!

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3*#1)&4#'%0!,)./#!5'6,#!,#!7)88)!

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 A"#$%&'()*+)*$,)+-&./$
!! !"#$%&
!! '()*+,-"#).(/&
!! 01").2$)#/*&3&4.,*".(*&
!! 5*61*().#"&7-(8*+)*+$9&
!! :#;,&7-(8*+)*+&<5.(/"*&5"-,*&-+&=1#"&5"-,*>&
!! 5177*$$.8*&#,,+-?.;#).-(&
!! '()*+"*#8*@&
!! A++-+&+*@17).-(&)*7%(.61*$9&
!! B"/-+.)%;.7&<C.)%&+#).-&.(@*,*(@*()&;1").,".7#).-(&DE&F>&
!! A4:G0&7-++*7)*@&
!! 5*"H27#".D+#).-(&
!! 5*"H27-++*7)*@&
!! =E(#;.7&*"*;*()&;#)7%.(/&
!! 5./;#2=*")#&7-(8*+)*+$&

$
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 !"#$%&'(() +,- ./0"12 34((

! "#$%&'()' &)* +(+$,()()' &%$ -$./)(01$2 34% &,,5

! 6(7$8()-$%,$&#$* +&%&,,$, &++%4&./$2 &%$ 43-$) 12$*5

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 !lash A() Converter
1ntrod3ction

!! All the 'eference ,e-el. /!T1i3 are a-ailable ADC Input Signal
Sin
Full Scale
!! The inp7t .i8nal i. compared to each 'eference ,e-el.
!! The inp7t .i8nal and the reference le-el ma< be LTH15 C b15

LTH14 C b14

!! C7rrent. LTH13 C b13

Output Thermometric Code

Reference Level Generator
!! >olta8e. LTH12 C b12

LTH11 b11
!! Dependin8 on implementation i..7e. C

LTH10 C b10

!! The @orld i. t<picall< -olta8eAmode LTH9 C b9

!! The o7tp7t i. a thermometric code LTH8 C b8

LTH7 C b7
!! A thermometricAtoAbinar< tran.lation i. needed
LTH6 C b6

LTH5 C b5

LTH4 C b4

LTH3 C b3

LTH1 C b2

LTH1 C b1

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 Fla$h '() *on-erter
1ntroduction

V ref V in

!! !"#$%ol(ag#+,o-#$is$("#$,os($0o01la-$
Rd /2

-
(2N-1)
+
!! !"#$R#3#-#n5#$6#%#ls78ol(ag#s$a-#$g#n#-a(#d$:;$a$ Rd

-#sis(o-$s(-ing$di%id#-$ -

THERMOMETRIC to BINARY
(2N-2)
Rd +
bN-1
- bN-2
(2N-3)
!! !"#$5o,0a-ison$is$don#$:;$,#ans$o3$<2N+$1@$ + bN-3
5o,0a-a(o-s$
b2
b1
- b0
(2)
!! !"#$5on%#-sion$o0#-a(ion$is$0#-3o-,#d$in$onl;$on#$ Rd +

5lo5A$0#-iod$<la(#n5;$(i,#@$ -
(1)
$ Rd/2 +

$
$

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 !"#s% '() *+,-./0./
1+u/3.s +f 5//+/

!
! "o$%&'&to'!)*%+t,!
! O../0t!
! No*l)*0&'!)*%+t!3&%&3)t&*30!
! 4)356&35!*o)/0!7d)/t+'6/!'0.0'0*309!
! S)g*&l!d0%0*d0*t!/&$%l)*g!t)$0!
!
! "o$%&'&to'!o+t%+t,!
! S%&'5l0!3od0/!7<!111101000!<9!
! ?0t&/t&6)l)t@!
!

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 !"#$% '() *+,-./0./
1+2/3.$ +4 5//+/6 744$.0

! !"#$%&%'"&("$)&%'*"+(
VS
! ,)-)&)+.)(/"0'%1)2(/&)-(3(!/&)-(
! !/&)-(*4('5)()&&"&(*+('5)(&)-)&)+.)(64'%'*.(&)4*4'"&( Vref_i+1
C bi+1
#*4#%'.57(89+%#*.(.0".:(-))8'5&";15(<(:*.:=%.:(
Vref_i
+"*4)>(( C bi
! ?+$;'(4*1+%02(/4(3(/"--4)'( Vref_i-1
C bi-1
! /"--4)'(*4('5)(."#$%&%'"&("--4)'(6*+$;'(8)@*.)(
#*4#%'.5>(
! ?8)%0(."#$%&%'"&(*+$;'(4*1+%0(
(
6/&)-(3(!/&)->(A(6/4(3(/"--4)'>(B(("#$% ' "()(3((!"#$% ' "*%%($+)(B(!",-$./(3(0##*#(
(
6/&)-(3(!/&)->(A(6/4(3(/"--4)'>(B(("#$% 1 >!?re= - ?o==set@)( ' "((

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <8: o= 9;8

 !"#$% '() *+,-./0./
1+2/3.$ +4 5//+/6 744$.0

! !"#$%&'()&*+,$(''*'$-*''().*",)$%*$/$
.('0*'1/"-($+*))$
$
! 23456$789%$
$
$
! 23256$4;8$<9%&$!=>?@;5A"$
! "BR$@$D42,E$
$ $

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 !lash A() Converter
1A23AB 5im8lation Code
clear& (ormat s-ort e& close all&

./01& 23045./& t067458&

(in06;& <(in0(in=ma>(t)&
Ain06B(23=4)Bsin(4BCiB<(inBt)D;Brand(6Fma>(t))& G Ain0H23=4D23Bt=(ma>(t))

G 2las- Algoritm GGG

K-annel023=(45./)&
Ari(0H(23=4)DL6745./H6MBK-annel&
Ari(0Ari(D;BK-annelB(H;NODrand(6Flengt-(Ari()))&
(or tt067lengt-(t)&
PutR0Seros(6Flengt-(Ari()D6)&
PutR(6)06&
(or i047lengt-(PutR)&
i( Ain(tt)TAri((iH6)F PutR(i)06& end&
end
PutA(tt)0H23=4HK-annel=4Dsum(PutR)BK-annel&
end

(igure(6)& -old on& Clot(t=ma>(t)FAinFt=ma>(t)FPutA)& grid on&

UVn04;Blog6;(a/s(((t-(Ain)=lengt-(Ain)))&
UPutm0((t-(PutA)=lengt-(PutA)& UPut04;Blog6;(a/s(UPutm))&
(igure(4)& Clot(tFUVnFtFUPut)& grid on&

UU0min((ind(UPut00ma>(UPut)))&
<304W& i( <3TUUH4F <30UUH4& end& 3304;Blog6;(a/s(UPutm(UUH<37UUD<3)))& 3U0UUH<37UUD<3&
3rms0sum((a/s(UPutm(UUH<37UUD<3)))N54)
UPutm(UUH<37UUD<3)0UPutm(UUH<3H6)NBones(4B<3D6F6)&
..04;Blog6;(a/s(UPutm))& .rms0sum((a/s(UPutm(67lengt-(t)=4)))N54)
3.X06;Blog6;(a/s(3rms=.rms))
(igure(1)& Clot(tF..F3UF33FYrY)& grid on&

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <8< o= 9;8

 !
"#$#%#&'#!()**#%!

