imkvXmhpw temtIizc\pw \oeIWvT\pamb

t_m[nk¯zsâ t]mXmfIw--þi_cnae
sI. N{µlcn
I. lcnþlc]p{X\pw AhtemIntXizc\pw
aebmftZi¯v hfsc \mfpIfmbn NÀ¨ sN¿s¸Sp¶ hnhmZ§fnsem¶mWv i_cnaebnse {io
[À½imkvXmhmb A¿¸³ {io_p²\mtWm F¶ Kl\amb {]iv\w. Ncn{X]chpw kmwkvImcnI
hpamb hnhn[ Xe§fpÅ Cu hnjb¯n\v ]qÀ®hpw bpànk½Xhpamb Hcp D¯cw C¶phsc
e`yambn«nÃ. _Ôs¸« Ncn{X]T\§fpsS BZy L«¯nte¡v t\m¡nbm \mw ImWp¶Xv tIk
cn _meIrjvW]nÅbpsS Ac\qäm−ntesd ]n¶n« _u²Ncn{X kw_Ôamb \nco£W§fmWv.
lyqb³km§nsâ bm{XmhnhcWw ASnØm\am¡n ]¯\wXn«¡v Ing¡v Nµ\ac§Ä¡v {]kn²
amb ae{¼tZi§fn s]« (GeaeþNpcpfnaeþi_cnae) NqcpfnaebmWv AhtemInXkzcþt_m
[nkXzsâ k¶n[nsb¶v At±lw ]cmaÀin¡p¶p. t]mXmfIs¯ thXmfIsa¶v amän adn¡pI
bpw sN¿p¶p. kao]Ime¯v KthjIcm H«pw Xs¶ {i²n¨p ImWm¯ tIkcnbpsS {]kvXmhw
hfsc {it²bamWv.
""Geae\ncbpsS sX¡pIng¡pw ]¯\wXn« Xmeq¡nsâ hS¡pIng¡papÅ i_cnaetZi¯p−m
bncp¶ Hcp lnµpþ_u² t£{Xs¯ bphm³ Nm§v hnhcn¡p¶p.
aeb]ÀÆX\ncbpsS Ing¡mbn t]mXmfIae \n¡p¶p. CXnsâ aebnSp¡pIÄ IS¡pt¼mÄ h
enb A]IS§Ä D−mImdp−v. CXnsâ aebnd¡§fpw kpKaaÃ. CXnsâ km\p¡Ä¡v \nc¸pan
Ã. Cu aebpsS apIÄ`mK¯v Hcp Ddhp−v. CXnsâ shÅw kv^SnIXpeyw sXfnªXmIp¶p. C
Xnse Hcp Ipgnbn \n¶v Hcp henb \Zn ]pds¸Sp¶p. CXv Cu aesb Npän HgpIn Ccp]Xp shÅ
¨m«§Ä Ignªp Z£nWkap{Z¯n sN¶p hogp¶p. {]kvXpX Ddhnsâ Icbn Hcp lnµpIÂ
sh«v (tZhmebw) \n¡p¶p. hcpt¼mgpw t]mIpt¼mgpw AhtemIntXizc³ CXn \nhkn¡mdp
−v. Cu t_m[nkXzs\ ImWWsa¶v AXnbmbn B{Kln¡p¶hÀ Pohm]mbs¯ hnKWn¨v, Cu
Ddhp IS¶v, sshjay§sf XrWhÂKWn¨v taÂt¸m«v aebpsS D¨nbnte¡v Ibdp¶p. ChcnÂ
AÂ]w t]cpam{Xta aebpsS D¨nbn F¯mdpÅp. aebpsS Iogv`mK¯v ]mÀ¡p¶ a\pjyÀ Cu
tZhsâ ZÀi\ap−mIWsa¶v At]£n¨p {]mÀ°n¡pIbmsW¦n Ct±lw Nnet¸mÄ CuizctZ
hsâbpw Nnet¸mÄ Hcp ]mip]XtbmKnbpsSbpw thj§fn {]Xy£s¸Smdp−v...''
]ckv]csshcp²yw tIkcnbpsS teJ\§fn A§n§v ImWp¶psh¦nepw "i_cnae AYhm
Sn_äpw tIcfhpw X½nepÅ _Ôw' F¶ 1940 amÀ¨v 3þmw XobXn amXr`qan {]kn²oIcn¨ teJ\
¯n At±lw Zteema AhXmcambncn¡p¶ AhtemIntXizc t_m[nk¯zsâ \nhmkamb
t]mXmfIae i_cnaebmsW¶v JWvUn¨p ]dbp¶p. bphm³ Nm§nsâ hnhcWs¯¸än tIkcn
bpsS hniIe\w 73 hÀjw ap¼p \ne\n¶ KthjWNmXpcnsb hyàam¡p¶XmWvþ
""BZyambn bphm³ Nm§nsâ hnhcWw i_cnae¡v F{X tbmPn¨ncn¡p¶psh¶v hniZam¡mw.
i_cnaebpw t]mXmfIhpw aeb]ÀÆX¯nemWv ØnXn sN¿p¶Xv. i_cnae tIdm³ ]−p−m
bncp¶ sshjay§Ä tIcfobcmb \ap¡v AdnbmsatÃm? Cu sshjay§Ä Xs¶bmWv
t]mXmfI¯n Ibdp¶hÀ¡pw A`napJoIcnt¡−n h¶Xv. i_cnaebnepw kao]apÅ aeIfn
epw t]mXmfI¯nse¶ t]mse Nµ\acw hfcp¶p−v. Nµ\ac¯nsâ Hcp ]cymbamb kÀ¸njvSw
F¶Xns\ Bkv]Zn¨mWv Nµ\ac§fn kÀ¸§Ä Xq§n¡nS¡psa¶v bphm³Nm§v ]dªn«p
ÅXv. i_cnaebpsS Hcp hi¯p \n¶v ]¼m\Zn DÛhn¨v AXnsâ Hcp hiw apgph³ NpänbmWv
]Snªmtdms«mgpIp¶Xv... AKkvXyIqS¯n AYhm sNdnbs]mXnIbn \n¶pÛhn¡p¶ Xm{a
]ÀWn AXns\ hewshs¨mgpIp¶nÃ...''
tIkcnbpsS Cu hnhcWs¯ aebmfw aXnbmbn {i²n¨n«nÃ. tIcfNcn{X]camtbm _u²Ncn{X
]camtbm bphm³ Nm§nsâ hnhcWs¯ aebmfnIÄ IqSpXÂ KthjW¯n\v hnt[bam¡nbn«n
Ã. t\tc adn¨v _u²Ncn{XImc\mb temtIjv N{µbpsS 1979 Â {]kn²amb "t]mXfI¯nse
1
AhtemIntXizcsâ DÛhw' F¶ ]T\w \oeIWvT[mcWnsb D²cn¨v i_cnaebpsS aqecq]w
\nÊwibw hyàam¡p¶p. aq¶p ]Xnäm−pIÄ¡p tijhpw Cu ]T\w tIcf¯n aXnbmbn
{i²n¡s¸«n«nsöv \ne¡m¯ A¿¸þ_p² hnhmZw kqNn¸n¡p¶p.
tIkcn Ggp ]Xnäm−p ap¼v D²cn¨ bphm³ Nm§nsâ hnhcWt¯msSbmWv temtIjv N{µbpsS
]T\w Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. XpSÀ¶v AtamLh{PbpsS {]kn²amb \oeIWvT[mcWn (P¸m\nse sk³
_u²]c¼cbnse Hgn¨p IqSm\mIm¯ {]mÀ°\) D²cn¨v lcnþlc k¦Â]hpw AhtemInX
kzct_m[nkXz\pw X½nepÅ ISnªq _Ôw hyàam¡p¶p.
\tam cXv\{Xbmb
\a BcymhtemIntXizcmb, t_m[nkXzmb almkXzmb almImcpWnImb
Hmw kÀÆ`btim[\mb Xky \akvIrXzm Cap BcymhtemIntXizc Xh \tam \oeIWvT
lrZbw hÀ¯bnjyman kÀÆmÀ°km[\w ip`w
AtPbw kÀÆ`qXm\mw `hamÀKhntim[Iw
XZyYm
Hmw BtemIm[n]Xn temImXn{Im´ Gln almt_m[nk¯z kÀ] kÀ] kvac kvac lrZbw
Ipcp Ipcp IÀ½ [pcp [pcp hnPbtX almhnPbtX [c [c [mcnWo cmP Ne Ne aa hnae
aqÀt¯ Gln Gln Onµ Onµ Ej {]Nen hnjw hnjw {]Wmib lpep lpep kvac lpep lpep
kc kc kncn kncn kpcp kpcp t_m[nb t_m[nb t_m[bþt_m[b ssa{Xnb \oeIWvT tZln
ta ZÀi\w
{]lcmbamWmb kzmlm kn²mb kzmlm almkn²mbm kzmlm
kn²tbmKoizcmb kzmlm \oeIWvTmb kzmlm
hcmlapJmb kzmlm \cknwlapJmb kzmlm
KZm lkvXmb kzmlm N{IlkvXmb kzmlm ]ßlkvXmb kzmlm
\oeIWvTþ]mWvUcmb kzmlm almXfn i¦cmb kzmlm
\tam cXv\{Xbmb
\a BcymhtemIntXizcmb t_m[nk¯zmb kzmlm
Ggmw \qäm−nsâ BZy]mZw apX Xs¶ Cu \oeIWvTIkqàw No\bn {]Nmc¯nembncp
¶Xmbn (No\þanMv {Xn]nSI) _u²Ncn{XtcJIÄ hyàam¡p¶p. apIfn D²cn¡s¸« kqàIm
c\mb AtamLh{Psâ ImeL«w {InkXphÀjw 723þ774 BIp¶p. inhþhnjvWp k¦Â]hpw Ah
temIntXizc\pw X½nepÅ _Ôw Cu hcnIfn hyàamWv. s{]m^. temtIjv N{µ Hcp ]Sn
IqSn apt¶m«p t]mbn No\tcJIfnse \oeIWvTIkqà¯nsâ aqecq]w ({In.h. 627) D²cn¨v lcn
þlck¦Â]¯nsâ aqÀ¯naÛmhamWv AhtemIntXizcþt_m[nkXzs\¶ hkvXpX shfn¨¯p
sIm−p hcp¶p.
