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Circle
PART - I : CIRCLE - TANGENT
THEOREM
A tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius, through
the point of contact.
In adjoining figure,
line PQ is a tangent at A and
O
Seg AO is the radius through
the point of contact A.
seg OA line PQ.
P A Q
Sol. In AMN, M N
m AMN = 90º [Radius is perpendicular to the tangent]
AN² = AM² + MN² [By Pythagoras theorem]
10² = AM² + 5² [Given]
100 = AM² + 25
AM² = 100 – 25
AM² = 75
AM = 75
AM = 25 3
AM = 5 3 cm.
74 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
EXERCISE - 2.1 (TEXT BOOK PAGE NO.51)
4. As shown the adjoining figure,
two concentric circles are given
and line AB is tangent to the smaller
circle at T. Show that T is the O
midpoint of seg AB. (2 marks)
Construction : Let O be the centre of the
A T B
concentric circles and draw seg OT.
Proof : Line AB is tangent to the smaller circle at T. [Given]
seg OT line AB .......(i) [Radius is perpendicular to the tangent]
With respect to the bigger circle,
seg OT chord AB [From (i)]
AT = BT [Perpendicular from the centre of a
circle to a chord bisects the chord]
T is the mid-point of seg AB.
P
OA = 29, BP = 18, OP = 61 6 1
O
then find AB. (3 marks)
Construction : Draw seg PM seg OA,
A-M-O
Sol. In PBAM,
m PBA = 90º
[Radius is perpendicular to the tangent]
m BAM = 90º
m PMA = 90º [Construction]
m MPB = 90º [Remaining angle]
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 75
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76 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
PA2 = PE2 + AE2 [By Pythagoras theorem]
(2x)2 = x2 + 62
4x2 – x2 = 36
3x2 = 36
x2 = 12
x= 4×3
x= 2 3 [Taking square roots]
PA = 2 × 2 3 = 4 3 units
THEOREM
A line perpendicular to the radius at its outer end is a tangent to the
circle.
In adjoining figure,
line l is perpendicular to radius OA O
at its outer end A,
line l is a tangent. A l
THEOREM
Statement : The lengths of the two tangent segments to a circle drawn
from an external point are equal. A (4 marks)
Given : (i) A circle with centre O.
(ii) P is a point in the exterior of the circle.
(iii) Points A and B are the points of contact O
P
of the two tangents from P to the circle.
To Prove : PA = PB
Construction : Draw seg OA, seg OB and seg OP. B
Proof : In PAO and PBO,
m PAO = m PBO = 90º[Radius is perpendicular to the tangent]
Hypotenuse OP Hypotenuse OP [Common side]
seg OA seg OB [Radii of same circle]
PAO PBO [By hypotenuse - side theorem]
seg PA seg PB [c.s.c.t]
PA = PB
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 77
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
3
In ABC, 5
m A = 60º [Given] A 60º
m C = 30º
4
m B = 90º B
Line BC is a tangent to the circle at point B
[A Line perpendicular to the
radius at its outer end is a tangent to the circle]
But according to given figure Line BC is not a tangent.
(ii)
110º
D
O
20º C
(iii) 13
E 15 O
In OPE, 9
m OPE = 90º [Given]
P
OE2 = OP2 + EP2 [By Pythagoras theorem]
152 = 92 + EP2
225 = 81 + EP2
EP2 = 225 – 81
EP2 = 144
EP = 12 Units [Taking square roots]
EP = EK = 12 Units [The lengths of two tangent segments
from an external point to a circle are equal]
But according to the given figure EK = 13 units.
78 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
EXERCISE - 2.1 (TEXT BOOK PAGE NO.51)
8. In the adjoining figure,
P 5 B 3 Q
are four tangents to a circle at the
points A, B, C and D. These four tangents
form a parallelogram PQRS. C
If PB = 5 and BQ = 3 then find PS. (4 marks) A
Sol. PA = PB = 5
BQ = CQ = 3 [The lengths of the two tangent S R
D
Let, segments to a circle drawn from an
AS = SD = x external point are equal]
CR = DR = y
PQRS is a parallelogram [Given]
PQ = SR [ Opposite sides of a parallelogram
are congruent]
PB + BQ = SD + DR [P - B - Q and S - D - R]
5+3 = x+y
x+y = 8 ......(i)
PS = QR [ Opposite sides of a parallelogram
are congruent]
PA +AS = QC + CR [ P - A - S and Q - C - R]
5+x = 3+y
x–y = 3–5
x–y = –2 ......(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii)
x + y + x – y = 8 + (– 2)
2x = 8 – 2
2x = 6
x = 3
PS = PA + AS [ P - A - S]
PS = 5 + x
PS = 5 + 3
PS = 8 units
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 79
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80 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
AB = AP + PB [ A - P - B]
AB = x+y .....(iv) [From (i) and (ii)]
Similarly, BC = y+z
BC = 12 .....(v)
AC = x+z .....(vi)
Perimeter of ABC = 44 cm [Given]
AB + BC + AC = 44
x+y+y+z+x+z = 44 [From (iv), (v), and (vi)]
2x + 2y + 2z = 44
2(x + y + z) = 44
x+y+z = 22
x + 12 = 22 [From (v)]
x = 22 – 12
x = 10
AP = AQ = 10 cm [From (i)]
Length of a tangent segment from A to the circle is 10 cm.