!
! !adder impedance is position-dependent

!" $a&c(i*otto - !nalo01to12i0ital 2ata Con4e*te*& 67897:; <8= o> 9;8

 !"#"$"%&"'()**"$'
+,&-.)&-'/0,1"'
! !"#$%&'()$*+,#,"$#-(.&/&#,"&(,(.#&,"('&,0($1(/$2-&(,"("3&2#(2/+4"('4#2/.("3&("#,/-2"2$/(1#$*(
0,")32/.("$("#,)52/.(
! 6/("3&(70,-3(
,#)32"&)"4#&8("32-(
/$2-&(-&&-('211&#&/"(
2*+&',/)&(,"("3&(
2/+4"("&#*2/,0(,/'(,"(
"3&(0,''&#(",+-(
! !(6"(+#$'4)&-(
'211&#&/"2,0(
&##$#(
! 932-(/$2-&(3,-("$(
'&),:("$(-4112)2&/"0:(
0$;(0&<&0(=>?@AB!CD(
1#$*($/&():)0&("$("3&(
/&E"(
"##$#%&'()*'( ! +$",$-.*#*/$#0 (
!!
! F#2"2),0(2/(32.3G-+&&'(HIF(
A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <89 o= 9;8
 !eference (adder
+ic-.ac- /oise

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <8= o> 9;8

 !la$h ADC
Comparator operation

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 6/14/07 216 o= 471

 !"#$% '()
)*+,#-#.*- *,/-#.0*1

!ow capacitive load Full gate capacitive load

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 !lash A(C
Comparator operation

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 !lash '(C
Comparator operation

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 !"ash '() *onverter
T2pica" !"ash 6utput )ecoder

+,$-'.-/0! !
)'*$!

"#$%&'&$($%!
)'*$!

A" $a&chirotto - Analo01to1Di0ital Data Con4erter& 67897:; <<: of 9;8

 !lash A() Converter
1par3le Codes

! A #parkle code may be due to2

! Static problem
! 5ff#et
! Dynamic problem
! Samplin9 in#tant
error

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 !lash '/) Con-erter
Spar3le Codes

! !"pi%al )* %lose to t/e ed1e

o 2peed limitation

A" $aschirotto - Analog-to-Digital Data Converters 67897:; 222 of 9;8

 !"#$% '() *+,-./0./
12#/3". 4+"./#,0 5,6+7./

!! "rotects against a sin$le spar.le0

?5>@ 3" A%.05/&B+*> 5, %/C D! 9::1AEF G/%&( 3+.45*,5* H),( I**+* 3+**5',)+.CJ KLL3 G5M*N%*O 8PP:C QQ" PP;18::<"

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <<= +> 9;8

 !lash '() *on-erter
1eta-3ta4ilit6

! " comparator does not reach a clear output

! 1i33erent 4ates read metasta5le output 6 di33erentl7

! Correct output9 :;;; or ;:::

! <rroneous output9 ::::

! Solutions9
o >atches ?hi4h powerA
o Bra7 encodin4

>ef? 3. @ortmann and T. Deng, F@ower-Hfficient Detastability Hrror >eduction in 3DLM Flash !/2 3onverters,O, PMM3 !ugust 8QQ6,
pp. 88S<-9:.

!. $aschirotto - !nalog-to-2igital 2ata 3onverters 6/89/:; <<9 of 9;8

 !"#$%&'()&*+,-./0./&
1/#2&3,4+56,7&

& !
&
!
"" ! #" !## "#!$ !#%
G" ! T" !T#
G" ! ##
!!
!
! "#$%!&' #(()$*+!,-./!,-)!0'!
!

! 12,'3+!3'+#45))6)-*!,(!
'-*)575)*#*',-!8/!69.*'7.)!4#*)+!
! :5,*)$*+!#.+,!#4#'-+*!+7#5;.)+!
! <,..,=!05#/!)-$,3)5!8/!>.#*$%!
#-3?!8'-#5/!)-$,3)5!
!

A" $a&chirotto - Analog1to1Digital Data Converter& 67897:; <<= o> 9;8

!. Baschirotto - !nalog-to-Digital Data 3onverters 671970; 226 of 9;1
!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <<; += 9;8
 !las% '/) Con-erter
1educin6 !las% ')C Co78le9it:

! !"#$%&'())
o *+,-./)0s/2#.34/5)6&#s4)
o 7n%9/)2#n3'()+):)*;)
o <=>)?)! ?)*;@2*+)B)*$;)
o CD$%#2#/D2s()2*+),*)?)*+2E)F./4)D66s'/)GG)<=>)
o !)<#23').n%9/)H'v.J')s.K')
" 7n%9/)J#%#J./#nJ'()*+2E)L)*++6M)?)*+2%M)
o NDF'2()*+2E)L)E$O)?)EO)
)
! T'J4n.Q9's()
o 7n/'2%D&#/.Dn)
o MD&H.n3)
o MD&H.n3)R)7n/'2%D&#/.Dn)
o TFD,s/'%S)%.%'&.n.n3)

!" $a&'hirotto - !.alog-to-2igital 2ata 3o.4erter& 67897:; <<= o> 9;8

 !"#$%&'()#*'"
!"#%',-.#*'"

! !"#$%
! !&'#()*+$',*&%-#'.##&%)(#$/)%*0')0'1%
%

! 2"3$&'$4#1%
! 5#"06#1%&0/-#(%*7%)(#$/)1%
! 5#"06#"%,&)0'%6$)$6,'$&6#%
! 5#"06#"%$(#$8%)*.#(%",11,)$',*&%
%

! 9':#(%)*,&'1%
! ;$/#%&0/-#(%*7%+$'6:#1%
%

! !/)*('$&'%<1,"#=-#&#7,'>%
! ?#6(#$1#"%1#&1,',3,'@%'*%)(#$/)%*771#'%
! !%,/)(*3#"%?AB%
%
%

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <<= +> 9;8

 !nter&'lati'n
Advantage0

! !"e e%ui(alent resolution of a 1las" stage can 4e increased 4y 7inter8olating 4et9een t"e
8rea:8lifier out8uts

! ;dditional latc"es detect t"e 8olarity of t"e difference

4et9een single-ended out8uts of t9o ad=acent
8rea:8lifiers

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 !"#$%&'()#*'"+
,%$)-&+./#&/#+

! !nterpolation red-ced the 0lash preampli3ier n-m4er

! 5ach preampli3ier e6hi4its a 3inite 7ain
! A non9:ero linear inp-t ran7e centered at ;ri
! <he di33erence 4et=een ;in and ;ri can 4e >-anti:ed at the
preampli3ier o-tp-t
! Case @
;A@ B ;C@ i3 ;inB;r@

;AD B ;CD i3 ;inB;rD

! Case D
;AD B ;C@ i3 ;inB;mBE;r@F;rDGHD

! <he polaritI o3 E;ADJ;C@G is the same o3 E;inJ;mG

;AD B ;CD i3 ;inB;rD

! <he e>-ivalent resol-tion o3 a 0lash sta7e can 4e

increased 4I Linterpolatin7 4et=een the preampli3ier o-tp-ts
!"#$%&'()*+,,+#-#!.%/+01,+12)0),%/#2%,%#3+.45*,5*&# 67897:;# <=8#+>#9;8#
 Inter&olation
,d.antages

! !"#$#%&'()*#+,$-#./*&,'/+$/0$)$1*)."$.,)2#$3)+$4#$'+3-#).#5$46$7'+,#-8/*),'+2$4#,9##+$,"#$
8-#):8*'0'#-$/&,8&,.$
$
! ;55','/+)*$*),3"#.$5#,#3,$,"#$8/*)-',6$/0$,"#$5'00#-#+3#$
4#,9##+$.'+2*#<#+5#5$/&,8&,.$/0$,9/$)5=)3#+,$
8-#):8*'0'#-.$
$