\tam cXv\{Xbmb
\a BcymhtemIntXizcmb, t_m[nk¯zmb almk¯zmb almImcpWnImb
XZyYm
Hmw kÀÆ_Ô\tOZ\Icmb kÀÆ`hkap{ZtÑmjWIcmb kÀÆhym[n{]ia\Icmb
kÀÆCuXyp]{Zhhn\miIcmb kÀÆ`tbm¯mcWIcmb Xky \akvIrXzm CZu BcymhtemIn
tXizc Xh \oeIWvT \ma hcw.
lrZbw thÀ¯bnjyman kÀÆmÀ°km[\w ip`w
AtPbw kÀÆ`qXm\mw `hamÀKhntim[Iw
XZyYm
BtemIm[n]Xn temImXn{Im´ Gln ltc almt_m[nk¯z tl almt_m[nk¯z tl {]nb
t_m[nk¯z tl ImcpWnI kvac lrZbw. Gln lc BcymhtemIntXizcmb, ]ca ssa{XoNn¯
ImcqWnI Ipcp Ipcp IÀ½. km[b km[b hnZymw. tZln tZln ta ]Acw. Kaw Ka hnlwKa
kn²tbmKoizc [pcp [pcp hnPb´n almhnPb´n. [c [c [mcWot{µizc Ne Ne hnaeaqÀt¯
BcymhtemIntXizc Pn\ IrjvWþPSmþapIptS Ae¦rXicoc ew_{]ew_hnew_ almkn²
hnZym[c. _e _e alm_e. aà aÃaà almaÃ. Ne Ne almNe. IrjvWhÀW, IrjvWb£,
IrjvW]mi \nÀKÑ\. tl ]ßlkvX. Nc Nc \nÝtcizc. IrjvWkÀt]IrXbtÚm]hoX
2
Gln tl. almhcmlapJ, {Xn]pcZlt\izc \mcmbWþ_eþcq] hnj[tc tl \oeIWvT Gln
Gln alm lemle hnj \nÀPnX temIky cmKhnjhn\mi\ tZzjhnjhn\mi\ tamlhnj
hn\mi\ \ntam£³ lpep lpep. cmlpem cmlpem. lcltc (lemltc) alm]ß\m`. kc kc
kncn kncn kpc kpc _p²y _p²y t_m[bþt_m[b t_m²yman tX \oeIWvT. GtXyln ]ß
ØnX \cknwlapJ lk lk. kp© kp© alm«lmkyw. GXyln tam tam almkn²tbmKo
izc aW aW hmN. km[b km[b khnZym³. kvac kvac Xm³. `Kh´ temtIm ]temIm Xm³
XYmKXm\mw. ZZmln ta ZÀi\ImakyZÀi\w. {]lcmbamW kzmlm. kn²mb kzmlm. kn²tbm
Koizcmb kzmlm. \oeIWvTmb kzmlm. hcmlapJmb kzmlm. almhcmlapJmb kzmlm. \c
knwlapJmb kzmlm. alm\cknwlapJmb kzmlm. h{PlkvXmb kzmlm almh{PlkvXmb
kzmlm. kn²hnZym[cmb kzmlm. almkn²hnZym[cmb kzmlm. ]ßlkvXmb kzmlm. alm]ß
lkvXmb kzmlm. IrjvWkÀ]IrXbtÚm]hoXmb kzmlm. almaWnapIpS[cmb kzmlm.
N{Imbp[[cmb kzmlm. iwJi_vZ\nt_m[\mb kzmlm. hmakvIÔtZiØnXIrjvWmPn\mb
kzmlm. hmalkvXhym{LNÀa\nhmk\mb kzmlm. temtIizcmb kzmlm. almtemtIizcmb
kzmlm. kÀÆknt²izcmb kzmlm. c£ c£ amw kzmlm.
\tam `KthX BcymhtemIntXizcmb t_m[nk¯zmb almk¯zmb almIcqWnImb
kn²y´p ta a{´]Zm\n kzmlm
i_cnaebnse lcnlc]p{X\mb [À½imkvXmhpw AhtemIntXizcþt_m[nk¯z\pw HcmfmsW
¶ Imcy¯n H«pw Xs¶ kwib¯n\hImianÃ. \oeIWvTþtemtIizc\pw t]mXmfI Ahtem
IntXizc\pw ssihþsshjvWhþ_u² ka\zb¯nsâ {]XoIambn i_cnaebn Ncn{XmXoX
Imew apXÂ Bcm[n¡s¸Sp¶Xmbn ChnsS hyàamIp¶p. temIm[n]Xnbmb hnjvWphpambn
AhtemIntXizcþt_m[nk¯z\pÅ ka\zbamWv Xn_¯nse B²ymßnImNmcy\mb Zembv
emabpsS emkbnse \nhmkØm\¯n\v t]mXmfIw F¶ hntijW¯n\v ImcWambXv.
almssh]pey_p²mhXwkIkq{Xw
temtIjv N{µ t]mXmfIs¯¸änbpÅ NÀ¨bn bphm³ Nm§v AhXwkIkq{Xw hmbn¨ncn¡mw
F¶v A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. AhtemIntXizcsâ `qanbnse kzÀ¤s¯¸än temtIjv N{µ D²cn¡p¶
hm¡pIÄ þ
"Potalaka is on the sea side in the south, it has woods, and streams, and tanks and is in fact a sort o earthly
paradise. Buddhabhadra (A.D.420) calls Kuanyin's mountain Kuang-ming or 'Brilliance' which is usually given as
the rendering for Malaya but a later translator Sikshananda transcribes the name Potalaka. Buddhabhadra's
rendering of Potala is "Brilliance". It refers to its etymology: Tamil pottu (potti) to light (as a fire)..."
s]m«p+BtemI (shfn¨w, tPymXn) = t]mXmfIw F¶ bpàn¡v BtemIm[n]Xn temImXn{Im´
F¶ \oeIWvT[mcWnbnse hntijWw km[pX \ÂIp¶p. C¶s¯ aebmf¯n s]m«p F¶
Xv Xangnse t]mse kqcys\tbm shfn¨s¯tbm kqNn¸n¡p¶pthm CÃtbm F¶ hkvXpX Cu
teJI\v Xn«anÃ. F¶m ]S¡hpw aäpw s]m«n¡pI F¶ kÀÆkm[mcWamb {]tbmK¯nÂ
s]m«n¡p¶Xn\v I¯n¡pI F¶ AÀ°w D−v. t]mXmfIw AXn\m Xo I¯n¨ncp¶ AYhm
shfn¨w {]Xy£s¸«ncp¶ ØeamsW¶v hyàamIp¶p. Cu shfn¨w t_m[nNn¯¯nsâ BhnÀ
`mhw Ipdn¡p¶ Adnhnsâ almshfn¨amsW¶v AhXwkIkq{X¯nÂ1 \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw.
]¯v Zn¡pIsf {]tim`n¸n¨n¡p¶ ]¯v almshfn¨§fpsS aqÀ¯oIcWamb ZnKw_c\mb, \oe
IWvTþtemtIizc\mb, inh\mb AhtemInXkzcþt_m[nk¯z\mWv [À½imkvXmsh¶ Imcy
¯n sXÃpw kwib¯n\v AhImianÃ. ]¯v shfn¨w, ]¯v + BtemIw = ]mXmfIw AYhm
]mXmfsa¶ aqe]Zw ]n¡me¯v aIcþ]ujkw{Im´nbn s]m¶¼eta«nse IÀ¸qcw I¯n¡p

1
AhXwkIkq{Xw t_mt[mZb¯n\p tijw 21 Znhk§fnembpÅ t_m[nhr£¨ph«nse Ime
tZimXoXamb sshtcmN\þ_p²sâ {]hN\§fpsS kw{KlamWv. Ggp Øe§fpw H¼Xp k`I
fpw CXn {]Xy£s¸«p ImWp¶p. 39þmw A²ymbw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv aRvPp{iobpsS AacmhXnbn
se kvXq]w AYhm kwLmcma¯nemWv. ChnsS kp[\³ Kpcphns\ tXSnbpÅ bm{Xbn aRvPp
{iosb I−pap«p¶p. A©p ]¯pw c−pambn ]dbs¸Sp¶ t_m[nk¯zXe§Ä ]n¶n«v Ah
km\w kp[\³ _p²\mbn amdp¶ IYbnemWv 28þmaXp t_m[nk¯z\mb AhtemIntXizcs\
t]mXmfI¯v kÔn¡p¶Xv.
3
¶ ]Xnhp h¶tXmsS t]mXmfIw Bbn ]cnWan¡pIbpw ]n¶oSv ]ptcmlnXhÀ¤w t]mXmfIs¯
t]m¯mfIam¡n kwkvIrXhXvIcn¨ alnjþalnjn IYmIY\¯n\v D]tbmKn¡pIbpw sNbvXn
cn¡mw F¶v Duln¡mw. ]mXmfI¯n\v _u²]mc¼cy¯nep−mbncp¶ {][m\w Xmsg¡mWp¶
AhXwkIkq{X¯nse hnhcW¯n \n¶pw Duln¡mw. ka´`{Zþt_m[nk¯z³ ]dbp¶pþ
When reborn in the Western Land
I will perfect and completely fulfill,
Without exception, these Great Vows,
To delight and benefit all beings.
_u²]mc¼cy¯n P·m´c§Ä¡p hfsc {]kànbp−v. A§s\ ]Snªmdv ]p\ÀP\n¨bmfm
Wv A¿¸s\¶ AhtemInXkzcþt_m[nk¯z³. At±ls¯ ImWp¶Xn\mbn kq[\s\¶
`n£p \S¯nb bm{Xsb¸än AhXwkIkq{Xw ]dbp¶p.2
“Then, the merchant’s son Sudhana arrived in due order at mount Potalaka, and climbing mount Potalaka he looke
d around and searchedeverywhere for the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. Finally he saw the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvar
a on a plateau on the western side of the mountain in aclearing of large woods abounding in young grass, adorned
with springs and waterfalls, and surrounded by various trees. He was sitting cross-legged on a diamond rock
surrounded by a multitude of bodhisattvas seated on rocks of various jewels. He was expounding the Dharma –
explanation called 'the splendour of the door of great friendliness and great compassions belonging to the sphere of
taking care of all sentient beings"
KWvUhyqlkq{Xw {In.]n. \memw \qäm−n kwkvIrX¯nsegpXs¸«sX¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶ Ah
XwkIkq{X¯nsâ t{]mÖze ]cnkam]vXnbmsW¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p. t_m[n`{Z³ A©mw \qäm
−nsâ c−mw ]Xnäm−n CXv No\`mjbnte¡v ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯n. t_m[bm\w F¶v hntijn¸n
¡mhp¶ t_m[nk¯zPohnX¯nsâ ]¯v L«§Ä AYhm Xe§fmWv AhXwkI¯nsâ DÅS
¡w. kp[\s\¶ [m\yISI¯nse (AacmhXn) bphmhv t_m[nk¯zþaRvPp{iobpsS \nÀt±i
{]Imcw `mcXamsI IeymWmarXcmb `n£p¡sf tXSn k©cn¡pIbpw A¼¯nc−p kn²·msc
I−v t_m[nk¯zNcybneqsS Ahkm\w ka´`{Zþt_m[nk¯z\n hnebw {]m]n¡p¶p. kp[
\sâ bm{Xbn I−pap«p¶ Ccp]¯nsb«mw IeymWmarX\mWv AhtemIntXizc³. aRvPp{io,
ssat{Xb³, ka´`{Z³ apXembhcpambn XmcXays¸Sp¯pt¼mÄ KWvUhyqlcN\mIme¯v
AhtemIntXizc³ {]m[m\yw BÀÖn¨ph¶ncp¶ Hcp t_m[nk¯z\mbncp¶psh¶pw h{Pbm\
¯nsâ Hcp ]pXnb apJhpw ssienbpw KWvUhyql¯n \ngen¡p¶Xmbpw ]WvUnX·mÀ A`n
{]mbs¸Sp¶p.
_u²]mc¼cy¯n ]Snªmdv F¶ {]tbmKw kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv bYmÀ°¯n Z£nWamWv F¶
hkvXpX temtIjv N{µ hyàam¡p¶Xv hfsc {it²bamb kwKXnbmWv. sX¡pw ]Snªmdpw
H¶mIp¶ `mcX¯nsâ sX¡p]Snªmdp aqe tIcfamsWtÃm?

II. _u²]mc¼cy¯n ]SnªmdpÅ tIcf¯nsâ {]m[m\yw

B[nImcnIambn tIcf¯nse _u²]mc¼cyw hyàam¡p¶ IrXnIÄ Csöv Xs¶ ]dbmw.