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 81
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82 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
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Let,
m MAT = m MTA = x ......(i)
Similarly,
m MBT = m MTB = y ......(ii)
m ATB = m MTA + m MTB [Angle addition property]
m ATB = x+y ......(iii) [From (i) and (ii)]
In ATB,
m TAB + m ABT + m ATB = 180º [Sum of the measures of angles of
a triangle is 180º]
x + y + x + y = 180 [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
2x + 2y = 180
2 (x + y) = 180
x + y = 90
m ATB = 90º ......(iv) [From (iii)]
m DTB = 90º ........(v)
[Angle subtended by a semicircle]
Adding (iv) and (v),
m ATB + m DTB = 90 + 90
m ATB + m DTB = 180º
Also ATB and DTB are adjacent angles.
ATB and DTB form a linear pair [Converse of linear pair axiom]
ray TA and ray TD are opposite rays
Points D, T and A are collinear.
C R B
Proof : Let the centre of the inscribed circle be ‘O’
Let AP = AQ = x ........(i) [The lengths of the two tangent
CP = CR = y .......(ii) segments to a circle drawn from
BR = BQ= z ......(iii) an external point are equal]
a + b – c = BC + AC – AB
a + b – c = CR + RB + AP + PC – (AQ + QB)
[B - R - C, A - P - C , A - Q - B]
a + b – c = y + z + x + y – (x + z) [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
a+b–c = y+z+x+y–x–z
a + b – c = 2y
a + b – c = 2y
a + b – c = 2CP ........(iv) [From (ii)]
In PCRO
m OPC = m ORC = 90º [Radius is perpendicular to tangent]
m PCR = 90º [Given]
m POR = 90º [Remaining angle]
PCRO is a rectangle [By definition]
CP = OR ........(v) [Opposite sides of a rectangle]
a + b – c = 2 OR [From (iv) and (v)]
a + b – c = 2r
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 83
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84 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
Points O and B are equidistant from the end points A and C of seg AC.
[From (i) and (ii)]
Points O and B lie on the perpendicular bisector of seg AC.
[By perpendicular bisector theorem]
seg OB is the perpendicular bisector of seg AC.
seg OD is the perpendicular bisector of seg AC. [ O - D - B]
THEOREM
If two circles are touching circles then the common point lies on the
line joining their centres.
Externally touching circles :
In the adjoining figure, P
O A
two circles with centres O
and A are touching externally at point P.
O-P-A
T
Given : Two circles with centres O and A O A
touch each other externally at point T.
To Prove : OA = OT + AT
Proof : O-T-A [If two circles are touching
circles then the common point
lies on the line joining their centres]
OA = OT + AT [ O - T - A]
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 85
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
(ii) In ABC,
D and E are mid-points of sides AB and BC respectively. [From (i)]
1
DE = AC [By mid-point theorem]
2
1
DE = × 10 [From (iv)]
2
DE = 5 cm.
86 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii),
x+y+y+z+x+z = 3+3+4
2x + 2y + 2z = 10
2(x + y + z) = 10
x + y + z = 5 ......(iv)
Substituting (i) in (iv),
3+z = 5
z = 5–3
z = 2
Substituting (ii) in (iv),
x+3= 5
x = 5–3
x = 2
Substituting (iii) in (iv),
y+4= 5
y = 5–4
y = 1
Radii of circles with centres A, B and C are 2 cm, 1 cm and 2 cm respectively.
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 87
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
88 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
PROBLEM SET - 2 (TEXT BOOK PAGE NO.193)
4. In the adjoining figure, two circles touch
D
each other internally in a point A. The radius P
of the smaller circle with centre M is 5.
The smaller circle passes through the centre N C A
N M
of the larger circle. The tangent to the smaller
circle drawn through C intersects the larger circle
in point D. Find CD. (4 marks)
Construction : Draw seg AD.
Sol. NM = MA = MP = 5 units [Radii of same circle]
NA = 2 NM [Diameter is twice the radius]
NA = 2 × 5
NA = 10 units
CN = NA = 10 units [Radii of same circle]
CA = 2 CN [Diameter is twice the radius]
CA = 2 × 10
CA = 20 units
CM = CN+ NM [C - N - M]
CM = 10 + 5
CM = 15 units
m CPM = 90º [Radius is perpendicular to tangent]
m CDA = 90º [Angle subtended by a semicircle]
CPM CDA
seg PM || seg DA ......(i) [By corresponding angles test]
In CPM
CPM = 90º [Radius is perpendicular to the tangent]
CM = CP + PM
2 2 2
[By Pythagoras theorem]
152 = CP2 + 52
225 = CP2 + 25
CP 2 = 225 – 25
CP 2 = 200
CP = 100 × 2 [Taking square roots]
CP = 10 2 units
In CDA,
seg PM || seg DA [From (i)]
CP CM
= [By B.P.T.]
PD MA
10 2 15
=
PD 5
10 2 × 5
PD =
15
10 2
PD = units
3
CD = CP + PD [C - P - D]
10 2 10 2
CD =
1 3
30 2 10 2
CD =
3
40 2
CD = units
3
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 89
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
90 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
(
to minor arc AXB.
A
B
• Measure of a minor arc is equal to the measure •
X
of its corresponding central angle.
In the adjoining figure, m (arc AXB) = m AOB
• Measure of major arc = 3600 – measure of corresponding minor arc.