!" $aschirotto - !nalo0-to-2i0ital 2ata 3on4erters 67897:; 2=2 o> 9;8

 !nterpolation
Advanta/es

! "he n&m(er o+ preampli+iers is halved

! "he n&m(er o+ latch is the same

! 5nterpolation red&ces
! 5np&t capacitance
! 6o7er dissipation
! Area

! 9o latenc:; all the o&tp&t si<nals re=&ire one cloc> phase to reach the o&tp&t

!" $%&'()*+,,+ – !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <== +> 9;8

 !lash '() *on-erter
*ircuit solution

! !he used comparator is the cascade of C23S in6erters 7ith auto8ero

! a#

!p

! !he auto8ero c9cle of the comparators ;i6es rise to char;e pumpin; in the resistor strin;
net7or<
! =e9 limitation: offset? components matchin;? loadin;
! @erformance: Aer9 Bi;h speed CDEFB8G H lo7 accurac9 C! I JitG

!" $%&'()*+,,+ – !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <=9 +> 9;8

 Two$step * +ipeline * Sub$ranging
5lgorithm

– !ipeline operation
ADC1
! A-C/ 0Coarse A-C2 di4iti5es the inp7t si4nal
! 8he 97anti5ation error 0:esid7al2 is eval7ated
! A-C< 0=ine A-C2 di4iti5es the :esid7al ADC2
0
! i.e. the di??erence AetBeen the inp7t
0
si4nal and the di4iti5ed Bord converted
In1 0
into analo4 1
1 Q In2
This concept is valid for an< kind of 5DC

– CDampleF =lash <AG<A

! A-C/ " H comparators 1

! A-C< " H comparators

! :esid7al calc7lator " /-AC G /Opamp
! Better than
! =7ll KA =lash " /L comparators

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <=> +? 9;8

 !"#$%&'()*+,-./01/0)234)5#/6'-&'-%)
78.%9)1:(8':'/&.&1#/)

))
!! T"e t&'-)tep +la)" a./"ite/tu.e .e2ui.e) t&' +ull +la)" 34D /'n7e.te.)8 a D43 /'n7e.te. and a
)u:t.a/tin; ampli+ie.
!! T'tal N :it)
o! N = ? + AN-?B
!! B't" /'a.)e and +ine 3DD) need N-:it .e)'luti'n
!! 3nE e..'. i) .e+e..ed at t"e input &it" unita.E ;ain
A" Baschirotto – Analog1to1Digital Data 3onverters 671970; <=6 of 9;1
 T"o-step Su,ran0in0 234 Con6erters
Timin0 operation

!! !"# %&' &'()# *+#,('# -.,/0) 12

o! 1*(,&# 341
o! !"# -('( /& 453 6*07#,'#-
o! !"# 8.(0'/9('/*0 #,,*, /&
6(:6.:('#- ;!<"/0="/0431>
!! !"# ?0- &'()# *+#,('#& -.,/0) @12

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <=; +> 9;8

 !wo-step *ubranging 234 Con6erters
7las9 implementation

! !"#$%&%!"#'%()*%+,--*.*/0%.*-*.*/1*%2*3*2)% ADC1
! 456%.*),)0,3*%)0.,/7%6.%6/*%5,08%'9:$%
.*),)06.)%
! "%!++,0,6/;2%16<=2*>,0?% ADC2
0
! 48*%;11(.;1?%.*@(,.*+%06%08*%!"#'%16<=;.;06.%,)%
08*%-,/;2%;11(.;1?A%,B*B%3*.?%8,78% 0
In1 0
! C;.7*%=65*.%16/)(<=0,6/% 1
1 Q In2

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <=> o? 9;8

 !"o$st'()*+,-./01/0)A34)5o/6'-t'-s)
7's18+.9)A:(91f1'-)

) ADC1 Interstage Gain ADC2

! ! #esidual !mplifier /0nterstage
4ain5 is introduced
! 8oth !:C1 = !:C> use the
0 0
same reference levels

In1
1 Q 0

In2
1 1

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <=> o? 9;8

 !"o$st'()*u,-.n0in0)2/4)Con6'-t'-s)
R'si8u.9)2:(9i;i'-)

!! "he amplification is 01 21 is the no3 of 4it of the first sta6e7

!! 8n9 error after the resid;al amplifier is referred to the inp;t divided 49 the =es8mp 6ain
o! "he re>;irements for the comparators of 8?@0 are relaAed
o! Bine 8?@ needs 2CD17D4it resol;tion
o! Eower resol;tion ! lower power s;ppl9
!! =esid;al amp ma9 dela9 conversion

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <9: += 9;8

 !"#$%&'( *+,-./01/0 234 5#/6'-&'-%
!! !"#"$%$"&'(
"S
"1 "2 "3
"H
V in m-bits + n-bits
S&H ADC DAC - # K ADC "1

"2
V ref V ref (K / 2m)V
MSB’s ref LSB’s
"3

!! *+, (-.$/%0$"'1 %#23"4",/ 0%' ., $+, /,%3 3"#"$ $& (2,,56 ("'0, (-.$/%0$"&' %'5 %#23"4"0%$"&'
#-($ (,$$3, 7"$+"' +%34 &4 % 8-%'$"9%$"&' ($,26 $+-( /,8-"/"'1 $"#,6 %'5 7"$+ $+, %00-/%0: &4
$+, 4&33&7"'1 ($%1,
!! ;-00,(("<, (%#23,( %/, 7,%=3: 0&//,3%$,5 >? *+, (-.$/%0$"'1 %#23"4",/ #-($ ,'(-/, 3%/1,
&-$2-$ (7"'1 7"$+"' $+, (-.$/%0$"'1 2,/"&5
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!! *+, #"(#%$0+ .,$7,,' $+, 0&%/(, %'5 4"', /,4,/,'0, <&3$%1,( &/ %' ,//&/ "' $+, #-3$"23:"'1
4%0$&/ 5,1/%5, $+, 3"',%/"$:

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!" B%s'(i*o,,o - !n%/o01,o12i0i,%/ 2%,% 3on4e*,e*s 67897:; <9< o= 9;8
 !!!!! !

!"#$%&'()*+,,+#-#!.%/+01,+12)0),%/#2%,%#3+.45*,5*&# 67897:;# <9=#+f#9;8#

 !"lti&sta)e , -ipeline A,1 Converter
! !"#$t&o()t*g#$,o-,#.t$,*-$/#$#0t#-d#d$to$23lt5()t*g#$
! 6*),*d#$o7$)t*g#)$o.#8*t5-g$5-$.*8*ll#l$#*,"$.8od3,5-g$o-#$o8$2o8#$/5t)$
! B5t)$8#l*t5:#$to$)3,,#))5:#$5-.3t$)*2.l#)$*8#$d#t#825-#d$d385-g$t"#$)*2#$,lo,;$,<,l#$
! !"#$)*2.l5-g$8*t#$5-,8#*)#)$*t$t"#$#0.#-)#$o7$*$)<)t#2$l*t#-,<$=;$,lo,;$,<,l#)>$
1 2 K-1 K
V in(nT)
ADC res ADC res ADC res ADC
+ + + +
RES RES RES RES

j j j j
bkj-1,…,b(k-1)j+1, b(k-1)j b(k-1)j-1,…,b(k-2)j+1, b(k-2)j b2j-1,…,bj+1, bj bj-1,…,b1, b0
Sample n Sample (n-1) Sample (n-K-2) Sample (n-K-1) $
$
! ?-<$?@6$,o3ld$/#$52.l#2#-t#d$&5t"$*$d577#8#-t$t#,"-5A3#$
! ?)$5-$d5g5t*l$)<)t#2)B$)#:#8*l$d577#8#-t$)t*g#)$o.#8*t#$*t$t"#$)*2#$8*t#$$
! !"#$).##d$o7$#*,"$)t*g#$5)$t"#$).##d$o7$t"#$73ll$?@6$

