37+ − 6* − 36+ )

∴ & = 6* + E(7* − 6* ) + 3 [6+ + E(7+ − 6+ )]
* *
Show that: $% &* $% &+ = + $%(&* &+ ) + + $%(&* &̅+ ).
(4.1)

Solution: As & = F + 3G we have:

Consider &* = 6 + 37 and &+ = 8 + 39. Then:
F = 6* + E(7* − 6* )
$% &* $% &+ = 68 G = 6+ + E(7+ − 6+ )
(2.1) (4.2)

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The equations in (4.2) represent a straight line. We have the following expression for the ellipse’s
eccentricity:
Problem 5
T|&|+UáW − |&|+UíX 2√67
Show that the equation & = I% + L% , where I and L are
JK AJK %= =
|&|UáW 6+7
complex constants and E is a real parameter, represents an 2T|I||L|
∴%=
|I | + | L |
ellipse. Describe this ellipse (its semi axes, centre,
orientation and etc.) in terms of I and L.
(5.8)
Solution
Consider the following complex constants:
By the help of (5.7) and (5.8), we can write the following
I = 6% JM ; L = 7% JO
expression for the focuses:

`* = %|&|UVW % J(bA<)
(5.1)

Here 6 = |I|, 7 = |L| and 4 and P are real constants. Hence: `+ = %|&|UVW % Jb
(5.9)
& = 6 8QR(E + 4 ) + 7 8QR(E − P )
+3[6 R3S(E + 4 ) − 7 R3S (E − P )]
(5.2) For an example, let us take two complex numbers A and B:
< <
If we write & = F + 3G, then: I = 2% J ? ; L = % J f
(5.10)
F = 6 8QR(E + 4 ) + 7 8QR(E − P )
G = 6 R3S(E + 4 ) − 7 R3S (E − P ) By the use of (5.3) we have:

B B
(5.3)
F = 2 8QR hE + k + 8QR hE − k
3 6
The expressions in (5.3) represent the parametric equations B B
G = 2 R3S hE + k − R3S hE − k
3 6
of the aforementioned ellipse, whose centre is at origin of
complex plane. The magnitude of & is given by:
(5.11)
|&| = T6+ + 7+ + 267 8QR(2E + 4 − P ) According of (5.5) and (5.6), the major semi axis has
(5.4) magnitude 3 and the minor semi axis has magnitude 1. The
orientation of major semi axis, by the use of (5.7), is mp rad.
According of (5.4), we can conclude that the major semi axis The figure 5.1 shows the ellipse (blue) on the plane.
of the ellipse is given by:
2,5

|&|UVW = T6+ + 7+ + 267 = 6 + 7

z

∴ |&|UVW = |I| + |L|

(5.5) A
1,5

As long as cos(2E + 4 − P ) = 1. In this case, the parameter E

OAM
becomes: EUVW = + . And the minor semi axis is given by:
0,5 B
u
|&|UJX = T6+ + − 267 = 6 − 7
7+ q = wxy
v
∴ |&|UJX = |I| − |L|
-2,5 -1,5 -0,5 0,5 1,5 2,5
(5.6)
-0,5

As long as cos(2E + 4 − P ) = −1. In this case, the parameter

OAMY<
E becomes: EUJX = + , once that −B < E ≤ B. The
orientation of the major semi axis is given by the help of -1,5
(5.3), with EUáW . Then:

P+4 P+4
6 R3S \ 2 ^ + 7 R3S \ 2 ^ P+4
EZ1 = = EZ \ ^
P+4 P+4 2
-2,5
6 8QR \ 2 ^ + 7 8QR \ 2 ^ Figure 5.1 – The ellipse (blue) resultants from the addition of Aeit with Be-it.
P+4
Major axis (red) and minor axis (yellow).
∴1=
2 From figure 5.1 on we can associate the situation as being
(5.7)
the addition of two vectors whose endpoints rotate around
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the plane centre. The number A as the endpoint of a vector A Solution:
(purple) that rotates in anti-clockwise and the number B, as a) Let us calculate the modulus:
the endpoint of a vector B (green) that rotates in clockwise.
The result is a vector z (blue) whose endpoint rotates in |& − 1| = T(F − 1)+ + G +
anti-clockwise. In yellow, the minor axis with magnitude 1. (7.1)
In red, the major axis with magnitude 3.
And
Problem 6
|& + 1| = T(F + 1)+ + G +
Show that the transformation: (7.2)

