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Chapter 5
Fourier Series
part2
1
Outline
• Relation FT and FS
• The Fourier Transform Spectrum
• More on Impulse Function
• Fourier Transform Related to Impulse Function
• Fourier Transform of Some Special Functions
• Fourier Transform vs. Fourier Series
2
Relation FT and FS
Fourier series (FS) allows us to represent periodic signal in
term of sinusoidal or exponentials ejn t. o
T0 /2
xTo(t)
3
Relation FT and FS
xTo(t) xT(t)
As T0 gets larger and larger the fundamental frequency 0 gets smaller and smaller so the
spectrum becomes continuous.
1
cn cn X (n0 ) X ( )
T0
0 4
The Fourier Transform Spectrum
X ( )
The Amplitude (Magnitude) Spectrum eX ( )
1
X ( ) , X ( ) tan 1 ( / a)
a2 2 Re(s)
How does X() relates to X(s)? -a
ROC
1 ( s a ) t
X ( s) e e dt
at st
e
0
as 0
1
X ( s) if Re(s) -a
as
6
Existence of a FT
• Generalized Functions:
– Impulse Function (t); and
– Impulse Train.
8
Fourier Transforms of
Special Functions
9
Fourier Transform for (t)
(t )
1 F
Indeed, F [ (t )] (t )e jt
dt e jt 1
t 0
X()
(t) 1
F
t
0 0 10
Fourier Transform for (t)…
1
jt
(t ) e d
Show that 2
1
jt
i.e. ( ) e dt
2
1
jt 1
jt
1
(t ) F [1] 1e d e d
2
2
1 jt
The integration
2
e d converges to (t )
1
Show that i.e. ( )
0
cos tdt
1 jt 1
(t )
2
e d
2
(cos t j sin t )d
1 j
2
cos td
2
sin td
1 Converges to (t) in the sense of
cos td generalized function.
0 12
Two Identities for (t)
1 jxy
( y )
2
e dx
1
( y ) cos xydx
0
These two ordinary integrations themselves are meaningless in ordinary calculus sense..
13
Shifted Impulse Function
jt0
(t t0 )
e F
jt0
Use the fact F [ f (t t0 )] X ( )e
X()
(t t0)
1
F
t
0 t0 0 14
Fourier Transform of a Constant
X ( ) F [ A] Ae jt d
1 j ( ) t
2A e dt
2
2A()
15
Fourier Transform of a Constant
X()
A2()
A
F
t
0 0
16
Fourier Transform of Exponential Wave
j0t
f (t ) e X () 2 ( 0 )
F
j0t
F [ f (t )e ] X [( 0 )]
j0t
F [e ] 2( 0 )
17
Fourier Transforms of Sinusoidal
Functions
Find
. the FT of the everlasting sinusoid cos(0t).
Answer
cos 0t e e j0t
1 j0t
2
2
1 j0t
e e j0t
( 0 ) ( 0 )
Remember that:
j0t
F [e ] 2 ( 0 )
18
Fourier Transforms of Sinusoidal
Functions…
sin 0t
2j
1 j0t j0t
e e
2j
1 j0t j0t
e e
j ( 0 ) ( 0 )
19
Fourier Transforms of Sinusoidal Functions…
cos 0t
( 0 ) ( 0 )
F
sin 0t
j( 0 ) j( 0 )
F
X()
f(t)=cos0t
(+0) (0)
t
F
0 0 0
20
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function
21
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function
k
Guess F ( j) k() B()
F ( j) F ( j) k() k() B() B()
2k() B() B()
0
B() must be odd
k
Guess F ( j) k() B() 1
B()
j
u' (t ) (t ) F [u' (t )] F [(t )] 1
F [u(t )] F ( j) F [u' (t )] jF ( j)
j[() B()]
j () jB()
0 23
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function
k
Guess F ( j) k() B() 1
B()
j
1
u (t ) ()
F
j 24
Fourier Transform of Unit Step Function
f(t) |F(j)|
1
F
()
t
0 0
1
u (t ) ()
F
j 25
Find the FT of a Periodic Function
X ( ) F [ f (t )] F cn e jn0t cnF [e jn0t ]
n n
c 2( n )
n
n 0 2 cn ( n0 )
n
27
Find the FT of a Periodic Function…
We can express a periodic function f(t) as:
2
f (t ) c e
n
n
jn0t
, 0
T
X ( ) 2 c ( n )
n
n 0
3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T t
T (t ) (t nT )
n
Find the FT of the
impulse train.
29
Example:
Impulse Train
3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T t
1
T (t ) (t nT ) T (t ) e
Find the FT of jn0t
the
n impulse train.
T n
cn 30
2
Example:
F [T (t )]
Impulse Train
T n
( n0 )
0
3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T t
1
T (t ) (t nT ) T (t ) e
Find the FT of jn0t
the
n impulse train.
T n
cn 31
2
Example:
F [T (t )]
Impulse Train
T n
( n0 )
0
3T 2T T 0 T 2T 3T t
F
2/T
f(t)
t
T/2 T/2
1 T /2
f (t ) c e
n
n
jn0t
cn
T T / 2
f (t )e jn0t
1
cn Fo ( jn0 )
T
Fo ( j) f o (t )e jt
T /2 fo(t)
f (t )e jt
T / 2 t
T/2 T/2 33
Find
Sampling the Fourier
Fourier Series
Transform of fo(t)Using
with period 2/T,
we can find the Fourier Series of f (t).
Fourier Transform
f(t)
t
T/2 T/2
1 T /2
f (t ) c e
n
n
jn0t
cn
T T / 2
f (t )e jn0t
1
cn Fo ( jn0 )
T
Fo ( j) f o (t )e jt
T /2 fo(t)
f (t )e jt
T / 2 t
T/2 T/2 34
Example:
The Fourier Series of a Rectangular Wave
f(t) fo(t)
1 1
d
t t
0 0
f (t ) n jn0t d /2
c e Fo ( j) e jt dt
n d / 2
1 2 d
cn Fo ( jn0 ) sin
T 2
2 n0 d 1 n0 d
sin sin
Tn0 2 n 2 35
Example:
F ( j) 2 cn ( n0 )
The Fourier Transform of a Rectangular
n Wave
f(t)
1
d
t F [f(t)]=?
0
f (t ) n
c e
n
jn0t
F ( j) sin
2 n0 d
( n0 )
1 n n 2
cn Fo ( jn0 )
T
2 n0 d 1 n0 d
sin sin
Tn0 2 n 2 36
37
38