In the adjoining figure, •Y
m(arc AYB) = 3600 – m(arc AXB)
O
•
• Measure of a circle is 3600
• Measure of a semicircle is 1800 A• •B
•
X
` Arc addition property : B
In the adjoining figure, P •
arc APB and arc BQC have in •
O •Q
common only the end point B, •
\ m(arc APB) + m(arc BQC) = m(arc ABC)
A• •C
` Congruent arcs :
Two arcs of the same circle or of congruent circles, having equal measures
are congruent.
` Inscribed angle :
An angle is said to be an inscribed angle, if B
(i) the vertex is on the circle and
(ii) both the arms are secants.
In the adjoining figure, •
ABC is an inscribed angle,
because vertex B lies on the A C
circle and both the arms BA
and BC arc secants.
In other words, ABC is inscribed in arc ABC.
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 91
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
` Intercepted arc :
Given an arc of the circle and an angle, if each side of the angle contains an
end point of the arc and all other points of the arc except the end points lie
in the interior of the angle, then the arc is said to be intercepted by the angle.
A
A
D A
B B
D
C
B
C
E
C
B B
A
C
A C
C
(i) In figures (a), (b) and (c), ABC has its vertex B outside the circle and
intercepts two arcs.
(ii) In figures (d) and (e), ABC has its vertex on the circle and intercepts
only one arc.
(iii) In figure (f), ABC has its vertex B inside the circle and intercepts only
one arc.
Corollary - 1 : B
An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle.
In the adjoining figure,
ABC is inscribed in A • C
O
the semicircle ABC.
m ABC = 90º
92 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
Corollary - 2 : B
D
Angles inscribed in the same arc are congruent.
In the adjoining figure,
ABC and ADC, both are
inscribed in the same arc ABC. A
C
ABC ADC. •
X
NOTE
Inscribed angles, ABC and ADC both intercept the same arc AC.
ABC ADC.
1
(b) m BAC = m(arc BQC) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
80 = m(arc BQC)
2
m(arc BQC) = 80 × 2
m(arc BQC) = 160º
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 93
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
1
m BAC = m(arc BC) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
m BAC = × 31º
2
m BAC = 15.5º
m QAC = 15.5º [ A - Q - B]
BQC is an exterior angle of AQC,
m BQC = m QAC + m ACQ [Remote interior angle theorem]
m BQC = 15.5º + 12.5º
m BQC = 28º
1
(iii) m SRQ = m (arc QDS) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
m SRQ = × 48º [Given]
2
m SRQ = 24º
SRQ is an exterior angle of ARQ,
m SRQ = m RAQ + m AQR [Remote interior angle theorem]
24º = m RAQ + 13º
m RAQ = 24º – 13º
m RAQ = 11º
94 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
EXERCISE - 2.3 (TEXT BOOK PAGE NO. 62)
5. In the adjoining figure, C D
in two chords AB and CD A B
of the same circle are parallel
to each other. P is the centre P
of the circle.
Prove : m CPA = m DPB. (3 marks)
Construction : Draw seg BC.
Proof : m CPA = m (arc CA) .......(i)
[Definition of measure of minor arc]
m DPB = m (arc DB) ......(ii)
1
m ABC = m (arc CA) ......(iii)
2
[Inscribed angle theorem]
1
m BCD = m (arc DB) ......(iv)
2
chord CD || chord AB [Given]
On transversal BC,
ABC BCD ......(v) [Converse of alternate angles test]
1 1
m (arc CA) = m(arc DB) [From (iii), (iv) and (v)]
2 2
m (arc CA) = m (arc DB) ......(vi)
m CPA = m DPB [From (i), (ii) and (vi)]
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 95
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
On transversal BD
CBD BDE ......(iii) [Converse of alternate angles test]
1 1
m (arc BAE) = m (arc CD) [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
2 2
m (arc BAE) = m (arc CD) .......(iv)
1
m ADE = m (arc AE) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
8º = m (arc AE)
2
m (arc AE) = 16º
m (arc AD) = m (arc AE) + m (arc ED) [Arc Addition property]
86º = m (arc ED) + 16º
m (arc ED) = 86 – 16
m (arc ED) = 70º .......(iii)
m (arc BC) + m (arc CD) + m (arc BAE) + m (arc ED) = 360º
[Measure of a circle is 360º]
94º + m (arc BAE) + m (arc BAE) + 70º = 360º
[From (ii), (iii) and given]
2 m (arc BAE) + 164 = 360
2 m (arc BAE) = 360 – 164
2 m (arc BAE) = 196
m (arc BAE) = 98º ........ (v)
m (arc DC) = 98º
[From (iv) and (v)]
m (arc BCD) = m (arc BC) + m (arc CD) [Arc Addition property]
= 94 + 98
m (arc BCD) = 192º
1
m DAB = m (arc BCD) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
m DAB = × 192º
2
m DAB = 96º
1
m ECB = m (arc BAE) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
= × 98º
2
m ECB = 49º
m (arc CDE) = m (arc CD) + m (arc DE) [Arc addition property]
= 98 + 70
m (arc CDE) = 168º
1
m CBE = m (arc CDE) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
m CBE = × 168º
2
m CBE = 84º
96 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
EXERCISE - 2.3 (TEXT BOOK PAGE NO. 62)
2. Find the radius of the circle passing through the vertices of a right angled
triangle when lengths of perpendicular sides are 6 and 8. (3 marks)
Given : (i) In PQR, m PQR = 90º
(ii) PQ = 6 units, QR = 8 units.