s{]m^. ]n. kn. AeIvkm−dpsS 1949 Â A®mae kÀÆIemime {]kn²oIcn¨ {]_ÔamWv
(1943-46, D.Lit) {it²bamb BZy IrXnsb¶v ]dbmw. F³. kZminhsâ "C´ybpsS kmaqly
Ncn{Xw' tIcf¯nse _u²]mc¼cyw kmam\yw hniZambn NÀ¨ sN¿p¶p−v. AeIvkm−dpsS
BapJw XpS¡¯n Xs¶ Xsâ ]T\¯n\v A`napJoIcnt¡−n h¶ ZpchØ hniZam¡p¶p−v.
(I) kmlnXy]ctam, `qJ\t\m ]camb sXfnhpIsfm¶pw Xs¶bnÃ.
2
atha khalu sudhanaḥ śreṣṭhidārako…anupūrveṇa yena potalakaḥ parvatas tena-
upasaṃkramya potalakaṃ parvatam abhiruhya avalokiteśvaraṃ bodhisattvaṃparimārgan parigaveṣamāno’drakṣīd
avalokiteśvaraṃ bodhisattvaṃ paścimadikparvata-utsaṅge utsasaraḥprasravaṇa-
upaśobhitenīlataruṇakuṇḍalakajātamṛduśādvalatale mahāvanavivare vajraratna-
śilāyāṃ paryaṅkaṃ baddhvā upaviṣṭaṃ nānāratnaśilā-talaniṣaṇṇa-
aparimāṇabodhisattvagaṇaparivṛtaṃ dharmaṃ deśayamānaṃ sarva-
jagatsaṃgrahaviṣayaṃ mahāmaitrīmahākaruṇāmukha-udyotaṃ nāma dharmaparyāyaṃsaṃprakāśayantam |

4
(J) imIyap\nbpsS {iaW]c¼c¡v tIcf¯n kmaqlnIamb AhinjvSsam¶pw ZriyaÃ. Hcp
Zzn]hwitam almhwitam tIcf¯nse _u²cpsS Ncn{Xw kw_Ôn¨v e`yaÃ.
(K) hncfamb XanÄþaebmfw kmlnXy§fnse ]cmaÀi§fpw GXm\pw Nne ]pcmhkvXp¡fpw
am{XamWv Ncn{X]T\¯n\v Ahew_ambn«pÅXv.
(L) sh¦SKncn hS¡pw I\ymIpamcn sX¡pw Ing¡vþ]Snªmdv kap{Z§fpambn ØnXn sNbvXncp
¶ ]gb Ime XangI¯nse aq¶p cmjv{Sobhn`mK§fmb tNcþtNmfþ]mWvUycmPy§fpsS kmw
kvImcnssIIyw IW¡nseSpt¡−Xp−v. XangIs¯ aqhcicn {][m\n tNc\mbncp¶psh¶
hkvXpXbpw sImSpwXangnsâ s]mXphmb ss]XrIhpw HmÀ½bnencnt¡− hkvXpXIfmWv.
(M) tIcf¯nse _u²bpKw aebmfIrXnIfpsS BhnÀ`mh¯n\v ap¼v Xs¶ Ahkm\n¨ncp¶Xn
\m aWntaJe, Nne¸XnImcw apXemb Xangv cN\IfmWv _u²]mc¼cyw a\Ênem¡p¶Xn\v
Ahew_w.
tIcf¯nse _u²]mc¼cys¯¸än s{]m^. AeIvkm−À 65 hÀjw aps¼gpXnbXn\¸pdw Hcp
]Sn t]mepw sh¡phm³ ]n¡me KthjIÀ¡p Ignªn«nÃ. At±l¯m NÀ¨ sN¿s¸«
tIcfob _u²]mc¼cy¯nsâ hnhn[ hi§sf¸än \maam{Xamb ]T\§sf¦nepw ]n¡me¯v
D−mbn«pt−m F¶v kwibnt¡−nbncn¡p¶p. Nm¯\mcpsS aWntaJe, Cft¦m ASnIfpsS Nne
¸XnImcw, AtimIenJnX§Ä, {ioaqehmks¯¸änbpÅ Ht¶m ct−m ]cmaÀi§Ä ChbnÂ
HXp§n \n¡p¶p \½psS KthjWw.
{io. kZminhsâ Ncn{XIrXnbn almhwiw D²cn¨v c£nX[ocs\¶ _u²`n£p tIcf¯nse
¯n lo\bm\¯n\v henb {]Nmcw \ÂInbXmbpw XpSÀ¶v {InkvXphÀjw 65þmwam−n [À½im
k\s\¶ `n£p Cabhc¼³ s\Spt©c BXsâ Ime¯v kntemWn \n¶pw sImSp§Ãqcnse
¯nbncp¶Xmbpw ]dbp¶p. kntemWn \n¶papÅ kzm[o\¯n\v ap¼v Xs¶ AtimIb\b¨
`n£p¡fm ]ÝnaXoc¯neqsSbpw Im©o]pcw hgnbmbpw _p²aXw tIcf¯n {]Ncn¨ncn¡mw
F¶v an¡ KthjIcpw A\pam\n¡p¶p. {InkvXphÀjw c−pw F«p \qäm−pIÄ¡nSbnse _u²
Ncn{X¯n tim`mbam\ambn ImWp¶ ]e t]cpIfpw {ZmhnU AYhm XangI¯nsâ kw`mh\bm
sW¶pw þ \mKmÀÖp\³, BcytZh³, t_m[n[À½³, [À½IoÀ¯n, hkp_Ôp, Zn\\mK³,
`hhnthI, [À½]me³, _p²tLmj³, _p²Z¯³, þ Chcn ]ecpw tIcfobcmbncp¶psh¶pw
kZminh³ hyàam¡p¶p. kn²sshZy¯nsâ {]Nmc¯n _p²aXw hln¨ ]¦pw tIcf¯nse
_Ôs¸« _u²cpsS {]hÀ¯\hpw kZminh³ shfn¨¯p sIm−phcp¶p−v. cmksshtijnI
kq{X§fpsS IÀ¯mhmb `Z´þ\mKmÀÖp\³ I\ymIpamcn¡Sp¯v acpXzmaebn ]Xns\«p
hÀjw X]Êp sNbvX tijw tNÀ¯e¡Sp¯ Xncphngmbn ]mÀ¯v sshZyhr¯n sN¿pIbpw
]n¡me¯v \cknwlmZnIfmb (IehqÀþtNÀ¯e kztZiw) [mcmfw injy·mcneqsS {]kn²\m
IpIbpw sNbvXp. tNÀ¯e¡Sp¯ IS¡c¸Ånbpw hmKv`Ssâ XIgnbpw Hm¨ndþ]c{_Òhpw aäpw
_u²cpsS sshZyhr¯nbpsS {][m\ tI{µ§fmbncp¶p.
kZminh³ hnh[ hntZibm{XnIcpsS hnhcW§fpw, Øe\ma§fpw, BNmcm\pjvTm\§fpw,
imkvXmþt£{X§fpsS {]m[m\yhpw D²cn¨v _p²aXw Bbnc¯ntesd hÀj¡mew tIcf¯nÂ
{]m_ey¯nencp¶psh¶ hkvXpX hyàam¡p¶p. At±l¯n\v e`yamb sXfnhpIsf Bkv]Zam
¡n atl{µKncnbmWv bphm³ NmMv ]cmaÀin¡p¶ aeIqSsa¶pw AKkvXyIqSamWv AhtemIntX
izcsâ Øm\sa¶pw {]kvXmhn¡p¶Xn sXäp ]änsb¶v temtIjv N{µbpsS ]T\w kqNn¸n¡p
¶p. `mcX¯nse {]kn²cmb lnµpssZh§sfÃmw Xs¶ D¯c`mcX¯n s]mXpsh Bcm[n¡
s¸Sp¶hcpw ]pcmW{KÙ§fn hniZamb NÀ¨IÄ¡v hnjbo`hn¨hcpw Bbncns¡ tIcf¯n
se imkvXr]qP {]ISam¡p¶ sshcp²yw _u²kzm[o\¯nsâ sISmhnf¡msW¶v \ap¡v
\nÊwibw a\Ênem¡mw. _p²aXw £oWn¡p¶Xn\p ImcWambn kZminh³ Nq−n¡m«p¶Xv
almbm\þ]c¼cbnse X{´hnZybpsS AXn{]kcamWv. h{Pbm\w AYhm X{´bm\w _u²Nn´
bn AhtemInXkzc³, Xmc, {]Úm]mcanXm F¶o tZhXIÄ¡v e`n¨ {]mapJyw _u²Nn´bp
sS bpàn`{ZX¡v Xpc¦w sh¡p¶Xn ]ptcmlnXhÀ¤s¯ klmbn¨p. AeIvkm−dpsS ]T\
¯nepw _p²kwL¯nsâ ]n¡me PoÀ®XbmWv \mi¯nsâ {][m\ ImcWambn ]dbp¶Xv.

5
Cuhn[ \nKa\§Ä F{Xam{Xw kXyamWv? imkvXm]qPbpsS {]tXyIamb ]mc¼cy¯n\v ImcW
amb tIcf¯nse {]tXyIamb kmaqlnI Npäp]mSpIsf´mbncp¶p? _p²aXw \mamhtijamsb
¦nepw imkvXmhnsâ AYhm lcnlc]p{Xsâ Bcm[\ \nÀºm[w XpScp¶Xn\v ImcWsa´mWv?
\oeIWvT[mcWnbn ZriyamIp¶ ssihþsshjvWhþ_u² ka\zbw tIcfs¯ AYhm
almbm\ _u²Nn´sb F§s\ _m[n¨p? C§s\ D¯cw In«m¯ hnhn[ {]iv\§Ä¡v
apIfn ]cmaÀin¡s¸« ]T\§Ä hyàamb D¯cw \ÂIp¶nÃ. _u²]mc¼cy¯nsâ tIcf
¯nse thcpIÄ tXSn IqSpXÂ At\zjWw Ahiyam¡p¶ kmlNcyamWnXv.
bphm³ NmMv ]dbp¶ aeIqSw AeIvkm−dpsS ]T\¯nÂ
bphm³ Nms§¶ No\k©mcnbpsS hnhcWw tIkcnbpsS ]T\¯n \n¶pw BZy`mK¯v D²cn
¡pIbp−mbn. 1946 se AeIvkm−dpsS {]_Ô¯nepw aeIqStasX¶ {]iv\w Bdmw A²ymb
¯n hniZambn NÀ¨ sN¿s¸Sp¶p−v. Nne hnZzm·mÀ X§fpsS Hmtcmtcm CSp§nb Nn´mKXn
Isf ]n´pW¡p¶Xn\v IpcpS·mÀ B\sb I−Xp t]mse Ncn{XcN\ \S¯nbXnsâ hniZmwi
§fnte¡v ChnsS IS¡p¶nÃ. tIkcnbpsS Fgp¯pIfpw AeIvkm−dpsS hniIe\hpw Hcpan¨p
tNÀ¯p hmbn¡pt¼mÄ hfsc {]kàamb Hcp Is−¯Â AeIvkm−À \S¯p¶Xv BcpsSbpw
{i²bn s]Sp¶Xpw hnhmZ¯n\v ]cnlmcw \ÂIp¶XpamWv. (]pdw 98)
" Mr. Beal the Chinese editor remarks in a note that Malakuta was also called Chi-mo-lo. These syllables are
identified with 'Tamila' (by Dr. Caldwell) the name of the Tamil people. The identification of the Chinese pilgrim's
Malakuta with Malainadu has gained acceptance at the hands of many eminet scholars and they are inclined to
concede the view that the pilgrim's travels included Malabar too. Prof. K.A. Nilakantha Sastri says: "with whatever
defects of method, Cunningham must be held to have arrived at a substantially sound identification of Malayakuta
(as he renders the name) in his statement that the province of Malaya kuta must have included the modern districts
of Tanjore and Madura on the east with Coimbatore, Cochin and Travancore on the west". It is also pointed out
that the area so indicated would roughly correspond to the Pandyan kingdom as it was in the days when the pilgrim
came to south India.