& + 6 = z; (6 = complex constant) Then

|& − 1| − |& + 1| = T(F − 1)+ + G + − T(F + 1)+ + G + = 1

represents a translation in the complex plane. Show that the
equation:
(7.3)
(& + 1 − 3 )(&̅ + 1 + 3 ) = 1
After some manipulations,

(F − 1)+ = 1 + (F + 1)+ + 2T(F + 1)+ + G +

represents a circumference in the complex plane.
[Suggestion: Set & + 1 − 3 = z.]
Solution 4F + 1 = 4[(F + 1)+ + G + ]
Let us do & = F + 3G and 6 = 6W + 36• . Then, 12F + − 4G + = 3
(7.4)
& + 6 = F + 6W + 3‚G + 6• ƒ
The result from (7.4) can be written in the form of reduced
(6.1)
equation as follows:
Now, let us write z = zW + 3z• , so we can conclude that
F+ G+
− =1
1† 3†
zW = F + 6W 4 4
z• = G + 6• (7.5)
(6.2)
The expression in (7.5) is represented in figure 7.1.
The expressions in (6.2) represent the translation in both Definition of hyperbola: For two given different points
axes F and G. So we have a translation on the complex plane. ‡* and ‡+ , on a plane and 28 as the distance between them. ˆ
Now, by the help of suggestion, we have is the medium point of the segment ‡ ‰‰‰‰‰‰
* ‡+. A hyperbola is
defined as the set of points on plane whose the difference (in
(& + 1 − 3 )(&̅ + 1 + 3 ) = z ∙ z ̅ = 1 modulus) of the distances to ‡* and ‡+ is the 2a constant
(6.3) (0 < 26 < 28 ). So, by the inspection of the equation in “a”,
we conclude that |& − 1| is the distance between the points z
But z ∙ z ̅ = |z | . Then we can write
+ and 1, and |& + 1| is the distance between the points z and
−1.
zW + z• = 1
+ + i
(6.4)
| + 1|
z

The expression in (6.4) represents a circumference with | − 1|

radius 1. As soon as we use (6.2), we have the pair (−1,1) as
the centre of the circumference. 1 −1
-1 1 1
2 2
Re

Problem 7
Show that the equations:

a) |& − 1 | − |& + 1 | = 1
b) $%(1 − &) = |&| Figure 7.1 – Hyperbola on complex plane.

In this case, there is a possibility to reach the conclusion

represent, respectively, a hyperbola and a parabola in the
about hyperbola by the inspection of the equation.
complex plane. Can these conclusions be drawn just by the
b) The real part of equation is given by:
inspection of the equations without any algebraic
$%(1 − &) = 1 − F
manipulations? [Suggestion: Remember of the basic
properties of hyperbola and parabola]
(7.6)
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Then &‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰
* + &+ = &̅* + &̅+
(8.3)
1 − F = TF + + G +
(7.7) So, the expression (8.2) becomes

After some manipulation we have |&* + &+ |+ = (&* + &+ ) ∙ (&̅* + &̅+ )
(8.4)
1
G + = −2 \F − ^
2 Let us calculate the left side product. Then
(7.8)
|&* + &+ |+ = &* &̅* + &+ &̅+ + &* &̅+ + &+ &̅*
The expression in (7.8) represents a reduced equation of a (8.5)
parabola, with its focus at Ox axis (origin) as shown in the
figure 7.2. We can write the following relationship for the last two
terms of the addition:

&* &̅+ + &+ &̅* = &* &̅+ + ‰‰‰‰‰‰

&* &̅+ = 2$%&* &̅+
i

| | !"(1 − )
z (8.6)

And let us use the following property

1†
2 $% & ≤ |$% &| ≤ |&|
0 1 Re

(8.7)

So, the expression in (8.6) can be written as:

&* &̅+ + &+ &̅* = &* &̅+ + ‰‰‰‰‰‰

&* &̅+ = 2$%&* &̅+ ≤ 2|&* &̅+ | = 2|&* ||&̅+ |
Figure 7.2 – Parabola on complex plane. (8.8)

Definition of parabola: For a given point ‡ and a straight line Where |&̅+ | = |&+ |. The expression in (8.5) becomes
9 on a plane, with ‡ ∉ 9, a parabola is defined as the set of
points of the plane whose distance to point ‡ is the same as |&* + &+ |+ ≤ |&* |+ + |&+ |+ + 2|&* ||&+ |
the distance to 9. (8.9)
In this case, there is also a possibility to reach the conclusion
about parabola by the inspection of the equation. Or,

Problem 8 |&* + &+ |+ ≤ (|&* | + |&+ |)+

(8.10)
Prove the inequalities below:
We can calculate the square root in both sides of (8.10)
a) |1 + &| ≤ 1 + |&| because both are positives. Then
b) |1 − &| ≥ Œ1 − |&|Œ
|&* + &+ | ≤ |&* | + |&+ |
And then generalize them by setting & = &+ ⁄&* . (What if
(8.11)
&* = 0?)
In (8.11), if &* = 0, we can consider only the equality.
Solution:
Let us demonstrate the inequalities by a general way instead
b) Let us follow the same way as we have done in ‘a’. So
of as they have been proposed.
|&* − &+ |+ = (&* − &+ ) ∙ (&̅* − &̅+ )
a) Let the modulus given by:
(8.12)
|&* + &+ |
This leads us to
(8.1)
|&* − &+ |+ = |&* |+ + |&+ |+ − (&* &̅+ + &+ &̅* )
So the squared of (8.1) is given by:
(8.13)
|&* + &+ |+ = (&* + &+ ) ∙ (&‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰‰
* + &+ )
From (8.8), we can write
(8.2)
−(&* &̅+ + &+ &̅* ) = −(&* &̅+ + ‰‰‰‰‰‰
&* &̅+ ) = −2$%&* &̅+ ≥ −2|&* ||&+ |
Let the property given by:
(8.14)
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 ?<
Then the expression in (8.13) becomes Here, √2 and are, the modulus (magnitude) and the main
>
argument of 3 − 1, respectively. Thus:
|&* − &+ |+ ≥ (|&* | − |&+ |)+
(8.15) *
?< ?
J
√3 − 1 = •√2% >‘
Ž

In this case, the square root is given by: <

∴ √3 − 1 = √2% J >
Ž ’

|&* − &+ | ≥ T(|&* | − |&+ |)+ = Œ|&* | − |&+ |Œ (10.2)

(8.16)
b) Let us do as we have done in “a”. Then
For a better understanding of the properties used here, see,
“<
e.g. Complex Variables and Applications, BROWN, J. W. e −1 − 3 = √2% J >
CHURCHILL, R. V., 9th edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 2014. (10.3)
“<
Problem 9 Here √2 e > are, the modulus and the argument of −1 − 3,
Use the DeMoivre’s formula to show that: respectively. However, •m
p
does not represent the main
“<
argument, because > > B. The main argument of a complex
R3S41 = 48QR ? 1R3S1 − 48QR1R3S? 1 number must be in the interval −B < 1 ≤ B. Then, the main
“< ?<
argument of −1 − 3 is given by: − 2B = − . So, the
What is the corresponding expression for 8QR41? > >

