You are on page 1of 38

Part 2.

The Fourier Transform

Chapter 5
Fourier Series

part2

1
Outline

• Relation FT and FS
• The Fourier Transform Spectrum
• More on Impulse Function
• Fourier Transform Related to Impulse Function
• Fourier Transform of Some Special Functions
• Fourier Transform vs. Fourier Series

2
Relation FT and FS
Fourier series (FS) allows us to represent periodic signal in
term of sinusoidal or exponentials ejn t. o

Fourier transform (FT) allows us to represent aperiodic


(not periodic) signal in term of exponentials ejt.
 T0 /2
1
xT0  t   ce
n 
n
jn0t
cn 
T0  xT0 (t ) e  jn0t

T0 /2

xTo(t)

3
Relation FT and FS
xTo(t) xT(t)

xt   lim xT0 t 


T0    0  0 T0 

As T0 gets larger and larger the fundamental frequency 0 gets smaller and smaller so the
spectrum becomes continuous.

1
cn cn  X (n0 ) X ( )
T0

0 4

The Fourier Transform Spectrum

The Fourier transform: X ( )  



x(t ) e jt dt : F [ x(t )]

X ( )
The Amplitude (Magnitude) Spectrum eX ( )

The Phase Spectrum


The amplitude spectrum is an even function and the phase is an odd function.

The Inverse Fourier transform:



1
x(t ) 
2 

X ( )e jt d  F 1[ X ( )]
5
Example
Find the Fourier transform of x(t) = e-atu(t), the magnitude,
and the spectrum
Solution: S-plane

1 s =  + j
X ( )   e e dt 
 at  jt
if a  0
0
a  j j

1
X ( )  , X ( )   tan 1 ( / a)
a2   2 Re(s)
How does X() relates to X(s)? -a 
  ROC
1 ( s  a ) t
X ( s)   e e dt  
 at  st
e
0
as 0

1
X ( s)  if Re(s)  -a
as
6
Existence of a FT

• Sufficient condition for the existence of a


Fourier transform



| f (t ) |dt  

 That is, f(t) is absolutely integrable.


 However, the above condition is not the
necessary one.
7
Some Unabsolutely Integrable Functions

• Sinusoidal Functions: cos t, sin t,…


• Unit Step Function: u(t).

• Generalized Functions:
– Impulse Function (t); and
– Impulse Train.

8
Fourier Transforms of
Special Functions

Re call the DiracDelta Function,


0 t  0 
 (t )   and
 (t )dt  1
 t  0


Also called unit impulse function.


t
0

9
Fourier Transform for (t)

(t ) 
1 F


Indeed, F [ (t )]    (t )e  jt
dt  e  jt 1
 t 0

X()

(t) 1
F
t 
0 0 10
Fourier Transform for (t)…
1 

jt
 (t )  e d
Show that 2 

1 

jt
i.e.  ( )  e dt
2 

1 

jt 1 
 

jt
1
(t )  F [1] 1e d  e d
2  
2  
1  jt
The integration 
2  
e d converges to (t )

in the sense of generalized function. 11


Fourier Transform for (t)…
1 
 (t ) 
  0
cos td

1 
Show that i.e.  ( ) 
  0
cos tdt

1  jt 1 
(t )  
2  
e d  
2  
(cos t  j sin t )d

1  j 
 
2  
cos td  
2  
sin td
1  Converges to (t) in the sense of
  cos td generalized function.
 0 12
Two Identities for (t)
1  jxy
( y )  
2  
e dx

1 
( y )   cos xydx
 0
These two ordinary integrations themselves are meaningless in ordinary calculus sense..

But they converge to (t) in the sense of generalized function.

13
Shifted Impulse Function
 jt0
(t  t0 ) 
 e F

 jt0
Use the fact F [ f (t  t0 )]  X ( )e

X()
(t  t0)
1
F
t 
0 t0 0 14
Fourier Transform of a Constant

f (t )  A  X ()  A2 ()


F


X ( )  F [ A]   Ae jt d


 1  j (  ) t 
 2A  e dt 
 2   
 2A()
15
Fourier Transform of a Constant

f (t )  A  X ()  A2 ()


F

X()

A2()
A
F
t 
0 0

16
Fourier Transform of Exponential Wave
j0t
f (t )  e  X ()  2 (  0 )
F

j0t
F [ f (t )e ]  X [(  0 )]

F [1]  F [e ] =2 (  0)  2 ()


j 0t

j0t
F [e ]  2(  0 )
17
Fourier Transforms of Sinusoidal
Functions
Find
. the FT of the everlasting sinusoid cos(0t).
Answer
cos 0t   e  e j0t 
1 j0t
2

2

1 j0t
e e  j0t
    (  0 )   (  0 ) 