apIfnse D²cWnbn \ap¡v Gähpw {it²bambXv BZys¯ hcnbmWv. aeIqSw Nnþtamþtem
F¶pw Adnbs¸«ncp¶phs{X! F´mWv Cu Nnþtamþtem?
tIkcnbpsS Fgp¯pIÄ ]eXpw kmam\y_p²n¡pw KWnX¯n\pw aäpw A¸pdw \n¡p¶psh¦n
epw `mjm]camb Is−¯epIÄ At±l¯nsâ ]mWvUnXys¯ shfnhm¡p¶hbmWv. {ioaqehm
ks¯¸änbpÅ Xsâ teJ\¯n Nnþtamþtem {ioaqew F¶Xnsâ No\cq]amsW¶v At±lw
hyàam¡p¶p. cmPy§sf AhbpsS XeØm\\KcnIfpsS t]cp sIm−v hywKn¸n¨ncp¶ coXn A
\pkcn¨v aeIqS¯nsâ XeØm\w AYhm {][m\ \Kcn AYhm {][m\amb _u²kt¦Xw {io
aqehmkambncp¶psh¶v \ap¡v a\Ênem¡mw. apIfn \ÂInb D²cWn ]mWvUycmPyhpambn
sX¡³tIcf¯n\p−mbncp¶ _mÔhs¯bpw i_cnaebpsS Ncn{X¯n ]mWvUy¯nsâ t]cp
{]kvXmhyamIp¶Xnsâ ]Ým¯ehpw kqNn¸n¡p¶p.
]Snªmdns\ sX¡m¡nb {ioaqehmkw
temtIjv N{µbpsS ]T\w Oddyana: A New Perspective AXn]pcmX\amb \mep Xm{´nI]oT§fn
sem¶mb HVymWw Im©o]pcamsW¶ Is−¯Â AhXcn¸n¡p¶p. Im©o]pcs¯, Z£nW
`mcXs¯ h{Pbm\¯nsâ P·`qanbm¡n amäp¶ \nKa\amWnXv. _u²tcJIfn imIycpsS
Øew Ing¡pw {io_p²\v kaImenI\mbncp¶ C{µ`qXn F¶ cmPmhnsâ Øeamb HVymWw
]SnªmdpamWv. Cu HVymWw Im©o]pcamsW¶v HVymWw, Im©n F¶o hm¡pIfpsS AÀ°w
"AcªmWw' kqNn¸n¡p¶p. h{Pbm\w BZyambn D]tZin¡s¸«Xv ChnsSbmsW¶v ]e _u²
IrXnIfpw (Treasures of the Sakya Lineage: Teachings from the Masters, ) kqN\ \ÂIp¶p. t\tc adn¨v
`mcX¯nsâ sX¡p `mK¯mWv C¶s¯ AacmhXn AYhm IrjvWbpsS Icbnse [m\y--ISIw
(Place of Heaped Rice) F¶v _u²tcJIÄ ]dbp¶p. ChnsSbmWv iw`fcmPmhmb kpN{µ/IpfnI\v
imIyap\n ImeN{IX{´w D]tZin¨Xv. HVymW¯n\v hfsc AIsebà Cu Øew F¶p ]dbp
¶Xn\m Im©nbpw sX¡³`mcX¯nsâ `mKamtI−XmsW¦nepw s{]m^. temtIjv N{µ adn
s¨mcp \nKa\amWv \ÂIp¶Xv.

6
"Twelve scrolls of Nilakantha Lokesvara texts in Chinese have been found at Tun-huang (Giles:105-116).
Manuscript 3793 of the stein collection of Chinese scrolls from Tun-huang adds a note at the end: 'Translated at
Khotan by the sramana Bhagavaddharma of Western India'. Here west means 'South India' as we have already
pointed out in our article on Oddiyana. It is notable that Bhagavaddharma accomplished the translation at Khotan
"
]Snªmsd¶ ]cmaÀiw sX¡mIWsa¦n sX¡p]Snªmdn\v hfsc {]kn²nbp−mIWw. Nnþtam
þtem F¶v No\À hntijn¸n¡p¶ {ioaqehmkw Cu kmlNcy¯n hfsc {]kàamIp¶p. aq
jnIImhyhpw aäpw D²cn¨v tIkcn {ioaqehmkw sImSp§Ãqcn\Sp¯mbncp¶psh¶v kn²m´n¡p
¶p. KmÔmctZi¯p Is−¯s¸« AhtemIntXizcþt_m[nkXzsâ hn{Kl¯n\pta "Z£nW
]tY aqehmktemI\mY' F¶v tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶ hkvXpX aqehmk¯n\v _u²temI¯v
e`yambncp¶ IoÀ¯n shfnhm¡p¶p. i_cnae HVymW]oTw t]mse {]kn²amb ]qÀ®Kncnbm
sW¶v tIkcn 1124 Nn§w 20 \v aebmfat\mca {]kn²oIcn¨ teJ\¯n ]dbp¶psh¦nepw
kaÀ°n¡p¶nÃ.
kZminh³ {ioaqehmkw Xr¡p¶¸pgbmsW¶v hmZn¡pt¼mÄ tIkcn \ÂIp¶ kqN\ sImSp§
Ãqcn\Sp¯pÅ temIatÃizcamWv. {In.h. Bdmw \qäm−p apX _p²aXw tIcf¯n £bn¨p
sh¶v Duln¡p¶ tIkcn bphm³ Nm§ns\ tIkcn D²cn¡p¶Xv C{]ImcamWvþ
""\m«pImcn NneÀ _p²aXw A\pkcn¨p hcp¶p−v. tijn¨hÀ ]mjWvU·mÀ BIp¶p.
hnÚm\s¯ ChnS¯pImÀ A[nIw _lpam\n¨p hcp¶nÃ... ]e {]mNo\§fmb _u²`n£paT
§fpsS AhinjvS§Ä ChnsS ImWmw. ]s£ aXnepIÄ am{Xta Ahtijn¨n«pÅp. `n£p¡Ä
A[nIanÃ. At\Iw lnµptZhmeb§fpw A\h[n ]mjWvUcpw {]tXyIn¨v ssP\cpw
ChnsSbp−v. XeØm\¯n\v Ipsd Ing¡mbn Hcp ]pcmX\ kwLmcmaw ImWmw. CXnsâ ap³hiw
ImSp]nSn¨p InS¡p¶p. CXnsâ ASns¡«p aXn \n¡p¶p−v... atl{µ³ ]Wn Ign¸n¨XmWnXv...
Xdbn XmWpt]mb Hcp kvXq]w CXn\p Ing¡p hi¯p ImWmw. CXnsâ irwKw am{Xw \ne¯p
\n¶p s]m´n \n¡p¶p. AtimIcmPmhp ]Wnbn¨Xt{X CXv''
bphm³ Nm§ns\ D²cn¨v aqehmkw Ggmw \qäm−n \mtim·pJambncp¶p F¶v Øm]n¡p¶
tIkcn aqehmk¯nse Xmes¸menbmWv bphm³Nm§v kv{XoIfpsS ]´w sImfp¯embn hÀ®n
¡p¶sX¶pw aäpw A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. kÀ¸§Ä Xq§n¡nS¡p¶ Nµ\ac§Ä I− No\³ ]dbp
¶sXÃmw apJhnes¡Sp¡pI hfsc A]ISIcambncn¡pw. tIkcnbpsS hmZw icnsb¶p kzoIcn
¨m hn{IamZnXy hcKpWsâ sN¼p ]«b¯nse Xncpaqe]mZw H³]Xmw \qäm−n F§s\
km[yamIpw F¶ tNmZyw Dbcp¶p. {ioaqehmkw C¶s¯ [À½S¯n\Sp¯msW¶v hmZn¡p¶h
cpap−v.
i_cnae¡pw Xr¡p¶¸pg¡pw CSbnÂ
tIcfob _u²]mc¼cy¯n\v A\ntj[yamb sXfnhmbn a[yXncphnXmwIqdnse hnhn[ Øe§
fpw XncpBX³tImsS¶ XncphnXmwIqdp Xs¶bpw km£yw \ÂIp¶p. kZminh³ hnkvXmc¯nÂ
Xs¶ imkvXmt£{X§fpsSbpw Øe\ma§fpsSbpw _u²_Ôw NÀ¨ sN¿p¶p. "At¿m' F¶
aebmfnbpsS ('O' God') Bßhnem]w Xs¶ A¿³, A¿¸³, C§s\ _p²\p e`yambncp¶ hnti
jW§fpsS ]cnWXnbmsW¶v At±lw Nq−n¡m«p¶Xv \ntj[n¡pI h¿. A¨³, Ip«³...
C§s\ ]e hntijW§fpw _p²\p−mbncp¶sh¶Xpw hfsc kXyamsW¶v BÀ¡pw t_m²y
s¸Smw.

III. aWvUehrXhpw aIctPymXnbpw _u²]mc¼cy¯nsâ sISmhnf¡pIÄ

Fs´ms¡ tcJIÄ D²cn¨mepw imkvXmhv lnµphmsW¶v hmZn¡p¶ lnµpXzanÃm¯ \qX\þ
lnµpsshXmfnI·mÀ `qX\mtYm]mJym\w t]msebpÅ Akw_ÔIrXnIfpw aXn{`aw Dfhm¡p¶
sFXnly§fpw sIm«ntLmjn¨p sImt−bncn¡pw. F¶m i_cnaebpsS kXyw ]ptcmlnX
hÀ¤w ]S¨p−m¡nb Akw_ÔIYIfpsSsbms¡ ]q¨v ]pd¯p sIm−phcp¶p. Cu teJ\¯n
sâ BZy `mK¯v D²cn¨ \oeIWvT[mcWn Xs¶bmWv aIctPymXn _u²mNmcamsW¶ hkvXp
X shfnhm¡p¶Xv. almImcpWnIkq{Xw F¶v {]kn²amb Cu _u²a{´¯n\v BapJambn
No\þ]IÀ¸pIÄ \ÂIp¶ BapJw i_cnaebpsS kXyw shfn¨¯p sIm−phcp¶p.