(iii) Points P, Q and R lie on the circle. Q
6
P
To Find : radius of the circle.
Sol. In PQR, •Y
m PQR = 90º [Given] 8
PR² = PQ² + QR² [By Pythagoras theorem]
PR² = 6² + 8² R
PR² = 36 + 64
PR² = 100
PR = 10 units [Taking square roots]
Let Y be a point on the circle as shown in the figure
m PQR = 90º [Given]
1
m PQR = m(arc PYR) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
90º = m(arc PYR)
2
m (arc PYR) = 180º
arc PYR is a semicircle
seg PR is the diameter.
Diameter = 10 units.
Radius = 5 units [ Radius is half of the diameter]
Radius of the circle is 5 units.
N
Q P
M
Construction : Draw seg BM and seg CN
Proof : seg AB is the diameter B DC
m AMB = 90º [Angle subtended by a semicircle]
seg AC is the diameter
m ANC = 90º [Angle subtended by a semicircle]
m AMB = mANC .......(i)
In AMB and ANC
AMB ANC [From (i)]
BAM CAN [Common angle]
AMB ~ ANC [By AA test of similarity]
AM AB
= [c.s.s.t]
AN AC
AC.AM = AB.AN
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 97
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
Cyclic Quadrilateral : A
A quadrilateral whose all the four vertices lie on a D
circle is called cyclic quadrilateral.
In the adjoining figure,
B
ABCD is cyclic,
as all the four vertices A, B, C and D.
lie on a circle. C
THEOREM
Statement : The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.
Given : ABCD is a cyclic A
To Prove : m ABC + m ADC = 180º
m BAD + m BCD = 180º
1
Proof: m ABC = m (arc ADC) .....(i) B
2 [Inscribed angle D
1 theorem]
m ADC = m (arc ABC) .....(ii)
2 C
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
98 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
1 1
m ABC + m ADC = m (arc ADC) + m (arc ABC)
2 2
1
m ABC + m ADC = [m (arc ADC) + m (arc ABC)]
2
1
m ABC + m ADC = × 360º [ Measure of a circle is 360º]
2
m ABC + m ADC = 180º ..........(iii)
In ABCD,
m BAD + m BCD + m ABC + m ADC = 360º [ Sum of measure of
angles of a quadrilateral is 360º]
m BAD + m BCD + 180º = 360º [From (iii)]
m BAD + m BCD = 180º
THEOREM : If opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then
the quadrilateral is cyclic.
PROBLEM SET - 2 (TEXT BOOK PAGE NO. 194)
7. If two consecutive angles of cyclic quadrilateral are A D
congruent, then prove that one pair of opposite sides
is congruent and other is parallel. More precisely.
Given : ABCD is cyclic quadrilateral in which
ABC BCD. To prove side DC side AB, AD || BC. B
C
(3 marks)
Given : ABCD is cyclic and ABC BCD
To Prove : (i) seg AD || seg BC (ii) side DC side AB.
Construction : Draw seg AC and seg BD
Proof : ABCD is cyclic [Given]
m ABC + m ADC =180º .......(i) [Opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral are supplementary]
But, ABC BCD .......(ii) [Given]
m BCD + mADC = 180º [From (i) and (ii)]
seg AD || seg BC [Interior angles test]
In ABC and DCB
seg BC seg BC [Common side]
ABC DCB [Given]
BAC CDB [Angles inscribed in same arc]
ABC DCB [By SAA test]
side AB side DC [c.s.c.t.]
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 99
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100 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
NOTE
Angle opposite to adjacent interior angle is also called interior opposite angle.
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 101
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
(
m NCS = m DCS = cº .....(iii) D C
m KDP = m ADP = dº ......(iv)
[Lines PQ, QR RS and PS are
S
the bisectors] N
m SPQ = 180 – a – d
Similarly,
m QRS = 180 – b – c ......(vi)
m PQR = 180 – a – b .....(vii)
m PSR = 180 – c – d ....(viii)
Adding (v) and (vi),
m SPQ + m QRS = 180 – a – d + 180 – b – c
m SPQ + m QRS = 360 – (a + b + c + d) ......(ix)
In PQRS,
m SPQ + m PQR + m QRS + m PSR = 360º
[Sum of the measures of angles of quadrilateral is 360º]
180 – a – d + 180 – a – b + 180 – b – c + 180 – c – d = 360
720 – 2a – 2b – 2c – 2d = 360
720 – 360 = 2a + 2b + 2c + 2d
360 = 2a + 2b + 2c + 2d
a + b + c + d = 180º .....(x)
[Dividing throughout by 2]
m SPQ + m QRS = 360º – 180º
[From (ix) and (x)]
m SPQ + m QRS = 180º
PQRS is cyclic [If the opposite angles of quadrilateral
are supplementary then it is cyclic]
102 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
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Similarly, seg QR || seg PB
PBRQ is a parallelogram [By definition]
In ASB,
m ASB = 90º [Given]
seg SP is median to hypotenuse AB [Given]
1
SP = AB .....(i) [In a right angled triangle the median
2
drawn to the hypotenuse is half of it]
1
But, PB = AB .....(ii) [ P is the midpoint of side AB]
2
In PBS,
SP = PB [From (i) and (ii)]
m PBS = m PSB [Isosceles triangle theorem]
PBRQ is a parallelogram
m PBR = m PQR [Opposite angles of a parallelogram
are congruent]
m PBS = m PQR .....(iv) [B - S - R]
m PSB = m PQR ......(v) [From (iii) and (iv)]
But,
m PSB + m PSR = 180º [Linear pair axiom]
m PQR + m PSR = 180º [From (v)]
PQRS is cyclic [If opposite angles of a quadrilateral are
supplementary then it is a cyclic quadrilateral]
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 103
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
respectively. A and B are on opposite sides of line DC. Show that line
AD is parallel to line BC. A (3 marks)
X
C
B
Y
D
Proof : ADYX is cyclic [By definition]
XYC DAX ......(i) [The exterior angle of a cyclic
quadrilateral is equal to its interior
opposite angle]
But, XYC XBC .....(ii) [Angles inscribed in the same arc]
DAX XBC [From (i) and (ii)]
DAB ABC [A - X - B]
line AD || line BC [By Alternate angles test]
104 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
MBA ADN .....(ii) [The exterior angle of a cyclic
quadrilateral is equal to its interior
opposite angle]
m MCA + m ADN = 180º [From (i) and (ii)]
m MCD + m CDN = 180º [C - A - D]
seg CM || seg DN [By Interior angles test]
F
Construction : Draw seg CG. G E
Proof : Let the circumcircle of BCF and CDE intersect at points C and G.