Solution: expression in (10.3) becomes

The DeMoivre’s formula is given by: ?<
−1 − 3 = √2% AJ >
(8QR1 + 3R3S1)X = 8QRS1 + 3R3S S1 (10.4)
(9.1)
Then:
Let us do S = 4. Then, from (9.1) we have
>
> ?< “
(8QR1 + 3R3S1 )> = 8QR41 + 3R3S41 (−1 − 3 )“ = •√2% AJ
>‘
(9.2) > + ?<
∴ (−1 − 3 )“ = 2“ % AJ “
The power of four is given by: (10.5)

(8QR1 + 3R%S1)> = 8QR > 1 + 48QR ? 1 ∙ 3R%S1 − 68QR + 1R%S+ 1 Problem 11

− 438QR1R%S? 1 + R%S> 1
m
Show that 3 J = % Ah• Y+X<k (n=integer).
(9.3)
Suggestion: [Calculate LQZ 3].
Then from (9.2) and (9.3), we can write
Solution:
R%S41 = 48QR ? 1R%S1 − 48QR1R%S? 1
Let us write i in the polar form
(9.4) <
3 = % J∙ +
And for 8QR41: (11.1)

8QR41 = 8QR > 1 − 68QR + 1R%S + 1 + R%S> 1 Now, let us set Log I.
B
(9.5)
–QZ 3 = 3 h + 2SBk
2
Problem 10 (11.2)
Express the following complex numbers in the trigonometric Finally, let us take the expression (11.2) and multiply it for i:
form.
a) & = √3 − 1;
Ž
B
3 ∙ –QZ 3 = − h + 2SBk
2
p
b) & = (−1 − 3 )• B
–QZ 3 J = − h + 2SBk
2
Solution:
<
Ah Y+X<k
a) First of all, let us write 3 − 1 in its polar form. Then ∴ 3 J
= % +
(11.3)
?<
3 − 1 = √2% J >
(10.1)
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Problem 12 Then:

By means of the definitions of the complex functions R3S & 1

R3Sℎ (&* ± &+ ) = [(8QRℎ&* + R3Sℎ&* )(8QRℎ&+ ± R3Sℎ&+ )
and R3Sℎ &, show that: 2
−(8QRℎ&* + R3Sℎ&* )(8QRℎ&+ ∓ R3Sℎ&+ )]
a) R3S(&* ± &+ ) = R3S&* 8QR&+ ± 8QR&* R3S&+ (12.10)
b) R3Sℎ(&* ± &+ ) = R3Sℎ&* 8QRℎ&+ ± 8QRℎ&* R3Sℎ&+
After algebraic manipulations,
What are the corresponding relations for 8QR(&* ± &+ ) and
8QRℎ(&* ± &+ )? R3Sℎ (&* ± &+ ) = R3Sℎ&* 8QRℎ&+ ± 8QRℎ&* R3Sℎ&+
Solution: (12.11)

The expression for R3S & is given by: We can figure 8QR(&* ± &+ ) out following the same
procedure. Then,
1 J˜
R3S & = (% − % AJ˜ ) 1
23 8QR (&* ± &+ ) = ‚% J(˜™±˜•) + % AJ(˜™±˜•) ƒ
(12.1) 2
(12.12)
So, we can write
By the use of (12.3) and (12.4) we can write
1
R3S (&* ± &+ ) = ‚% J(˜™±˜•) − % AJ(˜™±˜•) ƒ 1
23 8QR (&* ± &+ ) = [(8QR&* + 3R%S&* )(8QR&+ ± 3R%S&+ )
2
+(8QR&* − 3R%S&* )(8QR&+ ∓ 3R%S&+ )]
(12.2)

The Euler’s formula is given by: (12.13)

% J˜ = 8QR & + 3R3S & After algebraic manipulation

8QR (&* ± &+ ) = 8QR&* 8QR&+ ∓ R3S&* R3S&+

(12.3)

And (12.14)

% AJ˜ = 8QR & − 3R3S & And for 8QRℎ(&* ± &+ ):