7
Xes¡«nsâ ]qÀ®cq]w
kl{k`pP, kl{km£, AhtemIntXizcþt_m[nk¯zsâ hnimehpw ]qÀ®hpw \nÀºm[hp
amb almImcpWnINn¯þ[mcnWo kq{Xw
[AhtemIntXizc\v AhtemInXkzcs\¶pw t]cp−v]
{Xn]nSI 1060
XmMvþhwihmgvN¡me¯v ]Snªmdp \n¶papÅ {iaWþ`Kh²À½³ ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nbXv
[]Snªmsd¶Xv {]tXyIw {i²n¡Ww. tIcfamWv ]Snªmsd¶v ap¼v NÀ¨ sNbvXn«p−v]
imIyap\n t]mXmfI¯nse AhtemIntXizcsâ sIm«mc¯nse t_m[naWvU]¯n cXv\J
NnXamb knwlmk\¯nencp¶cpfp¶p. [mcmfw t_m[nk¯zþalmk¯z·mÀ: [mcWocmP³, \n[n
cmP³, ss`jPycmP³, ss`jPykapZvKX³, AhtemIntXizc³, alkvXa{]m]vX³, AhXwkI³
..., h{PKÀ`³, BImiKÀ`³, ssat{Xb³, ka´`{Z³, aRvPp{io, almIiy]sâ t\XrXz¯nÂ
[mcmfw {ihIÀ (BX³amÀ), `qanbnsebpw kzÀ¤¯nsebpw ssZh§Ä, \mKþb£þIn¶cmZnIÄ
C§s\ \nch[n t]À At±ls¯ tIÄ¡phm³ F¯nbncp¶p.
imIyap\n ssh]pey[mcWnsb¸än kwkmcn¡p¶ kµÀ`¯n bZrÑbm AhtemIntXizcsâ
Znhy{]` ZnK´§sf kphÀ®tim`sIm−p \nd¨p. kqcy\pw N{µ\pw \njv{]`ambn, `qanbpw ]ÀÆX
§fpw Ipep§n... hnNn{Xamb Cu A\p`hap−mbt¸mÄ [mcWocmPt_m[nk¯z³ ]oT¯nÂ
\n¶pw FWoäv ssIIq¸ns¡m−v _p²t\mSv C{]Imcw ]dªp.
ZnK´§sfÃmw C§s\ kphÀ®tim`bm Pzen¡p¶Xv GXv _p²sâ DZb¯memWv? C¶v
BcmWv Adnhnsâ \nXyamb {]Imiw ssIhcn¨Xv?
Cu Znhy{]`bpsS DdhnSadnbmsX k`bmsI AÛpXs¸SpIbmWv. _p²t\m, t_m[nk¯zt\m,
{_Òt\m, {ihIt\m, C{µt\m BcmWv C¶v kzmX{´yw ssIhcn¨Xv?
almImcpWnI\mb A§v R§tfmSv BcmWv Cu Znhy{]`bpsS ImcWsa¶v ]dªmepw.
[mcWocmPt\mSv _p²³ ]dªp:
Cu k`bn C¶v AhtemIntXizcs\¶ Hcp t_m[nk¯zalmk¯z\pÅXmbn \n§Ä Adnb
Ww. F®aä IÂ]§Ä ap¼v apX Zbm]c\mbn ]caImcpWnI\mbn PohI·msc A\p{Kln¡p
¶ AhtemIntXizc\mWv Cu IÀ¸qcIm´n¡v ImcWambXv.
AhtemIntXizc³ Cu kabw FWoäv _p²s\ ssIhW§n Xsâ ssIhiapÅ almImcpWnI
[mcWnsb¸än ]dªp.
t]mXmfIhpw \oeIWvT[mcWn kw_Ôhpamb `Kh²À½sâ Cu hm¡pIÄ aIchnf¡nsâ
clkyw hyàam¡p¶p. \oeIWvT[mcWn a\pjyÀ¡v e`yambXv AhtemIntXizcsâ Úmt\mZ
b¯neqsSbmWv. Cu Úmt\mZb¯nsâ kvacW \ne\nÀ¯p¶ BNmcamWv aIckw{Ia¯n\v
s]m¶¼eta«nse IÀ¸qcw I¯n¡epw i_cnaebnse aIchnf¡v ImgvNbpw. {]mWþkqcysâ
Z£nWmb\w IÀ¡nSIkw{Iat¯msS Bcw`n¨v `qan, Pew, Aán F¶n§s\ aq¶p aWvUe§Ä
(aWvUew: kqcysâ 400 AYhm 41 Zn\§Ä) ]n¶n«v hrÝnIkw{Ia¯n\v hmbpaWvUew Bcw`n
¡p¶p. Cu hmbpaWvUeImeamWv C¶v BNcn¡s¸Sp¶ 41 Znhks¯ aWvUehrXw. Cu \mep
aWvUe§Ä \mep Zn¡pIsfbpw ]n¶oSv hcp¶ aWvUew tI{µw AYhm t_m[nþaWvU]s¯
{]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶p. NXpÀ`qX§fpw t_m[kzcq]hpamWv _u²k¦Â]w. A©masXmcp BImi
aWvUe¯n\p ]Icw t_m[nhr£¨ph«nse [ym\kzcq]amWv D¯cmb\w Ipdn¡p¶ kqcysâ
aIckw{Iaw. AhtemIntXizcþt_m[nk¯z\v t_mt[mZbw km[yambn [À½þimkvXmhmb
ZnhkamWv aIckw{Im´n. t]mXmfI¯nse ap¼v ]dbs¸« _p²sâ BKa\hpw k`bpw \S¶Xv
Hcp aIckwIat¯mS\p_Ôn¨msW¶v CXn\m Duln¡mw. ImeN{IX{´hpambn _Ôs¸«
k¦Â]amWnXv. Hmtcm t_m[nk¯z\pw Xsâ [À½m[nImcw G¡p¶Xv bYmhn[nbpÅ A`ntj
I¯neqsSbpw apIpS[mcW¯neqsSbpamWv. i_cnaebnsebpw CXc t£{X§fnsebpw A`ntj
I§fpsS DdhnSw _u²mNcWamsW¶v tcJIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶p. lnµpt£{X§fnse hn{Kl§Ä
]eXpw, ZmcpinÂ]§Ä, A`ntjIw km[yamIp¶ kmlNcyaÃ.
8
aWvUehrXw
\oeIWvT[mcWn¡v BapJambn AhtemIntXizc³ [mcWnbpsS iànbpw D]tbmKhpw aäpw
hniZoIcn¡p¶ Iq«¯n a{´w ^ew sN¿p¶Xn\v hrXw AhiyamsW¶ Imcyw hyàam¡p¶p.
_u²]c¼c A\pimkn¡p¶ aq¶p \nba§Ä ChbmWv.
1. kky`£Ww
2. ]qÀÆmÓ¯n am{Xw `£Ww Ign¡pI
3. ]©ioew (AlnwkþA\rXmZnIÄ)
FÃm PohPme§fnepw kaZÀinIXbmWv Cu hmbpaÞe¯nsâ {]tXyIX. \mep aWvUe§Ä
am{Xta `uXnIambn _u²Nn´ AwKoIcn¡p¶pÅp. t_m[nk¯z\mIWsa¶pÅ DXvISamb
A`nemj¯nsâ \nZm\amWv ]XmfI¯nse \oeIWvTþtemtIizcs\ tXSnbpÅ XoÀ°bm{X.
_u²`qanbnse F«p Xe§Ä IgnªpÅ BtcmlWamWv Icnaebpw \oenaebpw F¶v a\Ênem
¡nbm A¿¸·mcpsS aeIbä¯nsâ X¯zclkyw a\Ênem¡mw. _u²m\pjvT\§fpsS ImX
emb ka´`{Zþt_m[nk¯zsâ `{ZNcnsb ASnØm\am¡nbmWv aWvUehrXw \nÀ±njvSambncn
¡p¶Xv.
apIfn D²cn¡s¸« almImcpWnI[mcWn _p²`Khmsâ h{Pbm\þXt¯zm]tZi¯nemWv
Ahkm\n¡p¶Xv. s]m¶¼etaSpw i_cnaebpw h{Pbm\¯nsâ \nKqVtI{µ§fmbncp¶ncn¡mw
F¶v Xn_änse emaamcpsS A\pjvTm\§sf Bkv]Zam¡n Duln¡mw. tIcf¯nepw t\¸mf¯pw
Xn_¯nepw C¶pw Hcpt]mse ZriyamIp¶ ]tKmU amXrIbnepÅ t£{X§Ä hnNn{Xamb Hcp
Ncn{XmXoIme _mÔhw kqNn¸n¡p¶pap−v.
IV. imIyknwlhpw tIcfhpw
Xncp BX³ tImSv XncphnXmwtImSpw XncphnXmwIqdpw Bbnsb¶ Imcy¯n BÀ¡pw kwibw
D−mIm\nSbnÃ. kZminh³ ]dbp¶ A¿\pw Ip«\pw Hs¡ aebmftZi¯p−mbncp¶ _u²
kzm[o\¯nsâ sXfnhpIfmWv. At¿m F¶ `Khmt\ hnfnbn A¿¸s\¶ imkvXmhv \ndªp
\n¡p¶p. [À½þimkvXmhv F¶Xnse [À½w cXv\{Xb§fnsem¶mWv. [À½w _p²w kwLw
ChbmsWtÃm aq¶p cXv\§Ä. ChnsS [À½w at\mþ_p²n kwLmXcq]¯nepÅ {_ÒmWvU¯n
sâ A´xk¯bmWv. AhtemInXkzcþt_m[nk¯z³ C§s\ [À½cq]nbmb {_ÒmWvU¯n\v
kZm ImtXmÀ¯v Ignbp¶ almImcpWnI\mb imkvXmhmWv. imIyknwlhpw, imkvXmhpw tIcf
hpw F§s\ GXp Ime¯v ]ckv]cw [À½_²ambn F¶ tNmZy¯n\v Adnbs¸Sp¶ kmaqlnIþ
Ncn{X LSI§fn D¯canÃ. AÂ]w IS¶p Nn´n¨m \ap¡v tIcfNcn{X¯n ]nSn In«msX
InS¡p¶ asämcp {]tlfnIbpw Ds−¶v a\ÊnemIpw þ \mbcpw Cugh\pw IpeþtZiþPmXnþIme
t`Z§sfm¶pw IqSmsX A\phÀ¯n¨p hcp¶ kÀ¸mcm[\bmWnXv. Xncp BX³ tImSv C¶pw
kÀ¸¯nsâ \mK§fpsS temI¯nse Gähpw henb XdhmSp Xs¶bmWv. imkvXmhpw \mK§fpw
sImSnIp¯nhmW `qanbn imIyap\nbnsöv ]dbp¶ h¦·mÀ¡v `mcXNcn{Xtam, _u²Ncn{X
tam, \½psS kmwkvImcnIss]XrItam H¶pw Xs¶ Xn«ansöv ]dtb−nbncn¡p¶p. ]tKmU
amXrIbnepÅ \½psS t£{X§Ä, \mKmcm[\ Ch t\¸mfs¯ ]Snªmd³ aeIqS¯n ]dn¨p
\« {]XoXnbmWpfhm¡p¶Xv. t\¸mfXnÀ¯nbnepÅ \mK]qcw C¶pw hmkpInbpsS XeapdI
sf¶v AhImis¸Sp¶ Hcp P\]Z¯ntâXmWv. imIyKWw `mcXamsI Hcp Ime¯v \ne\n¶ncp¶
\mKþKWcmPy§fnsem¶msW¶v _u²Ncn{X¯nse \mKkw_Ôamb sFXnly§fn \n¶pw
kt¦X§fnse Nn{XoIcW§fn \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw. kn²mÀ°þKuXasâ Cu \mK_Ôw
BWv _u²Nn´bpsS {]Nmc¯n\v B¡w Iq«nbXv. ]ptcmlnXþhÀ¤w NmXpÀhÀWyhpw thZa{´
§fpta´n NqjW¯nsâ t]¡p¯v \S¯nbncp¶ kmlNcy¯nemWv hociqc·mcmb \mKþcmPm
¡·mcpw P\]Z§fpw kn²mÀ°s\ ssI\o«n kzoIcn¨Xv. Ncn{XImc·mÀ AtimIaucy\v Xosdgp
Xp¶ _p²aX{]NmcWw kn²À°þKuXa\v tijw ap¶qdntesd hÀj§Ä IgnªpÅ kw`h§
fmWv. AtimIþaucy³ {]Ncn¸n¨ aXw ]pcmhkvXphmbn Ipgns¨Sp¯Xmbncp¶nÃ. ]mdn]d¶p
\n¶ \mKhwi¯nsâ, cmPÀjnamcpsS B²ymßnIk¯sb tXmfnteän kzbw A\izcbiÊp
t\SpIbmWv \mKhwinbmb AtimI³ sNbvXXv. tIkcn _meIrjvW]nÅ bphm³ Nm§ns\
D²cn¨v sImSp§Ãqcn AtimI³ ]Wn Ign¸ngn¨ kwLmcmahpw kvXq]hpw aäpw D−mbncp¶
Xmbn ]dbp¶p. bp²w Dt]£n¨ AtimI\v F§s\ A{]Imcw Hcp \nÀ½nXn aucykm{amPy¯n
9
\p shfnbnÂ, tIcf¯n km[yambn? AXpt]mse hntZiobamb kmlNcy§fmWv \ne\n¶ncp
¶sX¦n \mKmÀÖp\þt_m[n[À½þ`Kh²À½ {]`rXnIfmb _p²`n£p¡Ä ]ÝnatZi¯p
\n¶pw imIyknwl¯nsâ almbm\ ]Sl[z\n¡v ImcW¡mcmbn? \mKhwi¯nsâ ISnªqÂ
_ÔaÃmsX asämcp D¯canÃ. _u²]c¼cbpsS aqeNcn{Xw AdnbmsX tIcf¯nse \mKþ_p²
kmlNcy§Ä a\Ênem¡pI Ffp¸aÃ.