Remember that:
j0t
F [e ]  2 (  0 )

18
Fourier Transforms of Sinusoidal
Functions…

sin 0t 
2j

1 j0t  j0t
e e 

2j

1 j0t  j0t
e e 
 j  (  0 )   (  0 )

19
Fourier Transforms of Sinusoidal Functions…

cos 0t 
 (  0 )  (  0 )
F

sin 0t 
  j(  0 )  j(  0 )
F

X()
f(t)=cos0t
(+0) (0)

t
F

0 0 0
20
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function

Let F [u(t )]  F ( j) F [u(t )]  F ( j)


u(t )  u(t )  1 (except for t  0)
F [u(t )  u(t )]  F [1]
F [u(t )]  F [u(t )]  2() F(j)=?
F ( j)  F ( j)  2() Can you guess it?

21
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function

k 
Guess F ( j)  k()  B()
F ( j)  F ( j)  k()  k()  B()  B()
 2k()  B()  B()
0
B() must be odd

F ( j)  F ( j)  2()


22
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function

k 
Guess F ( j)  k()  B() 1
B() 
j
u' (t )  (t ) F [u' (t )]  F [(t )]  1
F [u(t )]  F ( j) F [u' (t )]  jF ( j)
 j[()  B()]
 j ()  jB()
0 23
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function

k 
Guess F ( j)  k()  B() 1
B() 
j

1
u (t )  () 
F

j 24
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function

f(t) |F(j)|

1
F
()
t 
0 0

1
u (t )  () 
F

j 25
Find the FT of a Periodic Function

• Sufficient condition --- existence of FT





| f (t ) |dt  

 Any periodic function does not satisfy this


condition.
 How to find its FT (in the sense of general
function)?
26
Find the FT of a Periodic Function…

We can express a periodic function f(t) as:



2
f (t )  c e
n  
n
jn0t
, 0 
T

   
X ( )  F [ f (t )]  F   cn e jn0t    cnF [e jn0t ]
 n  n 
 
  c 2(  n )
n  
n 0  2  cn (  n0 )
n  
27
Find the FT of a Periodic Function…
We can express a periodic function f(t) as:


2
f (t )  c e
n  
n
jn0t
, 0 
T

X ( )  2  c  (  n )
n 
n 0

The FT of a periodic function consists of a sequence of


equidistant impulses located at the harmonic
frequencies of the function. 28
Example:
Impulse Train

3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T t


T (t )   (t  nT )
n  
Find the FT of the
impulse train.
29
Example:
Impulse Train

3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T t

 
1
T (t )   (t  nT ) T (t )   e
Find the FT of jn0t
the
n   impulse train.
T n 
cn 30
2 
Example:
F [T (t )] 
Impulse Train

T n 
(  n0 )
0

3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T t

 
1
T (t )   (t  nT ) T (t )   e
Find the FT of jn0t
the
n   impulse train.
T n 
cn 31
2 
Example:
F [T (t )] 
Impulse Train

T n 
(  n0 )
0

3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T t

F
2/T

30 20 0 0 0 20 30  32


Find Fourier Series Using
Fourier Transform

f(t)
t
T/2 T/2

1 T /2
f (t )  c e
n  
n
jn0t
cn  
T T / 2
f (t )e  jn0t
1
cn  Fo ( jn0 )
 T
Fo ( j)   f o (t )e  jt

T /2 fo(t)
 f (t )e  jt
T / 2 t
T/2 T/2 33
Find
Sampling the Fourier
Fourier Series
Transform of fo(t)Using
with period 2/T,
we can find the Fourier Series of f (t).
Fourier Transform

f(t)
t
T/2 T/2

1 T /2
f (t )  c e
n  
n
jn0t
cn  
T T / 2
f (t )e  jn0t
1
cn  Fo ( jn0 )
 T
Fo ( j)   f o (t )e  jt

T /2 fo(t)
 f (t )e  jt
T / 2 t
T/2 T/2 34
Example:
The Fourier Series of a Rectangular Wave

f(t) fo(t)
1 1
d
t t
0 0

f (t )  n jn0t d /2
c e Fo ( j)   e  jt dt
n   d / 2

1 2  d 
cn  Fo ( jn0 )  sin  
T   2 
2  n0 d  1  n0 d 
 sin    sin 
Tn0  2  n  2  35

Example:
F ( j)  2  cn (  n0 )
The Fourier Transform of a Rectangular
n   Wave

f(t)
1
d
t F [f(t)]=?
0

f (t )  n
c e
n  
jn0t

F ( j)   sin
2  n0 d 
(  n0 )
1 n   n  2 
cn  Fo ( jn0 )
T
2  n0 d  1  n0 d 
 sin    sin 
Tn0  2  n  2  36
37
38

You might also like