1
(12.4)
8QRℎ (&* ± &+ ) = ‚% (˜™±˜•) + % A(˜™±˜•) ƒ
Let us use the expressions (12.2), (12.3) and (12.4), then 2
(12.15)
1
R3S (&* ± &+ ) = [(8QR&* + 3R3S&* )(8QR&+ ± 3R3S&+ )
23 By the use of (12.8) and (12.9),
−(8QR&* + 3R3S&* )(8QR&+ ∓ 3R3S&+ )]
1
8QRℎ (&* ± &+ ) = [(8QRℎ&* + R%Sℎ&* )(8QRℎ&+ ± R%Sℎ&+ )
(12.5)
2
After algebraic manipulations, +(8QRℎ&* − R%Sℎ&* )(8QRℎ&+ ∓ R%Sℎ&+ )]
(12.16)
R3S (&* ± &+ ) = R3S&* 8QR&+ ± 8QR&* R3S&+
(12.6) And finally

The expression for R3Sℎ(&* ± &+ ) is given by: 8QRℎ(&* ± &+ ) = 8QRℎ&* 8QRℎ&+ ± R3Sℎ&* R3Sℎ&+
(12.17)
1
R3Sℎ (&* ± &+ ) = ‚% (˜™±˜•) − % A(˜™±˜•) ƒ
2 Problem 13
(12.7)
Show that the complex function R3S & can vanish only on the
Let us use the expression (12.7) and the following real axis and, in particular, at points F = SB (S=integer). At
expressions what points does the function R3Sℎ & vanish?
% ˜ = 8QRℎ & + R%Sℎ &
Solution:
The expression for R3S & is given by (12.1). Then, the values
(12.8) of & that make null the aforementioned function is given by:

% J˜ = % AJ˜
And

% A˜ = 8QRℎ & − R%Sℎ &

(13.1)
(12.9)
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Let us set & = F + 3G. Then by the use of (13.1): R3S F(% A• + % • ) 3 ∙ 8QR F (% A• − % • )
R3S & = −
2 2
% JW % A• = % AJW % • (14.3)
(13.2)
The imaginary part is null. Then
So if G = 0, we can write
8QR F(% A• − % • ) B
= 0 ⇒ F = + SB
% JW = % AJW 2 2
(13.3) or
G=0
Hence F = SB, and S is an integer. For R3Sℎ & , the (14.4)
expression is given by:
Where S is even integer. And the real part is given by:
% ˜ − % A˜
R3Sℎ & = R3S F(% A• + % • )
2 = 1000
(13.4) 2
(14.5)
The values of &, which make (13.4) null, is given by:
If G = 0 then, from (14.5), R3S F = 1000 with F ∈ ℝ. But this
<
% ˜ = % A˜ is impossible. Then, F = + SB and G will be determined by:
+
(13.5)
% A• + % • = 2000
The expression in (13.5) leads to (14.6)

% W % J• = % AW % AJ• Be the variable E given by:

(13.6)
%• = E
So if F = 0, we can write: (14.7)

% J• = % AJ• Then (14.6) becomes

(13.7)
E + − 2000E + 1 = 0
Hence G = SB, and S is an integer. We can conclude that (14.8)
R3Sℎ & becomes null on imaginary axis.
The solutions of (14.8) are E* ≅ 1999,9995 and E+ = 0,0005.
Problem 14 Using (14.7) we have:

Show that all solutions of equation R3S & = 1000 are given G* = ln 1999,9995 ≅ 7,601
approximately by: and
G+ = ln 0,0005 ≅ −7,601
*
& = hS + +k B ± 3 ∙ 7,601, (14.9)

for every even integer S. [Suggestion: Decompose R3S & into B

Hence:
&= + SB ± 37,601
real and imaginary parts, and solve the resulting equations.] 2
Solution: (14.10)
Let us set & = F + 3G. And let us use the following sine’s
expression: Problem 15
% J˜ − % AJ˜ If & = F + 3G, show that:
R3S & =
23
(14.1) R3Sℎ 2F + 3R3S 2G
E6Sℎ & =
8QRℎ 2F + 8QR 2G
Then