kn²mÀ°þKuXasâ Imew
ASp¯Imew hsc _p²Imew3 {In.ap. 567þ487 BsW¶v s]mXpsh Ncn{XImc·mÀ kzoIcn¨ncp¶p
sh¦nepw kao]Ime¯v e`yamb ]pcmhkvXpJ\\]camb Is−¯epIÄ kntem¬ tXchmZ]c
¼cbpsS {In.ap. 624þ544 F¶ KW\sb ]n´m§p¶p. \mK£{Xnb AYhm t]mÀKWambncp¶
imIykwLs¯ kn²mÀ°³ Dt]£n¡p¶Xv bp²w kw_Ôn¨v imIytk\m]Xnbpap−mb XÀ
¡s¯ XpSÀ¶mWv. imIykaqlhpambp−mb [mcWb\pkcn¨v tImkecmPmhdnbmsX I]ne
hkvXp Dt]£n¡pIbmWp−mbXv. kn²mÀ°³ ]nd¶ \mKþimIyKW¯nsâ imJIÄ Xs¶bm
Wv tIcfw AYhm ]ÝnaZnibnep−mbncp¶Xv. imIyKW¯nse KWw AYhm imIykwL
¯nse kwLamWv tIcf¯n Iq«w AYhm \m«pIq«w BbXv. Iq«w BWv kn²mÀ°s\ AYhm
imIycmPIpamcs\ tIcf¯n hmÕey]qÀÆw Ip«\m¡nbXv. Ip«sâ \mSmWv Ip«\mSv F¶v
hntijn¨p ]dtb−XnÃtÃm?
\mKþimIyKW§fmWv \mbcpw Cughcpw F¶v kn²m´n¡pt¼mÄ, c−p ]mc¼cy§fnepw C¶p
ImWp¶ ssihþimtàb emRvO\IÄ F§s\ D−mbn F¶ tNmZyw Dbcmw. C¶p ImWp¶
t]mse Hcp lnµpXzw AYhm PmXnþ{_mÒWsâ ]ptcmlnXXzw ASn¯dbmb Hcp PohnXNcybp
sS AhinjvS§fà \mbcpsSbpw CughcpsSbpw ]mc¼cyw. Cu c−p kapZmb§fpsSbpw ssihþ
imtàb ]mc¼cyw \mKþ_u²]mc¼cy¯n Xs¶ Dcp¯ncnªXmWv. cXv\þ{Xb§fmb
_p²³, [À½w, kwLw Chsb icnbmbn a\Ênem¡m¯Xp sIm−mWv tIcf¯n _u²]mc
¼cys¯ lnµp]mc¼cyambn sXän²cn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. _p²Ncn{X¯nÂ, _p²\pw At±l¯nsâ
[À½¯n\pw ]ca{]m[m\yw \ÂInb lo\bm\¯n\v Hcp ]t£ BZyIme¯v e`yamb {]mapJy
¯m kwL¯nsâ, AXmbXv, aqecq]¯n imIykwL¯nsâ kzm[o\w _u²Ncn{X¯nÂ
Ipdªp ImWps¶¦nepw ]n¡me¯v almbm\¯nsâ hnImkw kwL¯n\p−mbncp¶ \nÀ®m
bI {]m[m\yw hyàam¡p¶p. ChnsS, kwLsa¶Xv, `n£pkwLw am{XaÃ, aqecq]¯n imIy
kwL¯nsâ ]mc¼cyw XpSÀ¶ kmaqlyLS\bmsW¶Xv {i²n¡Ww. almbm\¯nsâ ]Snªm
d³ Dcp¯ncnben AXn\m almkmwLnIcpsS GtXm imJbpsS kzm[o\¯m cXv\{Xb§
Ä¡v [À½w kwLw _p²³ F¶ {]mtbmKnI [À½]Yw Dfhmbn. [À½imkvXmhpw Iq«hpw
Ip«\pw tIcf¯nsâ `mKambXv {]tXyIamb Hcp almkmwLnI (\mKþimIy) ]cnØnXnbmemWv.
_lpP\lnXmb, _lpP\kpJmb F¶ _u²cpsS B]vXhmIyw imIykwL¯nsâ BNcW
¯n \n¶pw BÀÖn¨XmWv. Ccp]Xmw hbÊn imIykwL¯n tNcpt¼mÄ kn²mÀ°\v
e`yamb \n_Ô\IÄ {i²n¨m A¡mes¯ kmaqlnINn´mKXn a\Ênem¡mw.
1. X\wþa\wþ[\w kwL¯nsâ c£¡mbn sNehgn¡Ww.
2. kwLw IqSpt¼mÄ lmPÀ \nÀºÔamWv.
3. kwLmwK§fpsS \yq\XIÄ {i²bn s]«m \nÀ`bw AXv s]mXp{i²bn sIm−p hcWw.
4. Ipäw Btcm]n¡s¸«m tZzjys¸ScpXv. kXyw Xpd¶v ]dªv Xsâ Ipäw k½Xn¡Ww AYhm
\nc]cm[nXzw hyàam¡Ww.
Cu \n_Ô\IÄ¡v hnt[bambn \ÂIs¸« AwKXzw \ne\n¡phm³ Nne D]\n_Ô\Ifpw
D−mbncp¶p.
(5) _eambn kv{Xosb {]m]n¡p¶ Ipäw sN¿pI
(6) sIme]mXIw sN¿pI
(7) tam£Ww sN¿pI
(8) IÅkm£n ]dbpI

3
http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic138396.files/Buddha-Dates.pdf
10
C§s\ \mev Ipä§Ä kwLmwKXzw \jvSs¸Sp¯nbncp¶p. Ccp]Xmw hbÊn kwLmKamb
kn²mÀ° KuXa³, 29þmw hbÊn kwL¯nsâ Xocpam\w A\pkcn¨v bp²w sN¿m³ hnk½Xn
¨Xn\memWv I]nehkvXp Dt]£n¡p¶Xv. tImfnbcpambn bp²¯n\v X¿mdmImsX kÀÆkwK
]cnXymKnbmb kn²mÀ²s\ I]nehkvXphnse imIyÀ Xs¶bmWv imIyknlw F¶v hntijn¸n
¨Xv. C¶v \mw ImWp¶Xn \n¶pw Adnbp¶Xn \n¶pw hyXykvXamb Hcp P\]Zambncp¶p
I]nehkvXphnep−mbncp¶Xv.
kn²mÀ°sâ Bßobbm{X
F´mbncp¶p kn²mÀ°sâ B²ymßnI ]Ým¯ew? I]nehkvXphn \n¶pw cmPKrl¯nte
¡pw XpSÀ¶v BfmcImema, D{ZIcma]p{X apXembhcpsS B{ia§fnepw kmwJyþ[ym\mZnIÄ
A`ykn¨ tijw \o− Bdp hÀjt¯mfw ]ehn[¯nepÅ D{KhrX§sf A\pjvSn¨p At±lw
X]Êp sNbvX Imcyw {]kn²amWv. Cuhn[ Imcy§Ä hniZambn _u²NcnX¯n ]dbp¶Xv
F{Xam{Xw km[phmsW¶ tNmZyw hcmw. AXn\p¯cw kn²mÀ°sâ amXrþ]nXrhgnIfnse cmP
IpSpw_§fpsS kzm[o\¯mep−mb Nmchr¯nbmWv. ipt²m\\pw At±l¯nsâ kyme\mb
kn²mÀ°sâ `mcym]nXmhpw Nmc·msc Ab¨v \nco£Ww \S¯n¨ncp¶phs{X! D]hmkw A\p
jvSn¨v FÃpw sXmenbpambn¯oÀ¶ kn²mÀ°\v Hcp kp{]`mX¯n t_mt[mZbap−mIpIbÃ
sNbvXXv. lo\bm\w kn²mÀ°sâ [À½{]h\§sf am{Xw \nÀÆmtWm]m[nbm¡p¶ amÀ¤¯n\v
lo\bm\w F¶v t]cp h¶Xn\v ImcWw AXv kXys¯ ad¨p sh¡p¶p F¶XmWv.
kphÀ®`mtkm¯akq{Xw
temtIjv N{µbpsS kphÀ®`mtkm¯akq{Xw kw_Ôn¨ ]T\w almkmwLnIcpsSbpw almbm
\¯nsâbpw h{Pbm\¯nsâbpsams¡ BhnÀ`mhw a\Ênem¡phm³ \s½ klmbn¡p¶p. XYmK
Xs\ Kr{[IqS¯n A©p almtZhXIfm Npäs¸«ncn¡p¶XmbmWv kq{X\nZm\w AhXcn¸n
¡p¶Xv. imIyap\nbpsS IpetZhXbmb ss\cRvP\hmkn\nsb t_m[nk¯zkap¨b almIpe
tZhXbmbpw `qtZhnsb kckzXnsb¶ almtZhXbmbpw XpSÀ¶v hnZym, sFizcyw c£ ChbpsS
tZhXamsc {ioalmtZhXm, [rXalm]rYzotZhXm, lcnXn almtZhXbpw Aªpdp a¡fpw
F¶n§s\ Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶p. kn²mÀ°sâ IpetZhXsb t_m[nhr£m[nhmk\nbmbn hnti
jn¸n¡s¸Sp¶p. kphÀ®`mtkm¯akq{X¯nsâ ]e A²ymb§fnepw ss\cRvPn\n {]Xy£
s¸Sp¶p−v. Cuhn[samcp Nn{XoIcW¯n\v ImcWambn _ut²Xnlmk¯nsâ C¶v Pohn¨ncn¡p
¶ Gähpw t]cptI« ]WvUnX\mb temtIjv N{µ ]dbp¶Xv þ
Sakyamuni practised austerities on the banks of the Nairanjana river for six (ten or twelve) years. Eventually he
became aware that austerities would not lead to enlightenment. He bathed in this river, accepted the milk offered by
Sujata, sat under the nearby Bodhi tree, meditated and entered enlightenment. He must have chosen the banks of
Nairanjana as the Goddess of this river was His guardian deity.
imIyIpetZhnsb¸änbpÅ Cuhn[samcp ]cmaÀiw s]mXpsh Adnbs¸Sp¶ _u²Nn´¡v hn
cp²amWv. \mkvXnIs\¶v hntijn¸n¡s¸Sp¶ _p²³ imà]mc¼cy¯nemWv t_mt[mZbw
ssIhcn¨sX¶v ChnsS hyàamIp¶p. \oeIWvT[mcWnbpw _u²cpsS imàþssih ]Ým¯
ew kqNn¸n¡p¶p. _u²þ[À½w {]Npc{]Nmcamsb¦nepw \mKþimIy]c¼c AYhm kwLw Ipe
tZhXsbbpw X§fpsS aäp tZhXamscbpw ssIhn«ncp¶nÃ. almhoc\p tijapÅ ssP\]mc¼cy
¯nepw hÀ²am\sâ IpetZhnbmb hnÔymhmkn\n AYhm NmapWvUnbpsS ]qP \mKhwi¯nsâ
IpemNmcambn \m«pIq«§fpsS Øew amdp¶Xn\\pkcn¨v {]Nmc¯n h¶p.