!"#Basc(irotto#-#!nalo01to12i0ital#2ata#3on4erters# 6/89/:;# 299#of#9;8#

 !ipeline A/* Converter
Switched-capacitor implementation

!! T"#$%&''"(f*+(b$ts(#*/(st&0*(&/*(1s*d(34(C6OS(s+$t%h*d(%&#&%$t:/($;#'*;*<t&t$:<(:f(&(:<*(
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(

Vin +
j-bit j-bit
S&H
ADC DAC -
# 2j

Vin -Vref /2 +
S&H + +Vref /2 -
# 2
-

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(

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 !i#$%in$'()D'+onv$./$.'
0112$/'$..o.'

! !n# co'(arator offset /i1es a con1ersion error

o i2e2 a 345 reduction

'
'''''''''''i3$4%'542$''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''o112$/'$..o.'

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 !"#$%"n$'()*'C,nv$./$.'
011s$/'$..,.'

!! T"#$%ffs#($#))%)$*s$+,n+#..#/$01$2#,ns$%f$,$)#/3n/,n($0*($

'
'''''''"3$4%'54s$''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''',11s$/'$..,.''

A" Baschirotto - Analog-to-Digital Data Converters 6714707 247 of 471

 !i#$lin$'()*'+on-$./$.'
Basi3'o#$.a/ion'

'
! !f#$in#'#$(i)#
! !#$*+si)u+.20$in1$*+f2#
! !f#$in#3#$(i)#
! !#$*+si)u+.20$in2#
!"#$%&'()*+,,+#-#!.%/+01,+12)0),%/#2%,%#3+.45*,5*&# 67897:;# <9=#+>#9;8#
 !ipeline A)* Converter
0hreshold error

A" $aschir+tt+ - Anal+g-t+-Digital Data C+n4erters 67897:; <9= +f 9;8

 !ipeline ()* +on-erter
0o *i1ital 3rror +orrection

! !"#$"%&%'(&)'"*+,-'"5ithout".&-&+,("
/011'/+&0)"
"
! 203&),("&)%4+504+%4+"+1,)*6'1"/417'*"

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <=: +> 9;8

 !i#eline ()D +on-erter
0o Di1ital 3rror +orrection

! !nput&output trans,er cur/es 0ith circuit imper,ections

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <=8 +> 9;8

 !"#$%"&$'()*'+,&-$./$.'
01.$21,%3'-,%/45$'$..,.'

! !"res"old voltage error can 0e eliminated postponing t"e decision

'

6''''''''''77''''''''''''6'

'
o ! Digital correction

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <=< +> 9;8

 !ipeline ()* +on-erter
21it-sta5e operation

! !" $%n ' $()mp,

! ! $-e/=22$%n,$-e"34
! !" $%n 5 $()mp3
! ! $-e/=22$%n,$-e",4
! !" $()mp,5$%n5$()mp3
! ! $-e/ = 22$%n4

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <=> +? 9;8

 !i#eline'A)*'
)igital'*orre0tion1'2#eration'

'
'

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <=9 o> 9;8

 !ipeline ()*
)i+ital *o//e0tion1 (/02ite0t3/e

!
– "#!$%&'('#'!
o !")%*+,-'%).#(%&!'#/0-'!
o 1-)/2!-)-3-&#'!'2&$4,%&(5(&0!#4-!'#/0-!%.#6.#'!
o 1(0(#/)!$%,,-$#(%&!)%0($7!

!" $a&'(i*+,,+ - !nal+g1,+12igi,al 2a,a 3+n4e*,e*& 67897:; <== +> 9;8

 Pipeline ()C
(+,-ite,tu+e

!! !"#$ &'"() $"& " *)&+,-'.+/ +0 1!i#2ri#3#4.'&

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.& )95,+8)7
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!"#$%&'()*+,,+#-#!.%/+01,+12)0),%/#2%,%#3+.45*,5*&# 67897:;# <=6#+>#9;8#

 !"p$l"n$ ()*
+,$rall r$solut"on

! "#e total )esolution ! o. a pipeline 01C 3it# m di..e)ent stage )esolutions $% 6 &% units o. eac#6
is gi8en b:

o 3#e)e $& is t#e )esolution o. t#e last stage;

o "#e e..ecti8e stage )esolution is t:picall: in t#e )ange o. <=> bits;

A. Baschirotto – Analog-to-Digital Data Converters 671470; <=; of 4;1

 !"#$%"&$ ()*
(+,-".$,./+$ 0 1"&2%$ 3.42$

!
! "#$%!s'#()!$o+,-is)s!
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! #3!#-i'%+)'i$!23i'!7'%)!<2/'i,/=i3(!9i(i'#/1'o1A3#/o(!Co36)-')-!1!<9AC;!,)->o-+i3(!!
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! ?24'-#$'io3!
! C)si52)!#+,/i>i$#'io3!

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 !ipeline A)C
Architect/re 0 1in2le sta2e operation

! !" &00&,)i5& :i).

! #>:i) '&79#7(#,?

! I# o%&'()io#+ &(,- .)(/&

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! (1%8i0i&. )-i. '&.i79& =i)- ( /(i# o0

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 !"#$%"&$ ()*
(+,-".$,./+$ 0 1"&2%$ 3.42$ 5#$+4."5&

!nput
signal

,igital
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Residue

! "i!$%&!r$(!

!" $aschirotto - !nalog-to-2igital 2ata Converters 67897:; <6: of 9;8

 !ipeline A)C
A+,-ite,t/+e 0 Single stage ope+ation

!
!
! "#$!%&'($%!)*$+'&$!,)-,.++$-&/0!!!'&!'-0!&12$!
o &#$!31+%&!%&'($!)*$+'&$%!)-!&#$!2)%&!+$,$-&!%'2*/$!
o '//!)&#$+!%&'($%!)*$+'&$!)-!+$%14.$%!3+)2!*+$51).%!%'2*/$%6!!
! 7$+1'/!%&'($%!)*$+'&$!1-!)**)%1&$!,/),8!*#'%$%6!!
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o &#$1+!5'/.$!,)++$%*)-4!&)!&#$!%'2$!1-*.&!%'2*/$!!
!
!" $aschirotto - !nalog1to1Digital Data 3onverters 67897:; <68 of 9;8
 !"#$%"&$ ()*
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! "#$ %$&'()*+, )-).( C /*)& .%$ 0$1 )- )#$ 2-%%$2)*-+ 2*%2'*)%3