% A• (8QR F + 3 ∙ R3S F ) − % • (8QR F − 3 ∙ R3S F )

Solution:
R3S & =
23
The tangent’s expression is given by:
(14.2) R3Sℎ & R3Sℎ (F + 3G)
E6Sℎ & = =
From (14.2), the real and imaginary parts are given by: 8QRℎ & 8QRℎ(F + 3G)
(15.1)

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 £
For additions,
© = § &X = 1 + & + &+ + ⋯ + &£
R3Sℎ (F + 3G) = R3Sℎ F ∙ 8QRℎ 3G + 8QRℎ F ∙ R3Sℎ 3G X¤¥
8QRℎ(F + 3G) = 8QRℎ F ∙ 8QRℎ 3G + R3Sℎ F ∙ R3Sℎ 3G (16.1)
(15.2)
Where & = % JW . Then
By the use of properties: R3Sℎ3G = 3 ∙ R3SG and 8QRℎ3G =
8QRG, (15.1) becomes © − &© = 1 − & £Y*
1 − & £Y*
R3SℎF ∙ 8QRG + 38QRℎF ∙ R3S G ∴©=
1−&
E6Sℎ & =
8QRℎF ∙ 8QRG + 3R3SℎF ∙ R3S G (16.2)
(15.3)
By the help of Euler’s formula, we can write
Let us multiply (15.3) for 8QRℎF ∙ 8QRG − 3R3SℎF ∙ R3S G, and
using 8QRℎ+ F − R3Sℎ+ F = 1: & = % JW = 8QR F + 3R3S F
(16.3)
R3SℎF ∙ 8QRℎF + 38QRG ∙ R3S G
E6Sℎ & =
8QRℎ+ F ∙ 8QR + G + R3Sℎ+ F ∙ R3S+ G By the use of (16.3) into (16.2)
(15.4) £
1 − 8QR(¨ + 1)F − 3R3S (¨ + 1)F
§ 8QR SF + 3R3S SF =
We have the following properties: 1 − 8QR F − 3R3S F
X¤¥

R3Sℎ2F = 2R3SℎF ∙ 8QRℎF; (16.4)

8QRℎ2F = 8QRℎ F + R3Sℎ F = 28QRℎ F − 1 = 1 + 2R3Sℎ F;
+ + + +

R3S2G = 2 R3S G ∙ 8QR G; After some algebraic manipulations

8QR2G = 8QR G − R3S G = 1 − 2R3S G = 28QR G − 1
+ + + +
£

§ 8QR SF + 3R3S SF =
(15.5)
X¤¥
By the help of (15.5), the expression in (15.4) becomes: 1 − 8QR(¨ + 1)F − 3R3S (¨ + 1)F (1 − 8QR F + 3R3S F)
= ∙
1 − 8QR F − 3R3S F (1 − 8QR F + 3R3S F)
R3Sℎ2F† + 3 R3S2G†
E6Sℎ & = 2 2 (1 − 8QR(¨ + 1)F)(1 − 8QR F) + R3S (¨ + 1)FR3S F
(8QRℎ2F + 1)8QR + G (8QRℎ2F − 1)R3S+ G = +
+ 2(1 − 8QR F)
2 2
3[R3S F(1 − cos(¨ + 1)F) − R3S (¨ + 1)F(1 − 8QR F)]
(15.6)

Hence: 2(1 − 8QR F)

(16.5)
R3Sℎ2F − 3R3S2G
E6Sℎ & =
8QRℎ2F + 8QR2G
For real part:
(15.7) £

§ 8QR SF =
Problem 16 X¤¥
(1 − 8QR(¨ + 1)F)(1 − 8QR F ) + R3S (¨ + 1)F ∙ R3S F
There is no difficulty to figure the following additions out: 2(1 − 8QR F )
a) ∑£
X¤¥ % ;
XW
(16.6)
b) ∑X¤¥ % JXW ,
£
After some manipulations