BCGF is cyclic. [By definition]
m ABC = m CGF .....(i) [Exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral
is equal to its interior opposite angle]
DCGE is cyclic [By definition]
m ADC = m CGE ......(ii) [Exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral
is equal to its interior opposite angle]
Adding (i) and (ii),
m ABC+ m ADC = m CGF + m CGE .......(iii)
ABCD is cyclic
m ABC + m ADC = 180º ....(iv) [Opposite angle of a cyclic quadrilateral
are supplementary]
m CGF + m CGE = 180º [From (iii) and (iv)]
Also, CGF and CGE are adjacent angle
CGF and CGE form a linear pair [Converse of linear pair axiom]
ray GF and ray GE form opposite rays
Points F, G, E are collinear.
G lies on line EF
The circumcircle of BCF and CDE intersect in a point on line EF.
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 105
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
T
(ii)
R Q
A
P S
B
ABR APR [Angles inscribed in the same arc]
ABR QPT ......(i) [P - R - T and P - A - Q]
ABSQ is cyclic [By definition]
TQA ABS [The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral
is equal to its interior opposite angle]
TQP ABS ......(ii) [P - A - Q]
In TPQ,
m QPT + m TQP + m PTQ = 180º [Sum of measures of angles of
a triangle is 180º]
m ABR + m ABS + m PTQ = 180º [From (i) and (ii)]
m RBS + m PTQ = 180º [Angle addition property]
m RBS + m RTS = 180º [P - R - R and T - Q - S]
BSTR is cyclic [If opposite angles of a quadrilateral
are supplementary then the
quadrilateral is cyclic]
NOTE
If an angle,
(i) has its vertex on the circle.
(ii) one arm is a tangent, and
(iii) the other arm is a secant, then, we will term such an angle as a
Tangent secant angle.
106 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
EXERCISE - 2.4 (TEXT BOOK PAGE NO. 70)
1. In the adjoining figure, D
seg AB and seg AD are chords
of the circle. C be a point on Q
tangent to the circle at point A.
B
If m (arc APB) = 80º and BAD = 30º,
then find (i) BAC (ii) m (arc BQD) P (2 marks)
1 A C
Sol. m BAC = m(arc APB) [Tangent secant theorem]
2
1
m BAC = × 80
2
m BAC = 40º
1
m BAD = m (arc BQD) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
30 =
m (arc BQD)
2
m (arc BQD) = 30 × 2
m (arc BQD) = 60º
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 107
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
1
(ii) m FDA = m (arc AF) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
m FDA = × 150
2
m FDA = 75º
1
(iii) m FED = m (arc DAF) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
m FED = [m(arc AQD) + m(arc AF)] [Arc addition property]
2
1
m FED = (84 + 150)
2
1
m FED = × 234
2
m FED = 117º
1
(iv) m BAF = m(arc AF) [Tangent secant theorem]
2
1
m BAF = × 150
2
m BAF = 75º
108 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
NOTE
If a tangent secant angle and an inscribed angle intercept the same arc
then they are congruent.
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 109
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
E D F
EDA ABD ........(i)
[Angles in alternate segment]
FDC CBD ........(ii)
But, ABD CBD .......(iii) [ Ray BD bisects ABC]
EDA FDC [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
110 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
(b) If two circles touch each other internally at A.
M
P
X
A
C D
Proof : m BAC = m BCD ......(i)
[Angles in alternate segments]
m BAD = m BDC ......(ii)
In BCD,
m BCD + m BDC + m CBD = 180º [Sum of the measures of
angles of a triangle is 180º]
m BAC + m BAD + m CBD = 180º [From (i) and (ii)]
m CAD + m CBD = 180º [Angle addition property]
C N D
P R
ALTERNATIVE METHOD :
CMA CDM [Angles
in alternate segments]
Let, C N D
m CMA = m CDM = xº .....(i)
1 P R
m NMA = m (arc NM) .....(ii)
2
A M B
1
m CNM = m (arc NM) .....(iii)
2
m NMA = m CNM [From (ii) and (iii)]
Let,
m NMA = m CNM = yº ......(iv)
m CMN = m NMA – m CMA [Angle addition property]
112 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
m CMN = (y – x)º ......(v) [From (i) and (iv)]
CNM is an exterior angle of NMD,
m CNM = m NDM + m DMN [Remote interior angles theorem]
y = x + m DMN [From (i), (vi) and C - N - D]
m DMN = (y – x)º ......(vi)
CMN DMN [From (v) and (vi)]
THEOREM
If two secants of a circle intersect inside or outside the circle then
the area of the rectangle formed by the two line segments
corresponding to one secant is equal in area to the rectangle formed
by the two line segments corresponding to the other.