V. imkvXmhpw t_m[nk¯z ]mc¼cyhpw
{In.ap 625 apXÂ {In.ap. 545 hscbpÅ _p²sâ Imetijw {In.ap. 262 Â AtimI³ IenwKw B{I
an¡pt¼mÄ GXm−v aq¶p \qäm−pIÄ Ignªncp¶p. C¶v 2013 Â \n¶pw 283 hÀjw ]n´ncnªp
t\m¡nbm \mw F¯pI 1730 F¶ taÂhnemkanÃm¯ GtXm Hcp ]gbIme¯nemsWtÃm?
C¶s¯ A¨Snbpw kmt¦XnIhnZyIfpw CÃmXncp¶ A¡me¯v AtimI N{IhÀ¯n¡v _p²s\
¸än tI«dnhp−mbn F¶Xv Xs¶ km[mcWKXnbn AÛpXamWv. A¡me¯v \nehnencp¶ KW
cmPy§Ä AYhm \mKP\]Z§sfÃmw Xs¶ kn²mÀ°KuXasâ [À½w kzoIcn¨ncp¶Xp sIm
−mWv AtimIsâ Imew hsc _u²]c¼c \ne\n¶Xv. AtimI\neqsSbmWv _u²[À½¯n\v
11
{]Nmcw kn²n¨sX¶ [mcW sXämWv. AtimI\p ap¼p Xs¶ _p²aXw ]ÝnaXoc¯pw aäpw
{]Ncn¨ncp¶psh¶ Imcy¯n kwibanÃ. ap¶pdp hÀjsa¶Xv ]{´−p XeapdIfpsS ImeamWv
þ F{Xtbm cmPm¡·mcpw A¡mes¯ cmPy§fpw C§s\ \o−sbmcp Imebfhn IogvtaÂ
adnªn«p−mImw. t]mcmfn kaql§fpsSbpw AhÀ¡p BßoblÀjw ]IÀ¶ncp¶ BNmcy·mcp
sSbpw CSbn kn²mÀ²KuXa³ Hcp sISmhnf¡mbn amdn Ignª tijamWv AtimI³ cwK¯p
hcp¶Xv. tIcf¯nse _u²]mc¼cyw AXn\m AtimI\p ap¼v Xs¶ almbm\nIfmb `n£p
¡fm \mKþimIy]c¼cbn Bcw`n¨XmWv.
apJym[mcmþ_u²]mc¼cy¯n \n¶pw `n¶amb Hcp ]mc¼cyw tIcf¯n \nehn h¶Xn\p
kam\ambn Xn_¯nepw CXc lnameb³ taJeIfnepw Xt±iob, \mtSmSn k¦Â]§sf DÄs¡m
Åp¶ _u²]mc¼cyw ImWmw. t\¸mfnse t\hmÀ kapZmbw þ Hcp ]s£ tIcf¯nse \mb·m
cpsS ]qÀÆnIÀ þ `n£pclnXamb _p²aXw BNcn¡p¶Xmbn Adnbp¶p. almbm\hpw h{Pbm\w
AYhm `{Zbm\hpw t_m[nk¯zk¦Â]hpw _u²Nn´sb kmÀÆeuInIam¡m\pÅ {ia§fpsS
`mKambncp¶p. tZiþImeþkmaqlnIþkmwkvImcnI LSI§Ä¡v A\pcq]amb _u²[À½w t_m
[nk¯z ]mc¼cy¯nsâ ASn¯dbmWv. X{´hnZybpw tPymXnximkv{X ]mc¼cyw {]ÖzenXambn
cp¶ tIcf¯nse t]mXmfIw AYhm ]XmfI¯ntem, s]m¶¼eta«ntem AYhm {ioaqehmk
¯ntem BWv GXm−v {InkvXphÀjw ]Xns\m¶mw \qäm−p apX t_m[n`{Z\m Xn_¯n {]
Ncn¸n¡s¸« ImeN{IX{´w cq]w sIm−sX¶v ]dªm henb AXnitbmàn¡p ImcWanÃ.
imkvXm ZnhymZnIqw`mx klPPn\X\pÀ aWvUte KÀ`at[y
_p²mZym [À½Imbx Jep ckIpenimZyÝ kwt`mKImbmx
t{Im[m \nÀ½mWImtbm `hXn Ipehim³ aWvUte KÀ`kwJymx
NmapWvUmZyjvStZhyx ]cnP\klnXmx ip²Imtbm ln _mtly
]nWvUmWvU¯nsâbpw {_ÒmWvU¯nsâbpw Xm{´nIIÂ]\Isf AhXcn¸n¡p¶ kµÀ`amWv
ImeN{IX{´¯nse Cu tÇmIw. ZnhyþBZnimkvXm ]nWvUmWvUaWvUe¯nsâ tI{µ¯nepw
]pdsa _p²sâ [À½Imbw XpSÀ¶v h{Psâ kwt`mKImbw t{Im[sâ \nÀ½mWImbw...
_mly¯n NmapWvUmZn F«p tZhnamcpw AhcpsS ]cnP\§fpw Hcp¡p¶ ip²Imbw... C§s\
t]mIp¶ hnhcW¯nsâ A´xk¯ a\Ênem¡pI ITn\sa¦nepw ImeN{Iþ`{Zmb\ ]mc¼cy¯n
 ZnhyþBZnimkvXmhn\v ]cam£ckzcq]ambn Bcm[n¨ncp¶psh¶ hkvXpX ChnsS {]ISamIp
¶p. aqeX{´¯n \n¶papÅ aäp Nne D²cWnIÄ Gsd {it²bamWvþ

Kr{[IptS bYm imkvXx {]Úm]mcanXm\tb... CXymZnbmb tÇmI¯n \n¶pw imkvXmhv alm

bm\¯nsâbpw _u²X{´§fpsSbpw ]camNmcy\mb {]Úm]mcanX\msW¶v hyàamIp¶p.
c−maXp tÇmIw imkvXmhmcmsW¶ Imcy¯n bmsXmcp kwibhpw Ahtijn¸n¡p¶nÃ.
hw h{Po h{Pk¯zÝ h{Pss`ch Cuizcx
tlcpIx ImeN{IÝ BZn_p²mZn\maXx
kÀÆtÚm h{P[rIv imkvXm _p²x knwlmkt\ ØnXx
tZiIx ImeN{Iky kpN{µmt[yjnXkvXzbm
h{Pnsb¶pw Cuizcs\¶pw (inh³), tlcpIs\¶pw ImeN{Isa¶pw BZn_p²s\¶pw Hs¡ Adn
bs¸Sp¶ BZniq\yXbmWv imkvXmhv. At±lw Xs¶bmWv ImeN{ImNmcy\pw h{PmNmcy\pamb
_p²³.
tIcf¯n aqehmkw ISenem−p t]mIpIbpw _u²]mc¼cyw AkvX{]mbamIpIbpw sNbvXp
sh¶v Ncn{XImc·mÀ ]dbp¶ ]Xns\m¶mw \qäm−nemWv ImeN{IX{´w Xn_¯n {]Xy£s¸
Sp¶Xv. AhXwkIkq{X¯n ]cmaÀin¡s¸Sp¶ [m\yISIw AYhm AacmhXnbnemWv ssh
tcmN\þ_p²³ BZyambn ImeN{IX{´w D]tZin¨sX¶v hnizkn¡s¸Sp¶p.
{]mIrX_p²aXhpw \mK]mc¼cyhpw
12
AtimI³ ]menbn {]Ncn¸n¨ _p²aXhpw {]IrX¯n AtimI\p ap¼p {]Ncn¨ {]mIrX _p
²aXhpw X½nepÅ hyXymkw ]n¡me¯v almbm\w, h{Pbm\w apXemb ]ncnhpIÄ¡v hgn sX
fn¨Xmbn Ncn{XImc·mÀ Duln¡p¶p. almbm\¯nsâbpw t_m[nk¯z ]mc¼cy¯nsâbpw
ImX Z£ntW´ybnemWv cq]s¸«sX¶v \mKmÀÖp\\pw aäpw sXfnhp \ÂIpt¼mÄ ]Ýna
Xocamb tIcf¯nse {ioaqehmkamWv almbm\¯nsâ DdhnSamb h{P]mWnbpsS, temI\mY
sâ aqeØm\w F¶p IcpXp¶Xn sXänÃ. tIcf¯nse Ncn{XImc·mcpw ]WvUnXtIkcnIfpw
tIcf¯nse \mb·mÀ t\¸mfnse t\hmÀþ]mc¼cyapÅhcmsW¶v ]dbpt¼mÄ t\hmÀ hwimhen
]dbp¶Xv ae_mdn \n¶pw {InkvXphÀjw H³]Xmw \qäm−n \mbcmb \µtZhsâ t\XrXz
¯n t\¸mfw IogS¡n F¶mWv. t\hmdpIfpsS ]XmfIw t\¸mfIw Bbn¡qsS¶nÃtÃm? tIcfo
bcpsS BNmc§sfÃmw (AS¡bpw k½´hpw DÄs¸sS) AtX t]mse ]n´pScp¶hcpw Hcp
hn`mKw kzIobamb `n£p¡fnÃm¯ _p²aXw ]men¡p¶hcpamWv. AhtemIntXizc\pw ]ip]
Xn¡pw hnjvWphn\psams¡ t\¸mÄ XmgvhcbmsI XSnbn tIcfamXrIbnepÅ t£{X§Ä
]WnXoÀ¯Xv t\hmdpIfmWv.
imkvXmhpw IfcnIfpw
tIcfhpw _u²]mc¼cyhpw kw_Ôn¨ Hcp ]T\w Ifcn AYhm Btbm[\IeIsf¸än ]cmaÀ
in¡msX km[yamIbnÃ. {ZmhnUhpw a[yssN\bpambn ]gbIme¯v Btbm[\IeIfpsS Imcy
¯nep−mbncp¶ Bibhn\nab§sf¸än amXyp hÀKokv4 hfsc {it²bamb ]T\w {]kn²oIcn
¨n«p−v. almbm\hpw h{Pbm\hpw tNmfþ]mWvUyþtNc·mcpsS Z£nW`mcX¯nepw tIcf¯n
epw {]Ncn¨ncp¶psh¶p am{Xaà Z£nWþ]ÝnatZi§fpsS X\Xmb ssIs¿m¸pIÄ almbm\]m
c¼cy¯n\v \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXXmbn Cu ]T\w hyàam¡p¶p. ssN\bnse jmthmen³ t£{X
¯nse NpaÀNn{X§sf ]änbpÅ ]T\§Ä (Nn{Xw amXyp hÀKoknsâ ]T\¯n \n¶pw FSp¯
Xv Xmsg sImSp¡p¶p) IpMv^qhnsâ ]nXrXzw Ifcn¸bän\v \ÂIp¶p. AXp t]mse C¶v {]kn²
amb P¸m\nse sk³ ([ym\_p²aXw) Nn´m[mc¡pw DdhnSw ]ÝnaXoc¯p \n¶pw t]mb
t_m[n[À½s\¶ _p²`n£phmWv.