! "#$ .+.(-, )%.+&0$% 0'+2)*-+ -0 . #i4r5/*) 6*6$(*+$ &).,$ 0-((-7& )#$ $8'.)*-+

o Di *& .+ *+)$,$%9 1$6$+1$+) -+ )#$ -')6') -0 )#$ &'/5:;<

o Di ! =5>?@#i5AB9 4>?@#i 5ABC 7*)# . &)$6 -0 ? >-+(3 -11 D.('$&B 0-% r E F .+1 A 0-% r E A
! "#$ -)#$% )$%G& Gi .+1 Vin*i .+1 )#$ .11*)*-+ .%$ 6%-D*1$1 /3 )#$ H;:<
!"#$%&'()*+,,+#-#!.%/+01,+12)0),%/#2%,%#3+.45*,5*&# 67897:;# <6<#+=#9;8#
 !"#$%"&$ ()*
+$,-&,.&/ 0"1& )"1"/ *2,"&1 3+0)4

! ! digital correction algorithm 012D4 coding,

o 1 bit of redundancy 0! = 14 in each stage
! it allows to relax the ?uanti@ation accuracy specifications in sub-!DCs

!"#$%&'()*+,,+#-#!.%/+01,+12)0),%/#2%,%#3+.45*,5*&# 67897:;# <6=#+>#9;8#

 !ipeline A)C
+edundant 0ign )igit Coding 3+0)4

! Addi$g a redu$da$t bit mea$s i$creasi$g the stage resolutio$ b3 o$e bit mi$us o$e
4ua$ti5atio$ level7
! Thus9 the amou$t of redu$da$c3 is commo$l3 referred as ;7< bits7

=i>?9 r>; ! ?b =i>?9 r>@ ! ?7<b =i>A9 r>; ! Ab

Threshold Levels > C Threshold Levels > D Threshold Levels > E
Fi > C Fi > C Fi > G

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <69 += 9;8

 !"#$%"&$ ()*
+$,-&,.&/ 0"1& )"1"/ *2,"&1 3+0)4

! !"# %&'(&' %) * +,-./0' 1'*2# 1'*31 /#'4##5 6!"#f7+ )%8 05(&' 9%:'*2#1 %) 6!"#f;<7=

56$789:;
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=56$7:> ? @ ? @ ? @ ?
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 !"#$%"&$'()*'
+$,-&,.&/'0"1&')"1"/'*2,"&1'3+0)4''

– !"anti'ation errors e--ects

! /he lo23resol"tion A5C "ses comparators 2ith
threshold voltages e<"al to the <"anti'ation step
locations
– An= o--set in the comparator threshold level is translated
into a <"anti'ation error and appears as a shi-t in the
location o- the <"anti'ation step >!os?
– @3Ait stage >dashed line?,
! the comparator o--set ca"ses an over-lo2 o- the
stage o"tp"t sat"rating the neCt stage and res"lting
in an erroneo"s <"anti'ation.
– @.E3Ait stage >solid line?,
! the comparator o--set res"lts in a stage o"tp"t greater than !re& F@ A"t smaller than !re&
! " no in-ormation loss
! " correct <"anti'ation reconstr"ction "sing the digital o"tp"t o- the neCt stage
– A comparator o--set o- Go--set H IGre- FJ can Ae tolerated >the stage o"tp"t sta=s 2ithin !re&?
!" $asc(irotto - !nalo01to12i0ital 2ata Con4erters 67897:; <66 of 9;8
 !"#$%"&$ ()*
+$,-&,.&/ 0"1& )"1"/ *2,"&1 3+0)4

! !he !" %its of stage " are resolved

o !he num%er of 4uanti5ation steps ! "i ! "$i "r ! r ! #

Bi =9 : r=; ! 9% resolution 9 !hreshold level
Bi =9 : r=9 ! 9<=% resolution 2 !hreshold levels
Bi =2 : r=; ! 2% resolution 3 !hreshold levels
Bi =2 : r=9 ! 2<=% resolution 6 !hreshold levels
Bi =3 : r=; ! 3% resolution A !hreshold levels
! !he locations of these 4uanti5ation steps relative to the reference voltage $r&' C which
corresponds to the fullEscale input amplitude are

o where ( is an integer for which (! 2 F;C (m*+GC with !!""#$ ! 2#$ "% !1 ! % ! 1

! !he num%er of stage output codes is !!"# = $# "1= #%# "& ! &

!"#$%&'()*+,,+#-#!.%/+01,+12)0),%/#2%,%#3+.45*,5*&# 67897:;# <6;#+=#9;8#

 !ipeline (D*
+edundant 0ign Digit *oding 3+0D4

! !"am%le ca*e a +-bit *tage 1ith and 1ithout redundancy

"i9 + : ; "i9 +<= : >

b i9 + : ? bi9 +9= : D
@AA9 AB9 BA9 and BBC @AAA9 AAB9 ABA9 ABB9 BAA9 BAB9 and BBAC

! Ehe tolerable oFF*et For *tage i i* in general @r G AC

Ehe tolerable oFF*et &osHi : @S%acing bet1een t1o JuantiKation *te%* &ref+nC L +
! Ehe accuracy oF the *ub-JuantiKation i*M
o relatiNe to the *tage re*olution
o inde%endent oF the total re*olution oF the ODQ<

!"#$%&'()*+,,+#-#!.%/+01,+12)0),%/#2%,%#3+.45*,5*&# 67897:;# <6=#+>#9;8#

 !ipeline ()C
+edundant Sign )igit Coding 3+S)4

!! !"#$%&'()#'*$% $, '-" (".)%./%' &*0% .*0*' #$.". .*0*'/1 &'/0" $)'2)'&

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o! " $( '-" $)'2)' 7$(. *& #)' '$ "A#1)." &BC

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <6= o> 9;8

 !"#$%"&$'A)*'
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* *
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A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <;: o= 9;8

 !ipeline ()C
+edundant Si1n )i1it Codin1 3+S)4

! !""#$%&'#(#)) +#,-()%./%&-(0 %1- )#.&/2 345&% )%/6#)

o 7-,8#()/%#+ $/)#
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! 9&%: -. 1&%:-;% -"")#%

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o (- -'#."2-1 -" %:# )%/6#
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!" B%&'()*+,,+ - !n%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+n45*,5*& 6714707 271 += 471

 !ipeline A)C
+ed-ndant 0i1n )i1it Codin1 3+0)4

! !"#tu&"' 'u))#&*

! +," "-."'' /0 ,#&12#&" .#u'"1 3* t," R5D .7&&".t/70 /' 8"&* ')#99:

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.#p#./t#0." #01 #)p9/?/"& 'p"./?/.#t/70' &")#/0 u0.,#0="1:

! +," .7)p#&#t7& 'p"./?/.#t/70' #&" '/)u9t#0"7u'9* &"9#-"1 '/=0/?/.#0t9*>

! " A&"# #01 p72"& &"1u.t/70

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'/)u9t#0"7u'9*

!" Ba&'(i*+tt+ - !nal+0-t+-2i0ital 2ata 3+n4e*te*& 671470; 2;2 += 4;1

 !ipeline A)C
+.-.it0per0sta4e .ased str6ct6re

!" $asc(i*+tt+ - !na/+g1t+12igita/ 2ata 3+n4e*te*s 67897:; <;= +f 9;8

 !ipeline ()*
+,-.it-per-2ta4e .a2ed 2tructure

!! !"# %&'() *%+&,- .,&+#* /.01 !"re% )0 &"re%

2. 32.#/

!! !"# *(45678 )".#*"0-9* ,.# &"re%:; ,&9 –"re%:;

!! !"# 768 -#=#-* ,.# !"re%> ?> ,&9 3"re%
!! !"# .#*%9(# ).,&*/#. /(&@)%0& %*

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 6/14/07 <74 o= 471

 !ipeline A)C
+.-.it0per0sta4e .ased str6ct6re!

