Wildlife monitoring

Movement
Home ranges
Habitat

Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

Cyril Milleret

Hedmark University College, Norway

March 7, 2013, GISEM’EM Eberswalde,Germany

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Movement
Home ranges
Habitat

1 Wildlife monitoring

2 Movement

3 Home ranges

4 Habitat

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife monitoring-Why ?

Curiosity
Fascination
Entertainment
Tourism

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife monitoring-Why ?

Curiosity
Fascination
Entertainment
Tourism Ecological research
Distribution
Reproduction, mortality
Behaviour
Interactions
Species in the ecosystem
Test ecological theory

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife monitoring-Why ?

Curiosity
Fascination
Entertainment
Tourism Ecological research
Applied ecology Distribution
Reproduction, mortality
Human interactions
Behaviour
——— impact
Interactions
Wildlife conservation
Species in the ecosystem
——— management
Test ecological theory

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife monitoring-How ?
Active observation
-Direct
-Indirect, tracks, DNA

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife monitoring-How ?
Active observation
-Direct
-Indirect, tracks, DNA

Passive observation
-Camera traps
-Hunters data
-Roads kills

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife monitoring-How ?
Active observation
-Direct
-Indirect, tracks, DNA

Passive observation
-Camera traps
-Hunters data
-Roads kills

Telemetry
-Pit-tags
-VHF radiotracking
-GPS-tracking
cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data
 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Radio-telemetry Very High Frequency

-Individual marking, usually neck collars

-Tag sends signals
-Signal caught with receivers/antenna
-Antenna used to find the direction of signal
-Position estimated from triangulation

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Radio-telemetry Very High Frequency

-Individual marking, usually neck collars

-Tag sends signals
-Signal caught with receivers/antenna
-Antenna used to find the direction of signal
-Position estimated from triangulation

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

GPS - Global Positioning System technology

-Recent and advanced technology

-Calculate position of animals by using
satellites
-Program intensity of location
-GPS tag save data
-Recover data:
1 Recover GPS tag (drop-off)
2 Location sent as SMS via mobile network

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildife monitoring: Spatial Data

Coordinates
XY
Z (height)

Additional attributes
Individual id
Sex
Age
Date
Time
Precision
Observer
...
cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data
 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patterns
Distribution

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patterns
Distribution
Density

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patterns
Distribution
Density

Individual bear
Distances

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patterns
Distribution
Density

Individual bear
Distances
Ranges

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patterns
Distribution
Density

Individual bear
Distances
Ranges

Important bear den habitat

Topography: elevation, slope
Vegetation

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patterns
Distribution
Density

Individual bear
Distances
Ranges

Important bear den habitat

Topography: elevation, slope
Vegetation

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patterns
Distribution
Density

Individual bear
Distances
Ranges

Important bear den habitat

Topography: elevation, slope
Vegetation

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Why?
Movement How?
Home ranges Spatial data
Habitat Example

Wildlife Monitoring: Example

Point patterns
Distribution
Density

Individual bear
Distances
Ranges

Important bear den habitat

Topography: elevation, slope
Vegetation
Human disturbance

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Analysis
Movement
Tools
Home ranges
Example
Habitat

Movement Analysis
Distance/direction between locations:
-Speed
-Activity
-Points of interest (dens, carcasses)
-Migration
-Dispersal

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Analysis
Movement
Tools
Home ranges
Example
Habitat

Movement Analysis
Distance/direction between locations:
-Speed
-Activity
-Points of interest (dens, carcasses)
-Migration
-Dispersal

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Analysis
Movement
Tools
Home ranges
Example
Habitat

Movement Analysis
Distance/direction between locations:
-Speed
-Activity
-Points of interest (dens, carcasses)
-Migration
-Dispersal

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Analysis
Movement
Tools
Home ranges
Example
Habitat

Movement analysis in ArcGIS

Points to line
Add field to attribute table
Calculate Geometry

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Analysis
Movement
Tools
Home ranges
Example
Habitat

With GME

-Free
-Extra software
-Run together with R

Download link

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Analysis
Movement
Tools
Home ranges
Example
Habitat

With

-Open source
-Multiple packages available:
Adehabitat, raster, maptools, sp

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Analysis
Movement
Tools
Home ranges
Example
Habitat

Wolf and brown bear interaction

Wolf and brown bear interaction

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Home ranges: Definition

The area traversed by the individual in its normal activities of food

gathering, mating and caring for young (Burt 1943).

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Estimation

Many different methods

MCP (Minimum Convex Polygon)
Fixed kernel
Adaptive kernel
Bivariate normal ellipse
Cluster analysis
Concave polygon
Dunn estimator
Harmonic mean
Jennrich-Turner estimator
...

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Estimation

Many different methods

MCP (Minimum Convex Polygon)
Fixed kernel
Adaptive kernel
Bivariate normal ellipse
Cluster analysis
Concave polygon
Dunn estimator
Harmonic mean
Jennrich-Turner estimator
...