\oeIWvTtemtIizc\pw ]ip]Xnbpamb Ahtem
IntXizc³ aqeX{´¯n hniZoIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xv
A\pkcn¨v h{P[mcnbmb almtbmKnbmWv. _u²þ
X{´w bYmÀ°¯n imàþssih hnZyIfpsS
samgnamäw am{XamWv. [ym\m\p`h¯nsâ BkvXnI
hpw \mkvXnIhpamb hÀ®\IÄ hyXykvXamb
{]XoI§Ä sIm−v A\nÀhmNyamb A\p`hs¯
hmNyam¡m\pÅ A]qÀ®amb {ia§fmWv.
]mXRvPew AYhm CuizcþtbmKw F¶ lnµp
]mc¼cy¯nepw _u²tbmK¯nepw [ym\w
Nn¯hr¯n\ntcm[w e£yam¡p¶p. XncbSn¡p¶ ISÂ t]mse AYhm taL`cnXamb BImiw
t]mse {]£p_v[amb a\Êns\ \oemImi¯nsâ GIo`mh¯nte¡v \bn¡pt¼mgmWv t_m[n
Nn¯w kwPmXamIp¶Xv. Cu tbmKm\p`hw km[yamIm³ icocw CÃmXmtI−Xp−v þ sabv
IfcnbpsS e£yw icocs¯bpw a\Êns\bpw t_m[nNn¯¯n ebn¸n¡pIbmWv. Btbm[\Ie
IfpsS B²ymßnIXew ChnsS hyàamIp¶p. a\Êns\ GIm{Kam¡p¶Xn\pÅ Gähpw im
kv{Xobhpw {]mtbmKnIhpamb amÀ¤w IfcnbmWv. Btbm[\¯nsâ AYhm Ifcn¸bänsâ Cu
km[yXIsf Xncn¨dnªXv \mKhwi§fmsW¶Xn\v sXfnhv ]XRvPen Xs¶bmWv. apjvSnbp²w
lnµpþssP\þ_u²]mc¼cy§fn aq¶nepw {]kàamIp¶Xv s]mXphmb \mK]mc¼cy¯m
emWv. _u²]mc¼cy¯nenXv h{PapjvSnbmIp¶Xv Bbp[saSp¡m¯ Btbm[\IebneqsS h{P
]mWnbmbn amdp¶ h{Pmb\¯memWv.
hfsc \o−p t]mbncn¡p¶ Cu teJ\w hnkvXc`b¯m Ahkm\n¸n¡pIbmWv. imkvXmhnsâ
Xncp BX³ tImSv ]SbWnbpsSbpw sI«pImgvNbpsSbpw apjvSnbp²¯nsâbpw \mSmWv. lnµphpw

4
Cross-cultural relatioons between Dravidian India and Central China: New Evidences from the Tradition of Martial Art
13
ssP\\pw _p²\psaÃmw, Cu {_ÒmWvUamsI¯s¶ h{Phn`qXnbmWv. h{Pbm\w `{Zbm\amWv þ
Cu `{Zbm\w km£mXvIcn¨ Gähpw alm\mb lnµphpw ssP\\pw _p²\pw kn²mÀ° KuXa
\mWv. B kn²mÀ°þKuXa\mWv h{P[mcnbmb imkvXmhv. ]qÀÆnIambn \ne\n¶ncp¶ \½psS
IfcnIsfÃmw ImeN{I¯nsâ Xs¶ cq]IÂ]\IfmWv. BZn_p²³, AZzb]c{_Òw, imkvXmhv
AYhm AZzbImeN{Ikzcq]s¯ 21600 IeIfpsS \nXyamb Imeambn A´nalmImf\mbpw Cu
{]]©ImcWamb hnizamXmhns\ `{ZImfnbmbpw IfcnIfn {]XnjvTn¨ncp¶p. A¦¡f§fnÂ
a\Êpw icochpw _p²nbpw ebn¨p tNcpt¼mÄ tbm²m¡sfÃmw kzbw AZzbþImeN{Ikzcq]
ambn amdp¶p. Cu imkvXmk¦Â]amWv PmXnaXt`Zas\y FÃmhscbpw kzmKXw sN¿p¶ i_cn
aebn IpSnsImÅp¶Xv. injvSmNcWw (]©ioew) sIm−v km£mXvImcw A\pimkn¡p¶
imkvXmhnsâ ap¼n t]cnt\m PmXnt¡m {]kànbnÃ. _u²amÀ¤¯n {]Ncn¨ Cu imkvXr
k¦Â]w ]n¡me¯v {_mÒWhXv¡cn¡s¸«Xn\v {][m\ ImcWw `{ZNcy¡v \ÂIs¸« Du¶
emWv. X«n¸p sXmgnem¡nb {_mÒWaXw ]m]apànbpw tam£hpw t{ibÊpsams¡ `{ZNcy
IqSmsX hmKvZm\w sNbvXt¸mÄ imkvXmhns\bpw `KhXnsbbpw A`{ZNcnIfmbm PmXnþ{_mÒW
sâ Xm{´nImkw_Ô¯n\v ASnbd sh¡pIsb¶ aTb¯cw \mbcpw Cughcpw ImWn¨p.
hnthIm\µ³ I− {`m´meb¯nte¡pÅ B {]bmWw XpS§nbt¸mgmIWw Xncpaqe]mZw
({ioaqehmkw) ISenem−Xv.
\mbÀ¡pw Cugh\pw ]ucpjaps−¦nÂ, imkvXmhnepw `KhXnbnepw hnizmkaps−¦nÂ, BZyw
sNt¿−Xv \½psS ImhpIsf, k¶n[nIsf PmXnþ{_mÒWsâ ASna¯¯n \n¶pw tamNn¸n¡p
IbmWv. apIfn D²cn¡s¸« \oeIWvT[mcWn tIcf¯nse {_mÒWþ]utcmlnXy¯nsâ acW
aWnbmWv. IÅ¡YIÄ \ndª ]pcmW§fpw sI«n¨a¨ ]mc¼cyhpw Alw {_Òmkvansb¶
hmbv¯mcnbpw sIm−v tam£amÀ¤w km[yamtWm? \mbcpw Cugh\pw asäÃm kapZmb¡mcpw
kzbw tNmZnt¡− tNmZyamWnXv.
kn²mÀ°þKuXa³ _p²\mbncp¶p, imkvXmhmbncp¶p. _u²w F¶v tI«Xp sIm−v \mkvXnI
Xzw hcp¶nÃ. BkvXnIXzsa¶ t]cn {]Ncn¸n¨ Akw_Ô§fn \n¶pw P\]Z§sf tamNn¸n
¡p¶Xn\mWv kn²mÀ°³ lo\bm\w BhnjvIcn¡phm³ \nÀºÔnX\mbXv. NmXpÀhÀWysa¶
{_mÒWþBkvXnIXz¯n\p t\sc lo\bm\¯nsâ ]Sl[z\n DbÀ¯nb F{Xtbm _p²·mcpsS
\mSmWv tIcfw þ {io\mcmbW\pw N«¼nkzmanbpw A¿¦mfnbpsams¡ A¦¡f¯nse t_m[nþ
ssNX\yw ssIs¡m− imkvXm¡·mcmbncp¶p. PmXnþ{_mÒWsâ hymPþ]utcmlnXys¯bpw
imk\Isfbpw XrWhÂKWn¨p sIm−v Acphn¸pd¯p inhs\ {]XnjvTn¨ {io\mcmbW Kpcp
hnsâ ]ucpjw \mbÀ¡ps−¦n kn²mÀ²þKuXas\¶ imIyknwl¯nsâ kz´w ]c¼cbmWv
X§sf¶v Xncn¨dnªv PmXnþ{_mÒWsâ Ahnip²Ic§fn \n¶pw IpetZhnamsc, `{ZImfnsb
hos−Sp¡Ww.
Cu hcp¶ aIchnf¡v tIcf¯nse FÃm P\§Ä¡pw t_mt[mZb¯nsâXmIs« F¶miwkn¡p
¶p. \oeIWvT[mcWnbmWv A`ntjIt¯mSpw {]Z£nWt¯mSpsam¸w i_cnaebn sNt¿−Xm
b Gähpw {][m\amb a{´P]w. AhnsS \SamSp¶ Xm{´nIm`mk¯nsâbpw tZh{]iv\§fpsSbpw
Hs¡ s]můcw AÂ]w Nn´n¨m \ap¡v t_m[ys¸Smw. Hscmä tZh{]iv\¡mc\pw C¶p hsc
i_cnaebnse imkvXmhnsâ _u²]mc¼cyw {]iv\¯n sXfnbpI D−mbnÃ. F{X eÖmIc
amWv tPymXnximkv{X¯nsâ D]tbmKw! i_cnaebnepw Kpcphmbqcnepw hyXykvX kw{Ia§Ä
BNcn¡p¶Xv AimkvXobXbpsS asämcp Xew. aIchnf¡nsâ ASp¯Imew hsc \ne\nÀ¯nb
am{´nIX A`{ZNcybpsS \mw Xncn¨dntb− asämcp apJamWv.
{io_p²³ temIw I− Gähpw \·bmÀ¶ Pohsâ {]kv^pcWamWv. X¯zZo£bnÃm¯ PmXnþ
{_mÒW³ \ÂInb Bßob {]tem`\§fn IqSn `{ZNcy ssIhn«t¸mgmWv \mw \·sb XÅn
]dbphm³ ioen¨Xv. {io_p²³ \·bpsS, imkv{Xobamb Nn´mKXnbpsS hàmhmWv. \mw H¶pw
Xs¶ AÔambn hnizkn¡cpXv. aäpÅhÀ ]dbp¶Xv ]co£Wþ\nco£W§fneqsS kXymhØ
t_m²ys¸«p thWw kzoIcnt¡−Xv. \½psS hnizmk§Ä asäm¶nsâbpw amäpc¡m³ D]tbmK
s¸Sp¯cpXv... C§s\ \·bpsSbpw ]ptcmKa\¯nsâbpw, icnbmb Bßkm£mXvImc¯n\p
XIp¶ hm¡pIfmWv At±lw ]dªXv.
`Khm³ _p²³ ImWn¨ amÀ¤¯nte¡v Xncn¨p hcnI F¶Xp am{XamWv tIcf¯n\pw C´y¡pw
t{ibÊn\pXIp¶ amÀ¤w.
14