! "#$%&'#!#()*')+%,-!
!
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! +/#!)::'2):;!2#<'%2#=#-+$!,-!
+/#!$'87>?@$!)2#!02#)+*;!
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!" $%s'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*s 67897:; 2;= +f 9;8

 !"#$%"&$'()*'
+,-."/0#$10s/34$'.3s$5's/167/61$

! "he last sta)e is not-di)itall/ corrected and it is 2s2all/ a t3o-4it 5lash

'

A. $as'(irotto - Analog1to12igital 2ata 3on4erters 67197:; 2;6 of 9;1

 !ipeline ADC
+.-bit-per-stage based structure!

– "#$%&'()'*+,!-.!&/01,/,2'*'&32!
o 45,!)6%(78.!'59,)531:)!*9,!
;<9,=>?!*2:!@<9,=>?#!!
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o C206'!<&!&)!*001&,:!'3!'5,!&206'!3=!
)6%(78.!!
o <&!&)!*001&,:!'3!)*/01&2+!
D*0*D&'39)!.)!*2:!.=!
o 7'!'5,!,2:!3=!'5,!=&9)'!D13DE!
05*),!
! <&!&)!)*/01,:!*D93))!.)!*2:!.=!
! '5,!36'06'!3=!'5,!)6%(78.!&)!1*'D5,:#!!

A" $asc()rotto - Analo01to1D)0)tal Data Converters 6/89/:; <;; o= 9;8

 !"#$%"&$ ()*
+,-."/0#$102/34$ .32$5 2/167/61$

! !"aluation phase
o C" closes a negati"e feed3ac4 loop
around the opamp
o 7he top plate of Cs is switched to the
9:; output<
! 7he stage residue is present at =o<
! 7he su3-:9; output selects the 9:;
output "oltage ?$dac@ through an analog
multipleAor<
! $dac is capaciti"elB su3tracted from the residue such thatC

A. Baschirotto - Analog1to1Digital Data Converters 67897:; <;= o> 9;8

 !"#el"ne ()*
+,-."t-#er-2ta4e .a2ed 2tru7ture

!! !"#$%"%&'(')*& ),-%,
!! Cs.Cf ), /0*,%& '* 1)2% ( 1()& *3 '4* )&
'0% '5(&,3%5 3-&/')*&6
!! 70% 89: $%2%$, /(& ;% 1%&%5('%< 35*" (
,)&1$% <)33%5%&')($ 5%3%5%&'%
!! '0% &%1(')2% 5%3%5%&/% ! -,)&1 '0%
5%2%5,% #*$(5)'=
!! <)33%5%&')($ >%5* ! ,0*5')&1 '0%
*-'#-',
!! 9 #5%/),)*& )&'%5,'(1% 1()& ), &%%<%< '*
(/0)%2% '0% <%,)5%< 98: $)&%(5)'=6
!! /(#(/)'*5 5(')* Cs.Cf <%'%5")&%, '0), )&'%5,'(1% 1()& ! /(#(/)'*5 "('/0)&1 ), /5)')/($
!! 8: *#("# 1()& "-,' ;% ,-33)/)%&'$= $(51% ?@ AB <CD '* 5%<-/% 3)&)'% 1()& %55*5
!! E#("# "-,' ,%''$% '* ;%''%5 '0(& B6FG (//-5(/= )& *&% /$*/H #0(,% ?*&% 0($3I/=/$%D
"! E#("# ,%''$)&1 ')"% '0(' $)")', '0% *2%5($$ #)#%$)&% '05*-10#-'

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <;= +> 9;8

 !"#$%"&$'()*'
+%,-.'/"01203',4'0'$i5r67"8'4%09:'(;)'-,&<$28$2'

A. $aschirotto - Analog-to-2igital 2ata Converters 67897:; <=: of 9;8

 !"#$%"&$'()*'
+$&$,"-'./%0"#%1"&2')"2"03%4054(&3%52'*5&6$,0$,'7.)(*8''

! !"#$%&%'(#))*+ #( -./0 %1 %23)424(&4$ 51%(6 &74 18%&974$ 9#3#9%&'" &497(%:54

! / 64(4"#) 5(%& 9#3#9%&'" -./0 '; # !i<r=>%&
3%34)%(4 1&#64
! ?!i 5(%& 9#3#9%&'"1 @%&+A BCC%&+n=D+ %(E
! 18%&9741 &7#& '34"#&4 %( &74 1#23)4 @;)E '"
7')$ @;*E 37#14
! #( '34"#&%'(#) #23)%;%4"C
! .5"%(6 &74 1#23)4 37#14 ;)+
! &74 >'&&'2 3)#&41 '; #)) &74 5(%& 9#3#9%&'"1
@%&+A BCC%&+n=D+ %( E #"4 9'((49&4$ &' &74
1&#64 %(35& F')&#64 +inG
! &74 &'3 3)#&41 '; &74 9#3#9%&'"1 #"4 6"'5($4$ &7"'567 '(4 18%&97C
! !74 >'&&'2=3)#&4 1#23)%(6 9#( >4 423)'*4$ >* '34(%(6 &74 9'22'( 1#23)%(6
18%&97 &' &74 6"'5($ %( 37#14 ;A)+ 1)%67&)* >4;'"4 &74 %(35& 9'((49&%(6 18%&9741 %(
37#14 ;)C

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <=8 o> 9;8

 !ipeline (D*
+ultiplying Digital-to-(nalog *onverter (+D(*)

! "#$%&' ()* )+,- .)/0* 1!2

o ()* 3+((+4 .,/(* +1 ()* 1**-3/56 5/./5%(+$ "# %0 5+&&*5(*- (+ ()* +./4. +#(.#(
o ()* 0/4.,%&' 5/./5%(+$0 "%&' 78"%&()* /$* 0*( (+ 9+,-# 2 :2 +$ ; +,-#2 -*.*&-%&' +& ()*
+#(.#( +1 ()* 0#3<=">8
o ?)* 0(/'* +#(.#( @+,(/'* +./0A1 %0B

! C)*$* 23 %0 /& %&(*'*$ 5+$$*0.+&-%&' (+ ()* +#(.#( +1 ()* 0#3<="> C%()

! 23 ! D9(2G43 <1)2 ;(2G43 <1)J
" ()* +#(.#( @+,(/'* 5/& 3* C$%((*& /0

'( + "+!$
* !# ')" * "+!$
* !# %, * #')" * &
"#$%"& ! #"&+"& ! #"-.(
'( '(
! (K (2L%<1) %0 ()* &#43*$ +1 ()* 0/4.,%&' 5/./5%(+$0
! 56 %0 / 5+&0(/&( 4#,(%.,%*$ *M#/, (+ 12 : +$ ;1 -*.*&-%&' +& ()* +#(.#( +1 ()* 0#3<="> 43;,8

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <=< +> 9;8

 !"#$%"&$ ()*
+)(* ,* -.#%$.$&/0/"1&

!
"!#$%&'!()!#*+$%&'!,-&'!./0/.&'()!12"3!&-!'45!6/7!8/90:5!/-;!6%7!4(:;!9(;58*!