(F = 0%6¦), because both of them represent a geometric £

1 − 8QR(¨ + 1)F − 8QR F + 8QR ¨F
progression. Use the Euler’s formula to deduce: § 8QR SF =
2(1 − 8QR F )
X¤¥
£ 1
R3S (¨ + 1 )F ¨F
2
(16.7)
§ 8QR SF = ∙ 8QR (F = 0%6¦)
1 2
X¤¥ R3S 2 F Some properties were used to reach the expression (16.7):

What is the expression regarded to R3S F? 1

8QR(¨ + 1)F ∙ 8QR F = (8QR ¨F + 8QR(¨ + 2)F )
2
1
Solution:
Let us write the expression “b” as: R3S(¨ + 1)F ∙ R3SF = (8QR ¨F − 8QR(¨ + 2)F )
2
(16.8)

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 £ F 1
Now, let us use the following properties into (16.7): 8QR − 8QR h¨ + k F
§ R3S SF = 2 2
1 F F
2R3S
8QR ¨F − 8QR(¨ + 1)F = 2R3S (2¨ + 1)F ∙ R3S X¤¥ 2
2 2
F (16.17)
1 − 8QR F = 2R3S+
2
(16.9) By the help of the following expression:

F 1 1 ¨F
8QR − 8QR \¨ + ^ F = 2R3S (¨ + 1)F ∙ R3S
2 2 2 2
Then:

£ 1 F F (16.18)
2R3S 2 (2¨ + 1)F ∙ R3S 2 + 2R3S+ 2
§ 8QR SF = F
4R3S+ (16.17) becomes
X¤¥ 2
£ F ¨F
R3S (¨ + 1) ∙ R3S
(16.10)
§ R3S SF = 2 2
F
By the help of the following expression
X¤¥ R3S 2
1 F 1 ¨F (16.19)
R3S (2¨ + 1)F + R3S = 2R3S (¨ + 1)F ∙ 8QR
2 2 2 2
(16.11) Problem 17

The expression (16.10) becomes Apply the same idea of the problem 16 to calculate:
« «
£ 1
R3S 2 (¨ + 1)F ¨F § 6 8QR SF ,
X
§ 6X R3S SF
§ 8QR SF = ∙ 8QR
1 2
X¤¥ R3S 2 F X¤¥ X¤¥

(16.12) What are the values of a so that these result are valid?
Solution:
Let us use the imaginary part for sine’s expression
Let us set & = 6(8QR F + 3R3S F ) and the expression Erro!
£
Fonte de referência não encontrada., then
§ R3S SF =
X¤¥ £
[R3S F(1 − cos(¨ + 1)F) − R3S (¨ + 1)F(1 − 8QR F )] § 6X (8QR SF + 3R3S SF ) =
2(1 − 8QR F ) X¤¥
1 − 6£Y* (8QR(¨ + 1)F + 3R3S (¨ + 1)F)
=
(16.13)
1 − 6 ∙ 8QR F − 36 ∙ R3S F
By the help of the following expressions: (17.1)

