ECE 333

Renewable Energy Systems

Lecture 1:Introduction

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
overbye@illinois.edu
 ECE 333 Teaching Staff

• Professor Tom Overbye

• TA Shamina Hossain
• Office hours are as given in the syllabus
• Hourly exams will be in-class; final exam is as per
the university schedule

1
 About Prof. Tom Overbye

• Professional
– Received BSEE, MSEE, and Ph.D. all from University
of Wisconsin at Madison (83, 88, 91)
– Worked for eight years as engineer for an electric utility
(Madison Gas & Electric)
– Have been at UI since 1991, doing teaching and doing
research in the area of electric power systems; fifth time
teaching ECE 333
– Developed commercial power system analysis package,
known now as PowerWorld Simulator.
– DOE investigator for 8/14/2003 blackout
– Elected to National Academy of Engineering in 2013
2
 About Prof. Tom Overbye

• Nonprofessional
– Married to Jo
– Have three children
 Tim age 20
 Hannah age 17
 Amanda age 15
– Live in country by Homer on
the Salt Fork River
– We’ve homeschooled our kids
all the way through, with Tim
now starting his fourth semester
at UIUC in mechanical eng.

3
My Kids

4
 About Shamina Yellowstone visit
during roadtrip to WA

B.S.E.E. ‘12

Professional:
• Undergrad: Washington State University
• Grad: UIUC (started Fall 2012)
– Working on power systems research with
Prof. Overbye
M.S.E.E. ‘14
Non-professional:
• Loves cooking and all things food Fiancé
• Hobbies include reading, running, Food
and…researching (had to go with the ‘r’
theme!)
• Drove from IL to WA last summer and back
• Engaged and getting married this summer!
IL Half
Marathon! Currently reading
 Green Electric Energy Systems
• Focus of course is on electric energy sources that
are sustainable (won’t diminish over time)
excluding large-scale hydro
– Course is primarily about the electric aspects of the
sources
– These resources may be large-scale or may be distributed
– Courses does not cover nuclear
– Course does not cover biological resources (at least not
in-depth)
– Course is technical, but given the focus we’ll certainly
be covering the ethical, policy and current events as well.

• Course prerequisite is ECE 205 or ECE 210 6

 With Energy, What Do We Want?

• To feel green?
• To use less energy?
• To have a higher standard of living?
• To decrease our carbon dioxide
emissions now? In the future?
• To have more renewable energy?
• To have less expensive energy?
• To have jobs?
• To have it “Not in My Backyard (NIMBY)”

7
 Engineers Have Long Been “Green”

• With lighting over the last 150 years we’ve

increased efficiencies by about a factor of 1000.
From 0.05 lumens/watt for a candle, to 15 for an
incandescent bulb, to > 130 for an LED.

Source: http://www.ornl.gov/sci/cmsinn/talks/3_kung.pdf 8
 ECE 333 Syllabus

• Introduction, fundamentals of electric power

• Electric Power Grid, Conventional Generation
• Wind Power Systems
• Wind/Grid Integration, Introduction to Power Flow
• The Solar Resource
• Photovoltaic Materials and Systems
• Smart Grid Integration Issues
• Distributed Generation Technologies (e.g., fuel cells)
• Economics of Distributed Resources
• Energy Storage including Electric/Hybrid Cars
9
 Notation - Power

• Power: Instantaneous consumption of energy

• Power Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)
kW – 1 x 103 Watt
MW – 1 x 106 Watt
GW – 1 x 109 Watt
• Installed U.S. generation capacity is about
1000 GW ( about 3 kW per person)
• Maximum load of Champaign/Urbana about 300
MW
10
 Notation - Energy

• Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is

what people really want from a power system
• Energy Units
– Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)
– kWh = Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)
– Btu = 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh; 1MWh=3.4MBtu
– One gallon of gas has about 0.125 MBtu (36.5 kWh); one
gallon ethanol as about 0.084 Mbtu (2/3 that of gas)
• U.S. electric energy consumption is about 3600
billion kWh (about 13,333 kWh per person)

11
North America Interconnections

12
 Electric Systems in Energy Context
• Class focuses on renewable electric systems, but we
first need to put them in the context of the total
energy delivery system
• Electricity is used primarily as a means for energy
transportation
• Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually
converted into another form of energy when used
• Concerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and
fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for
change in world energy infrastructure

13
 Looking at the 2013 Energy Pie:
Where the USA Got Its Energy
About 82% Fossil Fuels About 40% of our energy is
consumed in the form of
Biomass, 4.7 Wind, 1.6
electricity, a percentage
Hydro, 2.6
Nuclear, 8.5
that is gradually increasing.
The vast majority on the non-
Petroleum, 36
fossil fuel energy is electric!
Natural Gas,
27.4
In 2013 we got about 1.6% of
our energy from wind and 0.3%
Coal, 18.5
from solar (PV and solar thermal),
0.2% from geothermal