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

MCP: Minimum Convex Polygon

Smallest convex polygon enclosing all the locations

Remove % of locations farthest from the centroid = 95% MCP

Angles <180 degrees

MCP:
-Home ranges limits
-Area size

Enclosing unsuitable area

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

MCP: Minimum Convex Polygon

Smallest convex polygon enclosing all the locations

Remove % of locations farthest from the centroid = 95% MCP

Angles <180 degrees

MCP:
-Home ranges limits
-Area size

Enclosing unsuitable area

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

MCP Example: Wolf monitoring

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

MCP in ArcGIS

Minimum bounding geometry

Convex Hull

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Home range: Utilisation distribution

Probability distribution of an animal within its home range

High value= highest probability of use
Peaks= animals spend a lot of time
Rasters

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Kernel-method

Kernel-method Results
Each pixel= probability of animal occurrence. -Home range limits
Probability density function -Area size
-Density distribution

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Kernel-method

Kernel-method Results
Each pixel= probability of animal occurrence. -Home range limits
Probability density function -Area size
-Density distribution

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Kernel-method

Kernel-method Results
Each pixel= probability of animal occurrence. -Home range limits
Probability density function -Area size
-Density distribution

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Kernel-method

Kernel-method Results
Each pixel= probability of animal occurrence. -Home range limits
Probability density function -Area size
-Density distribution

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Kernel-method

Kernel-method Results
Each pixel= probability of animal occurrence. -Home range limits
Probability density function -Area size
-Density distribution

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Utilisation distribution/density
Contour lines to show the increasing probability to find an animal
within its area

Isocline
95% limit home range
50% core area (activity area)

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Utilisation distribution/density
Contour lines to show the increasing probability to find an animal
within its area

Isocline
95% limit home range
50% core area (activity area)

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Utilisation distribution/density
Contour lines to show the increasing probability to find an animal
within its area

Isocline
95% limit home range
50% core area (activity area)

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Utilisation distribution/density
Contour lines to show the increasing probability to find an animal
within its area

Isocline
95% limit home range
50% core area (activity area)

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Utilisation distribution/density
Contour lines to show the increasing probability to find an animal
within its area

Isocline
95% limit home range
50% core area (activity area)

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Smoothing factor

Smoothing factor also called band width (h)

The radius of the "hats"
How smooth the kernel estimate is going to be.

h
Low h: distinct patterns
High h: smooth

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Smoothing factor

Smoothing factor also called band width (h)

The radius of the "hats"
How smooth the kernel estimate is going to be.

h
Low h: distinct patterns
High h: smooth

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Smoothing factor

Smoothing factor also called band width (h)

The radius of the "hats"
How smooth the kernel estimate is going to be.

h
Low h: distinct patterns
High h: smooth

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

Home range size increases with increasing h

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring
Definition
Movement
MCP
Home ranges
Kernel
Habitat

kernel in ArcGIS

Spatial Analyst Tools

Kernel Density
Better to use GME, R.

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Definition
Movement Analysis
Home ranges Statistics
Habitat Prediction

What is habitat?

The habitat consists of all landscape features that an individual

selects to cover its needs for survival and reproduction.
Habitat use
The way in which an individual or species uses habitats to meet its
life history needs

Habitat selection studies

Includes the selection of environmental resources among their
availability

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Definition
Movement Analysis
Home ranges Statistics
Habitat Prediction

A hierarchical process
How to define availability?
-Species distribution

-Home range selection

-Within home range

-Selection of food item

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Definition
Movement Analysis
Home ranges Statistics
Habitat Prediction

What is a model?

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Definition
Movement Analysis
Home ranges Statistics
Habitat Prediction

What is a model?

A model is a reflection of the reality

Example of models: Maps

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Definition
Movement Analysis
Home ranges Statistics
Habitat Prediction

What is a model?

Y= a + bX
Describes the relation between X and Y with the help of a and b
Y can be predicted based on X if we know the values of a and b
Example
P(moose) = 0,4 + 0,6*clearcut
Y = P(moose) = probability of moose occurrence
X = Proportion of area covered with clearcuts
a = 0,4
b = 0,6

Probability of moose occurrence

In an area with 50% covered with clearcuts is:
P(moose) = 0,4 + 0,6*0,5 = 0,7 = 70 %
cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data
 Wildlife monitoring Definition
Movement Analysis
Home ranges Statistics
Habitat Prediction

Habitat model?

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Definition
Movement Analysis
Home ranges Statistics
Habitat Prediction

Habitat variables

Habitat variables
Based on biological knowledge

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Definition
Movement Analysis
Home ranges Statistics
Habitat Prediction

Variables

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Definition
Movement Analysis
Home ranges Statistics
Habitat Prediction

Statistics

Use statistical programs Methods

-Descriptive(ENFA, k-select)
-Modelling(RSF, RSPF)

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Definition
Movement Analysis
Home ranges Statistics
Habitat Prediction

Habitat suitability maps

Predicting habitat selection based on the model

Colour scale = likelihoods of an animal to select an area

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data

 Wildlife monitoring Definition
Movement Analysis
Home ranges Statistics
Habitat Prediction

Why habitat suitability maps

-Decision making tool in areal planning

(e.g urban development, road construction)

-Habitat suitability models of several

species can be used for landscape
conservation areas, (e.g national parks,
ecosystem conservation)

cyril.milleret@hihm.no Analysis of wildlife monitoring data