1 Writing the expression when ¨ → ∞

R3S (¨ + 1)F ∙ 8QR F = [R3S ¨F + R3S (¨ + 2)F]
2
1 «
R3S F ∙ 8QR(¨ + 1)F = [R3S (−¨F ) + R3S (¨ + 2)F]
2 § 6X (8QR SF + 3R3S SF ) =
(16.14) X¤¥
1 − 6£Y* (8QR(¨ + 1)F + 3R3S (¨ + 1)F )
And R3S (−¨F ) = −R3S ¨F, we can write lim
£→« 1 − 6 ∙ 8QR F − 36 ∙ R3S F
(17.2)
£
R3S F + R3S ¨F − R3S (¨ + 1)F
§ R3S SF = This converges if |6| < 1. For instance, it can be verified by
2(1 − 8QR F )
X¤¥ means of root’s test. Then
(16.15)
«
1
§ 6X (8QR SF + 3R3S SF ) =
1 − 6 ∙ 8QR F − 36 ∙ R3S F
Let us use the expressions:
X¤¥
1 −F
R3S ¨F − R3S (¨ + 1)F = 2 8QR (2¨ + 1) ∙ R3S h k
(17.3)
2 2
F F
R3S F = 2 ∙ R3S ∙ 8QR After algebraic manipulations
2 2
«
1 − 6 ∙ 8QR F + 36 ∙ R3S F
(16.16)
§ 6X (8QR SF + 3R3S SF ) =
1 − 268QR F + 6+
Then X¤¥
(17.4)
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The real part becomes form and consider only the real part. Then

®(E) = $%(¯¥ % AJºK )

«
1 − 6 ∙ 8QR F
§ 6X 8QR SF =
1 − 268QR F + 6+ (18.3)
X¤¥
(17.5) Let the current strength be

And the imaginary one: 3(E) = $%(,¥ % AJºK )

« (18.4)
6 ∙ R3S F
§ 6X R3S SF =
1 − 268QR F + 6+ With a complex constant (,¥ ). We can use (18.2). Then
X¤¥

,¥ % AJºK
(17.6)
−–³+ ,¥ % AJºK − 3$³,¥ % AJºK + = −3³¯¥ % AJºK
´
Problem 18 ¯¥
,¥ =
1
»$ − 3 h³– − k¼
Figure 18.1 represents a portion of an alternating current ³´
circuit with the potential difference (electromotive force – (18.5)
EMF) between points A and B given by:
The last expression in (18.5) has a complex denominator,
®(E) = ¯° − ¯² = ¯¥ 8QR ³E which is the circuit’s impedance (½). Impedance has a real
L part, the resistance ($) and imaginary one, which is known
A as reactance (¾). The reactance can be formed by the
inductive reactance (¾¿ = ³–) and the capacitive reactance
*
h¾¹ = k. The reactance is complex because there is
i(t) C º¹
difference of phase between ® (E) and 3 (E). Let us write the
impedance in a polar form
B
½ = $ − 3(¾¿ − ¾¹ )
R

½ = T$+ + (¾¿ − ¾¹ )+ % JÀ
Figure 18.1

Show that 3(E) (as shown) must satisfy the differential (18.6)
equation:
With
9 3
+
93 3 9®
– +$ + = ¾¿ − ¾¹
9E + 9E ´ 9E µ = E6SA*
$
Show how the method of complex exponential can be used (18.7)
to find a complex solution of 3(E) which varies harmonically
in time. Perform the transition to real variables, show that: Let us apply (18.6) into (18.5),
¯¥ ¯¥ % AJÀ
3(E) = ,¥ 8QR(³E + µ), 3(E) = =
T$+ + (¾¿ − ¾¹ )+ % JÀ T$+ + (¾¿ − ¾¹ )+
and evaluate ,¥ and µ in terms of –, $, ´ and ¯¥ . (18.8)
Solution:
According to the first Kirchhoff’s law of electric circuits: Now, we can substitute in (18.4), so

93(E) ¶ (E ) ¯¥ % AJ(ºKYÀ)
– + $3(E) + = ® (E ) 3 (E) = $% Á Â
9E ´ T$+ + (¾¿ − ¾¹ )+
(18.1)
(18.9)
·J ¸
Where – , $3 and are respectively the potential With real part given by:
·K ¹
differences across the inductance, resistance and
capacitance. Differentiating (18.1) with to the time, 3(E) = ,¥ 8QR(³E + µ)
(18.10)
9+3 93 3 9®
– ++$ + =
9E 9E ´ 9E And,
(18.2)
¯¥
·¸ ,¥ =
With 3 (E) = ·K . Let us write the expression for ® (E) in polar T$ + (¾¿ − ¾¹ )+
+

(18.11)
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