1 Quad = 293 billion kWh (actual), 1 Quad = 98 billion

kWh (used, taking into account efficiency)
Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014
14
 Historical and Projected US
Energy Consumption

Energy
in
Quads

Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

15
Renewable Energy Consumption

2013 Data
(Quad)
Total: 9.3
Hydro: 2.6
Wood: 2.1
Bio: 2.0
Wind: 1.6
Waste: 0.5
Solar: 0.3
Geo: 0.2

Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, December 2014

16
 Growth in US Wind Power Capacity
The quick
development
time for wind
of 6 months
to a year
means that
changes in
federal tax
incentives
can have
an almost
immediate
impact on
Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 3 Qtr, 2014 construction
17
The World

Source: Steve Chu and Arun Majumdar, “Opportunities and challenges

for a sustainable energy future,” Nature, August 2012 18
 The World: Top Energy Users (in
Quad), 2013 Data
• China – 110.6 World total was about 529 Quad
• USA – 95.0 in 2012; Average per 100
• Europe – 81.4 Million people is about 7. If
• Russia – 31.5 world used US average
• India – 23.9 total consumption would be
about 2150 quad!
• Japan – 20.3
• Africa – 17.3
• Canada – 13.3
• Brazil – 12.0

Source: US DOE EIA

19
 Per Capita Energy Consumption in
MBtu per Year (2011 data)
• Iceland: 688.3 Norway: 386.8
• Kuwait: 577.2 Canada: 393.7
• USA: 312.7 Australia: 276.9
• Russia: 213.3 France: 165.9
• Japan: 164.0 Germany: 165.4
• UK: 134.5 S. Africa: 115.3
• China: 77.5 Brazil: 60.1
• Indonesia: 25.6 India: 19.7
• Pakistan: 14.2 Nigeria: 5.0
• Malawi: 1.9 Chad: 0.3
Source http://www.eia.doe.gov 20
 World Population Trends

Country 2005 2015 2025 %

Japan 127.5 126.9 123.3 -3.3
Germany 82.4 80.8 79.2 -3.9
Indonesia 220.2 256.0 276.7 25.6
USA 295.7 321.3 351.3 18.8
China 1306 1361 1394 6.7
India 1094 1251 1396 27.6
World 6474 7253 7986 23.3
Source: www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/summaries.html; values in
millions; percent change from 2005 to 2025

21
USA Energy-Related CO2 Emissions
are Down to mid 1990’s levels

Part of the reason for the decrease is due to low

natural gas prices, which has caused greatly increased
natural gas generation and less coal generation.
Source: US DOE EIA, US Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2013 22
 Worldwide CO2 Emissions

• Worldwide CO2 emissions continue to climb, from

23,700 billion metric tons in 2000 to 32,700 in 2012
• Country comparisons between 2000 and 2010
(billion metric tons)
Country 2000 2012
USA 5861 5270
China 2850 8547
India 1002 1831
Russia 1499 1781
Japan 1201 1259
Europe 4459 4263

23
 Global Warming: What is Known is
CO2 in Air is Rising
Value
was about
280 ppm
in 1800,
399 in 2014
Rate of
increase
is about
2 ppm
per year

Source: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ 24
 As is Worldwide Temperature
(at Least Over Last 150 Years

Baseline is 1961 to 1990 mean; value for first 11 months

of 2014 is about 0.558 (about tied for highest)
Source: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk 25
Local conditions don’t necessarily say
much about the global climate

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/service/global/map-blended-mntp/201409-201411.gif 26
 Annual Temperatures for Illinois

Source : http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/Climate-change/iltren-temp.png 27
 But more controversy associated
with longer temperature trends
Estimated surface temperature in Sargasso Sea
(located in North Atlantic) Europe
was clearly
warmer
in 1000AD;
worldwide
temperatures
are more
debated

Source: Robsinson, Robsinson, Soon, “Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide”, 2007
28
Going Back a Few More Years

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png
29
And a Few More – Mostly Very Cold!

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Age_Temperature.png
30
Millions and Tens of Millions

31
And Where Might Temps Go?

Note that
the models
show rate of
increase values
of between
0.2 to 0.5 C
per decade.
The rate from
1975 to 2005
was about
0.2 C per
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html#Temperature
decade.
32
 Energy Economics

• Electric generating technologies involve a tradeoff

between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating
costs
• Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costs
(though cost of solar has decreased substantially recently)
• Natural gas/oil have low fixed costs but can have higher
operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)
• Coal, wind, hydro are in between
• Also the units capacity factor is important to
determining ultimate cost of electricity

33