A D
In the adjoining figure,
chords AB and CD intersect each
other at point P inside the circle.
OA × OB = OC × OD
O
C B A
In the adjoining figure, B
chords AB and CD intersect each
other at point P outside the circle. O
OA × OB = OC × OD
D
C
THEOREM
Statement : If a secant and a tangent of a circle intersect in a point outside
the circle then the area of the rectangle formed by the two line segments
corresponding to the secant is equal to the area of the square formed by line
segment corresponding to the tangent. (2 marks)
Given :(i) line PAB is a secant intersecting
the circle at points A and B. T
(ii) line PT is a tangent to the circle at point T.
To Prove: PA × PB = PT²
P
Construction: Draw seg BT and seg AT.
Proof :In PTA and PBT, A
TPA BPT [Common angle]
PTA PBT B
[Angles in alternate segment]
PTA ~ PBT [By AA test of similarity]
PT PA
= [Corresponding sides of similar triangles]
PB PT
PA × PB = PT²
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 113
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
114 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
EXERCISE - 2.5 (TEXT BOOK PAGE NO. 75)
6. In the adjoining figure, given two
concentric circles of radii 5 and 3, D
find the length of a chord of larger A O
circle which touches the smaller one.
If BD = 5, find BC. (3 marks) E
C
Construction : Let the centre of the circle be O
Let seg AB touch the smaller circle at E. B
Sol. For the smaller circle
Line BE is a tangent to the circle at E and line CD is a secant
intersecting the circle at points C and D.
BE2 = BC × BD ......(i) [Tangent secant property]
In OEB,
m OEB = 90º ......(ii) [Radius is perpendicular to tangent]
OB = OE + BE
2 2 2
[By Pythagoras theorem]
52 = 32 + BE2 [Given]
25 = 9 + BE 2
25 – 9 = BE2
BE2 = 16
BE = 4 units .....(iii) [Taking square roots]
For the larger circle,
seg OE chord AB [From (ii)]
AB = 2 × BE [Perpendicular from the centre of the
circle to the chord bisects the chord]
AB = 2 × 4
AB = 8 units
(4) 2 = BC × 5 [From (i) and (iii)]
16 = BC × 5
16
BC =
5
BC = 3.2 units
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 115
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
M
B
Concyclic Points : B
A
Given points lying on the same circle are
called concyclic points.
In the adjoining figure,
points A,B,C and D are concyclic D C
as all the points lie on the same circle.
NOTE
(i) Two distinct points are always concyclic.
(ii) Three points in a plane are concyclic if and only if they are non-collinear.
116 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
ABCQ is cyclic [By definition]
m AQC + m ABC = 180º [ Opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral are supplementary]
m AQC = 180 – m ABC ......(ii)
In ABC,
m ABC + m ACB + m BAC = 180º [ Sum of the measure of angles
of a triangle is 180º]
m ABC + m ABC + m BAC = 180º [From (i)]
2m ABC + m BAC = 180
2m ABC = 180 – m BAC
1
m ABC = 90 – m BAC .....(iii) [Dividing throughout by 2]
2
1
m AQC = 180 – (90 – m BAC) [From (ii) and (iii)]
2
1
m AQC = 180 – 90 + m BAC
2
1
m AQC = 90º + m BAC
2
HOTS PROBLEM
(Problems for developing Higher Order Thinking Skill)
Q
Proof : ABC is an equilateral triangle [Given]
m ABC = m BAC = m ACB = 60º ......(i)
[Angle of an equilateral triangle]
1
m CBP = m ABC [ ray BP bisects ABC]
2
1
m CBP = × 60 [From (i)]
2
m CBP = 30º .....(ii)
CBP CAP ....(iii) [Angles inscribed in the same
are congruent]
m CAP = 30º [From (ii) and (iii)]
m CAQ = 30º .....(iv) [ A - P - Q]
ACB is an exteror angle of CQA
m ACB = m CQA + m CAQ [Remote interior angle theorem]
60 = m CQA + 30 [From (i) and (iv)]
m CQA = 60 – 30
m CQA = 30º .....(v)
In CQA
CAQ CQA [From (iv) and (v)]
seg CQ seg CA [Converse of Isosceles triangle theorem]
CQ = CA
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 119
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
58. Show that the radius of incircle of right angle triangle is equal to the
difference of half of the perimeter and the hypotenuse. (5 marks)
A
Given : (i)In ABC, m ABC = 90º
(ii) Circle with centre O touches the
sides AB, BC and AC at point L, M
x
x
N
and N respectively.