!" $%s'()ro,,o - !n%/o01,o1D)0),%/ D%,% 3on45r,5rs 67897:; <=> o? 9;8

 !ipeline A)* Converter
2.2 bit4per4stage

! ! #$%&'( )*$g,-*. /&0&/$-$1* 23!4

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <=9 o> 9;8

 !"#$%"&$ ()* +,&-$./$.
012 3"/4#$.45/67$

! !"#$%&'($)*+,$

$
! )*+,$-./0./$1-2/34#$
+ !, + !,
)
'" " ( ' " -. ) # ( ) ' /
) !* ) !*
!"#$ %& ! !&+ %& ! !012 $
' '
! 5-6$3$%&'7(8/$9/34#$
3& !8$:$%;$6$:$<;$=$:$%$

!" $%s'()ro,,o - !n%/o01,o1D)0),%/ D%,% 3on45r,5rs 67897:; <=> o? 9;8

 !ipeline A)C
+on-idealities

! 2he 456 operation, )5A conversion, s;<traction, and ampli>ication o> the resid;e have
to >;l>ill an acc;rac? re@;irement e@;al to the resol;tion o> the remaininA pipeline
staAes!
o ! #$% &%'()*#+(, (- . /+/%)+,% 012 3(,4%&#%& +'
)+5+#%6 78 #$% .33*&.38 (- #$% 920:
" ! +!%! #$% /%&-(&5.,3% (- #$% (/%&.#+(,.)
.5/)+-+%& .,6 3(5/(,%,# 5.#3$+,;!

! <*7=02: ,(,=+6%.)+#+%'
o 3(5/.&.#(& (--'%# 4()#.;%' !"#>$
o #+5+,; %&&(& +, #$% ).#3$+,; '+;,.) !'%&
o 6%4+.#+(, (- #$% &%-%&%,3% 4()#.;%' !'()*?$
o .57+#+(*' '#.;%' 5.8 (33*& +, #$%
3(5/.&.#(&'

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <=6 +> 9;8

 !"#$%"&$ ()*
+,&-".$/%"0"$1

! "nit ca(acitor +D-. non-idealities

! t4e am(li6ier (arasitics7
! 6inite transconductance g"
! ma9imal out(ut current #"ax
! out(ut resistance ro
! (arasitic in(ut ca(acitance
()ar
! o66set voltage *os.
! t4e ca(acitor mismatc4es D(s= ,
and D(f >
! re6erence voltage mismatc4 D/r0 f >
! timing error in t4e sam(ling cloc? D6S>
! c4arge in@ection 6rom t4e sAitc4es

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <=; o> 9;8

 !"#$%"&$'()*'
+,&-".$/%"0"$12'*,3#/4/0,4',551$0'

! !om$arator offset ,oltage

o /n offset ,oltage shifts the
decision le,el of the com$arator
introducing a 6uanti7ation error
to the !" 8$9bit out$ut of the stage.

! The com$arator offset ,oltage is

originated from se,eral sources
o =e,ice mismatch
o >eference ,oltage le,els
de,iation (!%$&'( ) )

!.#$%&'()*+,,+#-#!.%/+01,+12)0),%/#2%,%#3+.45*,5*&# 67847:;# 288#+>#4;8#

 !"#$%"&$ ()*
+,&-".$/%"0"$12 *,3#/4/0,4 ,551$0

! !itho&t red&ndanc.
o /he error in the o&tp&t volta3e o4 each sta3e m&st 7e less than hal4 o4 the 89B
re4erred to the resol&tion o4 the remainin3 7ac;<end pipeline A>C
o ! /he ma@imal error alloAed in the o&tp&t o4 the !"#$sta3e is

! Ahere %&'$B CD%()*$$is the 4&ll<scale o&tp&t volta3e

o ! Ee4erred to the sta3e inp&t, the ma@imal alloAed comparator inp&t re4erred o44set is

! !ith red&ndanc.

o independent on the order o4 the sta3e

!"#$%&'()*+,,+#-#!.%/+01,+12)0),%/#2%,%#3+.45*,5*&# 67897:;# <=>#+?#9;8#
 !"#$%"&$ ()*
+,&-".$/%"0"$12 3#/4# !$56,54/&7$

! Opamp per(ormance a((ects .oth the

static and d2namic linearit2 o( 4hole
A6C.
o 9he ampli(ier o:tp:t o( an ;6AC
m:st settle to the acc:rac2 o( the
remainin< pipeline A=6 converter
4ithin hal( o( a cloc? c2cle.
! 9he ma@or opamp nonAidealities
o o((set
o limited <ain .and4idth
o sle4 rate
o (inite open loop 6CA<ain.
! nonAlinear 6CA<ain

!"#$%&'()*+,,+#-#!.%/+01,+12)0),%/#2%,%#3+.45*,5*&# 67897:;# <=:#+>#9;8#

 !"#$%"&$'()*'
+,&-".$/%"0"$12'3#/4#',551$0

!! "#$ %&&'$( )!"#$*+ '$,*$' -*(# (#$ %./0.

*+1$,(*+2 *+.3(4 *' '3.$,*0.%'$5 (% 6*+
!! 73,*+2 (#$ '/0.8$ .#/'$ !%
!! 9/./:*(%,' &#;' /+5 &( :/+ <$
:%+'*5$,$5 (% <$ :%++$:($5 (% (#$
'*2+/8 2,%3+5=
!! >%(# :/. .8/($' /,$ 2,%3+5$5
!! " +% :#/,2$ *' '(%,$5 *+ (#$0=
!! 73,*+2 (#$ #%85 .#/'$ !)
!! (#$ '/0.8*+2 '-*(:# *' %.$+$5 /+5 (#$ /0.8*&*$, %&&'$( 1%8(/2$ !"#$/..$/,' /:,%'' (#$
'/0.8*+2 :/./:*(%,' &#;'
!! (#$ (%. .8/($ %& &( *' /( !"#$/+5 (#$ <%((%0 .8/($ /( (#$ %3(.3( 1%8(/2$ 8$1$8
!! 9#/,2$ .,$'$,1/(*%+ " (#$ %./0. %&&'$( $&&$:( /( (#$ %3(.3( V"#?i$*'

!" $aschirotto - !nalog-to-2igital 2ata 3on4erters 67197:; 2=1 o> 9;1

 !"#el"ne ()*
+on-"deal"t"e12 3#am# o551et

! "#$ %&'(& %))*$+ ,%-+'.$ /0+1%234$* ' 4%0*+'0+

$11%1 %) !os5i5 6#/4# /* 2/1$4+-7 +1'0*-'+$2 +% '0
$83'-5 4%0*+'0+ *#/)+ %) +#$ %3+&3+ ,%-+'.$ !out5i
! "#$ *#/)+ 4'0 4'3*$ +#$ *+'.$ %3+&3+ +% %,$1)-%6
'02 *'+31'+$ +#$ 1$('/0/0. &/&$-/0$ *+'.$*9
o "#$ $))$4+ %) +#/* %))*$+ ,%-+'.$ 4'0 :$
(/0/(/;$2 :7 3*/0. 6$-- <0%60 4/143/+
+$4#0/83$* -/<$
! '3+%=;$1%/0.5 /9$9 4%00$4+/0. +#$
'(&-/)/$1 /0 30/+7 .'/0 )$$2:'4< 231/0.
+#$ *'(&-$ &#'*$5
! ($'*31/0. '02 4%(&$0*'+/0. +#$ %))*$+
'0'-%./4'--7 %1 2/./+'--79
! >+#$1 %))*$+ ,%-+'.$ *%314$* '1$ &1$*$0+
o 4-%4< )$$2+#1%3.# '02 4#'1.$ /0?$4+/%0 %) +#$ *6/+4#$*9
! "#$/1 $))$4+ %0 +#$ *+'.$ +1'0*)$1 )304+/%0 /* /2$0+/4'- +% +#$ %&$1'+/%0'- '(&-/)/$1 %))*$+9