L O
1 y z
To prove : r = (AB + BC + AC) – AC
2 B y C
Proof : Let the radius of the incircle be r M z
OL = OM = ON = r [Radii of the same circle]
AL = AN = x .....(i) [Lengths of the two tangents
BL = BM = y .....(ii) segment from an external point to
CM = CN = z ....(iii) a circle are equal]
AB + BC + AC = AL + BL + BM + CM + AN + CN
[A - L - B, B - M - C and A - N - C]
AB + BC + AC = x + y + y + z + x + z [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
AB + BC + AC = 2x + 2y + 2z
AB + BC + AC = 2 (x + y + z)
1
(AB + BC + AC) = x + y + z
2
1
(AB + BC + AC) = (x + z) + y
2
1
(AB + BC + AC) = AC + y [From (i), (iii) and A - N - C]
2
1
(AB + BC + AC) – AC = y ......(iv)
2
In LBMO,
m LBM = 90º [Given]
m BLO = m BMO = 90º [Radius is perpendicular to tangent]
m LOM = 90º [Remaining angle]
LBMO is a rectangle [By definition]
LB = OM [Opposite sides of an rectangle]
LB = OM = y = r ......(v)
1
(AB + BC + AC) – AC = r [From (iv) and (v)]
2
120 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
59. If two circles are internally touching at point P. A line intersect those
two circles in point A, B, C, D respectively then prove that APB CPD.
M (5 marks)
A
N
Construction : Draw a common tangent MN at point P.
Proof : APM ADP [Angles in alternate segment]
Let,
m APM = m ADP = x ......(i)
BPM BCP [Angles in alternate segment]
Let,
m BPM = m BCP = y .....(ii)
m APB = m BPM – m APM [Angle addition proerty]
m APB = (y – x) .....(iii) [From (i) and (ii)]
BCP is an exterior angle of CPD,
m BCP = m CPD + m CDP [Remote interior angles theorem]
y = m CPD + x [From (i) and A - C - D]
m CPD = (y – x) ......(iv)
m APB = m CPD [From (iii) and (iv)]
APB CPD
MCQ’s
1. P is the centre of the circle. T is a point on the circle and TB is a tangent.
PBT = 30º and radius is 10 cm. What is length of TB ?
(a) 20 cm (b) 20 3 cm
(c) 10 cm (d) 10 3 cm
2. TP and TQ are tangents to the circle with centre O. If PTQ = 80º then
what is the measure of POT ?
(a) 100º (b) 80º
(c) 50º (d) 40º
4. Circles with centres A and B and radius 10 cm and 5 cm touch each other
internally at point C. P is any point on AC such that AP = 7 cm. How many
tangents can be drawn to the circles from point P ?
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 1 or 2
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 121
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
C A
10. In the adjoining figure,
TA and TB are tangents from T.
CD is also a tangent at P. T P
It TB = 12 cm. Find perimeter of TCD.
(a) 36 cm (b) 18 cm D
B
(c) 20 cm (d) 24 cm
11. seg AT is a tangent at T for a circle with centre O. TOB is the diameter. If
AOB = 130º then what is measure of OAT ?
(a) 40º (b) 50º
(c) 65º (d) 90º
15. If circles with centres A, B and C with radius 5 cm, 6 cm and 7 cm touch
each other externally. The perimeter of ABC is ............. cm.
(a) 18 (b) 23
(c) 36 (d) 40
122 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
16. Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. The length of the chord
of the larger circle which touches the smaller circle will be .................. .
(a) 8 (b) 4
(c) 6 (d) 10
17. A chord divides a circle into 2 arcs measuring 2x and 7x. The measure of
the minor arc is .............. .
(a) 20 (b) 40
(c) 80 (d) 140
D
18. seg AB and seg AD are chords Q
of the circle and AC is a tangent. B
If m (arc APB) = 70º, m (arc BQD) = 16º,
then m CAD = ............. .
•P
(a) 35 (b) 43 •
A C
(c) 32 (d) 27
20. seg AB is such that APB AQB on the same side of seg AB. Hence,
points A, B, C, D are ............. .
(a) collinear (b) coinciding
(c) concyclic (d) non-concylic
23. The diameter of two circles touching each other externally are 27 cm and
13 cm. Find the distance between their centre ............ .
(a) 20 cm (b) 21 cm
(c) 19 cm (d) 12 cm
25. If TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with centre O. So that
POQ = 100º, then PTQ = ?
(a) 60 (b) 80
(c) 50 (d) 120
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 123
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
: ANSWERS :
1. (d) 10 3 cm 2. (a) 100º
3. (d) 90º 4. (a) 0
5. (b) 45º 6. (c) 12 cm
7. (a) 8.5 cm 8. (c) 98 cm
9. (b) 72º 10. (d) 24 cm
11. (a) 40º 12. (b) an acute
13. (c) rectangle 14. (d) AP × BP = CP × DP
15. (c) 36 16. (a) 8
17. (c) 80 18. (b) 43
19. (c) 20 cm 20. (c) concyclic
21. (a) 8 22. (b) PBT
23. (a) 20 cm 24. (b) 5
25. (b) 80
1 Mark Sums
1. In the adjoining figure,
if m ABC = 55º, then E A
what is m AEB.
B •
C
Sol. AEB ABC [Angles in alternate segments]
But, ABC = 55º [Given]
AEB = 55º
A
2. What is the relation between B
ABC and ADC of cyclic ABCD ?
Sol.
D
C
ABCD is cyclic [Given]
m ABC + m ADC = 180º [Opposite angles of quadrilateral are
supplementary]
ABC and ADC are supplementary.
B
3. If seg AB is the diameter of the circle,
then find AB, if OB = 3 and OA = 4.
Sol.
O
seg AB is the diameter of the circle. A
m AOB = 90º ......(i) [Angle subtended by a semicircle]
In AOB,
m AOB = 90º [From (i)]
AB2 = OA2 + OB2 [By Pythagoras theorem]
AB2 = 42 + 32
AB2 = 16 + 9
AB2 = 25
AB = 5 units [Taking square roots]
124 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
4. O is the centre of the circle. B
If m ABC = 80º, the find
m (arc AC) and m (arc ABC).
O C
A
1
Sol. m ABC = m (arc AC) [By Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
80º = m (arc AC)
2
m (arc AC) = 160º
m (arc ABC) = 360º – m (arc AC)
= 360 – 160
m (arc ABC) = 200º
A
B
5. If PB = 3, PD = 4, PA = 6, find PC.
Sol. Chords AB and CD intersect each
P
other at point P outside the circle.
PA × PB = PC × PD D
C
6 × 3 = PC × 4
63
PC =
4
9
PC =
2
PC = 4.5 units
D
A
6. What is the relation between ABE
and ADC for cyclic ABCD ? •
Sol. E
B
ABE is an exterior angle of cyclic ABCD C
ABE ADC [An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is
congruent to its interior opposite angle]
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 125
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
1
m PQR = m (arc PNQ) [Tangent-secant theorem]
2
1
m PQR = × 140º
2
m PQR = 70º
36 = 4 × BD
36
BD =
4
BD = 9 units
126 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE LTD. GEOMETRY
13. In the adjoining figure, P
m ABC = 57º. M is the centre
A
of the circle and line BC is a tangent.
seg BP is the diameter find, M
(a) m (arc BQA) (b) m ABP.
Q
Sol.
B C
1
(a) m ABC = m (arc BQA) [Tangent-secant theorem]
2
1
57º = m (arc BQA)
2
m (arc BQA) = 114º
(b) seg PB is the diameter
m (arc PAB) = 180º [Measures of a semicircle]
m (arc PA) + m (arc BQA) = m (arc PAB)
[Arc addition property]
m (arc PA) + 114º = 180º
m (arc PA) = 180º – 114º
m (arc PA) = 66º
1
m ABP = m (arc PA) [Inscribed angle theorem]
2
1
m ABP = × 66º
2
m ABP = 33º
15. Radius of the circle is 4 cm. What is the length of a chord of the circle ?
Sol. Radius of the circle is 4 cm
Diameter of the circle = 4 × 2 = 8 cm
Diameter is the biggest chord of the circle
The length of the chord of the circle is 8 cm or less than 8 cm.
16. O is the centre of the circle. AB is the diameter. P is any point on the
circle other than A and B. What is m APB ?
Sol. seg AB is the diameter of the circle and P is the point on the circle
m APB = 90º [Angle subtended by a semicircle]
17. What is the relation between the diameter and the radius of a circle ?
Sol. Diameter of a circle is twice its radius.
18. In the adjoining figure, Q
line PQ and line PR are tangents
to the circle. So what is
P O
m QPR + m QOR ?
Sol.
R
m OQP = 90º ......(i)
m ORP = 90º ......(ii) [Radius is perpendicular to the tangent]
S C H O O L S E C TI O N 127
GEOMETRY MT EDUCARE LTD.
In OQPR,
m QPR + m QOR + m OQP + m ORP = 360º
[Sum of the measures of angles of a
quadrilateral is 360º]
m QPR + m QOR + 90º + 90º = 360º [From (i) and (ii)]
m QPR + m QOR = 360º – 180º
m QPR + m QOR = 180º
19. O is the centre of the circle. AB is the longest chord of the circle. If
AB = 8.6 cm, what is the radius of the circle ?
Sol. AB is the longest chord of the circle [Given]
But, diameter is the longest chord of the circle
seg AB is the diameter of the circle
Diameter = 8.6 cm
Radius = 4.3 cm
128 S C H O O L S E C TI O N
MT EDUCARE PVT. LTD. GEOMETRY
S.S.C. Marks : 30
CHAPTER 2 : Circle
SET - A
GEOMETRY Duration : 1 hr. 15 min.
(ii) If two circles with radii 8 and 3 respectively touch internally then
show that the distance between their centers is equal to the difference
of their radii, find that distance.
P
OA = 29, BP = 18, OP = 61 61
then find AB. O
Q A
(ii) In the adjoining figure,
points P, B and Q are
points of contact of the respective
O
tangents. line QA is parallel to line PC.
B
If QA = 7.2 cm, PC = 5 cm, find the
radius of the circle.
P C
C R B
Best of Luck
8 MAHESH TUTORIALS PVT. LTD.
MT EDUCARE PVT. LTD. GEOMETRY
S.S.C. Marks : 30
CHAPTER 2 : Circle
SET - B
GEOMETRY Duration : 1 hr. 15 min.
80º C
•P
A
Z W
M N
B
(iii) Find the radius of the circle passing through the vertices of a right
angled triangle when lengths of perpendicular sides are 6 and 8.
F
G E
B C
S R
Best of Luck
10 MAHESH TUTORIALS PVT. LTD.
MT EDUCARE PVT. LTD. GEOMETRY
S.S.C. Marks : 30
CHAPTER 2 : Circle
SET - C
GEOMETRY Duration : 1 hr. 15 min.
A P
C D
B
Q.III. Solve the following : (12)
(i) Suppose AB and AC are equal chords of a circle and a line parallel to
the tangent at A intersects the chords at D and E. Prove that AD = AE.
Best of Luck
12 MAHESH TUTORIALS PVT. LTD.