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <=< +> 9;8

 !"#$%"&$'()*'
+,&-".$/%"0"$12'3#/4#'5"&"0$'3#$&'6,,#')*-7/"&'

! !"#"$%&'(()(*&('*+,"&-().&
! "/'&-$0$"'&)1'0&,))1&2345#$0&6A78&
! "/'&1#(#*$"$%&$01+"&%#1#%$"#0%'&Cpar9&:/$%/&
%/#05'*&"/'&-'';<#%=&-#%")(&
! 3/#(5'&1('*'(>#"$)0&$0&"/'&*#.1,'&#0;&/),;&
.);'&!&

&

&
! :/'('&"/'&1#(#.'"'(&& $*&"/'&-'';<#%=&-#%")(&6$0%,+;$05&)1#.1&1#(#*$"$%&$01+"&%#18&

&
!. $as'(irotto - !nalog-to-2igital 2ata 3onverters 67897:; 2=> o? 9;8
 !"#$%"&$'()*'
+,&-".$/%"0"$12'3#/4#'5"&"0$'3#$&'6,,#')*-7/"&'

!"eal !

'()(*e +pamp .a() e//e0*s !

! 23e e44+4 ()*4+"50e" 67 *3e ampl(/(e4 /()(*e +pe) l++p 89-.a() (s *3e las* *e4m
! ;3e) 1=!0 ? "##$$#1@ (* app4+A(ma*el7 3+l"s

'
! 235s@ *3e ampl(/(e4 /()(*e 89-.a() "e04eases *3e .a() a)" s*eps a* *3e 0+mpa4a*+4 *34es3+l"s
() *3e *4a)s/e4 /5)0*(+) 67 a) e44+4 *e4m e!0 +/

'

!" $as'hirotto - !nalog-to-2igital 2ata 3onverters 67897:; 2=9 of 9;8

 !"#$%"&$'()*'
+,&-".$/%"0"$12'3#/4#'5"&"0$'3#$&'6,,#')*-7/"&'

! "#$ $%%$&' (% '#$ )$*+,'-./ *-/.0,-

-.2$3$.2$.' /0-. $))() -.')(2+&$2 '(
'#$ ')0.*%$) %+.&'-(. (% 0 156-7-' *'0/$

! "#$ $%%$&' (% '#-* /0-. $))() *#(+,2 7$

2$&)$0*$2 7$,(8 '#$ 9+0.'-z0'-(.
.(-*$ ,$;$,

!" $%&'()*+,,+ – !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <=> +? 9;8

 !"#$%"&$ ()*
+,&-".$/%"0"$12 3#/4# 5%$6 7/0$ /&. 8/"& 9/&.6".0:

! !"#$%&'()(*$&+%&*,())'-".*!*/*,(0(1(*23"+%-#*(11$1**
o 45(*)$*)6(*7-"-)(*,'(8*1+)(*9:;<*+"2*.+-"*=+"28-2)6**9>?@<*
Transient due to charge injection
Linear settling

Slew-rate
Output voltage

Error due
to charge injection

Capacitive
partition

!1 !2

Time *
! /)*)6(*=(.-""-".*$7*)6(*6$'2*%$2(A*)6(*$&(1+)-$"+'*+%&'-7-(1*(")(1,*,'(8-".A*&1$0-2-".*-),*
%+B-%+'*$5)&5)*#511(")*!"#$A**
! C+)(1*$"A*-)*,())'(,*(B&$"(")-+''3*)$8+12,*)6(*-2(+'*,)+.(*$5)&5)*0$')+.(A*)6(*,())'-".*"$8*
=(-".*'-%-)(2*=3*D>?*9)6(*+%&'-7-(1*)1+",#$"25#)+"#(*%" +"2*)6(*(77(#)-0(*'$+2*#+&+#-)+"#(*
-"*)6-,*%$2(*'(EHF<*

!" $a&c(irotto - !nalog-to-2igital 2ata 3on4erter& 67897:; 2=6 o> 9;8

 !ipeline A)C
+on-idealities2 Opamp 5le6 7ate and 8ain Band6idth

! !le$ &ate limite+ pa&t

o -o &ese&0e 1234523 o6 the total a0aila8le settlin: time ;!<=>
! -he loa+ capacitance@ $hich has to 8e cha&:e+ o& +ischa&:e+ +u&in: the settlin:@
+epen+s on the capacito& cha&:in: in the p&e0ious sample phaseB
o In the $o&st case@ the total loa+ capacitance +u&in: the sle$in: is "#D$%$&E"'&@ &esultin:

! $he&e "#D$%$&F"#E"%($&is the total loa+ capacitance inclu+in: the pa&asitic capacitance
at the ampli6ie& output "%($&B
! -he sta:e output 0olta:e +epen+s linea&lG on the sle$ &ate an+ at the en+ o6 this phase is

!. $aschirotto - !nalo01to12i0ital 2ata 3on4erters 67897:; <=; o> 9;8

 !i#eline A)*
+on-idealities2 3#am# Sle6 7ate and 8ain 9and6idt:

! !"#$%&'()*'*+,-%*%($./'0*((/$%&1'()*'0(.&*'-"(,"('.,,#-.2)*0'()*'$3*./'-"(,"('!4'"#$5% .22-#3$%&'
(-'()*'*6".($-%'

o ()*'7839'2-#%*#':#*6"*%2;'$0'

! <)*'*::*2($=*')-/3'>-3*'/-.3'2.,.2$(.%2*''(5) -:'()*'?!@A'B$()'.'/-.3'2.,.2$(.%2*''( $0'

o ()*'7839'2-#%*#':#*6"*%2;'$0'

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <=> o? 9;8

 !ipeli&e A)*
+,&-ide/litie12 3p/mp 5/i& 6/&d7idt8

! !s the 1()-+() sle-in0 1art

! the ma5imum time is 7or the e51onential settlin0 is !"9 #:+ 9 1:;+<$%=
! ! the settlin0 error o7 the sta0e out1ut volta0e at the end o7 the hold 1hase is

! The settlin0 error is time de1endent

! At Breates si0nal-de1endent errors ! it leads to harmoniB distortion

! !ssumin0 the 0ain !!oC settlin0 !t errors and the o1am1 o77set volta0e &'(C) unBorrelated
! their su1erim1osed e77eBt on the sta0e trans7er 7unBtion Ban be -ritten as

! -here &'*!+)"is the sta0e out1ut e5Bludin0 the errors Baused bE the limited o1am1
1er7ormanBe

A.#$%&'(i*+tt+#-#A.%l+0-t+-2i0it%l#2%t%#3+.4e*te*&# 671470;# 2==#+>#4;1#

 !ipeline A)C
+on-idealities2 Opamp 5ain Band7idth

! !pamp &inite +,- e&&e.t on the trans&er

&un.tion o& a 456-bit stage
! :he error is proportional to the output
<oltage being larger &or stage outputs
.lose to the &ull s.ale
! :his is di&&erent &rom the .ase in
the error due to the ampli&ier &inite
gain5

!.#$%&'(i*+,,+#-#!.%/+0-,+-2i0i,%/#2%,%#3+.4e*,e*&# 671470;# 300#+=#4;1#

 !ipeline ()*
+on-idealities2 *apacitor 5ismatc7

! !ac$ of t$e capacitors can /e modeled to consist

of an ideal part !0s#$ and !& plus a mismatc$ !!s#$
and !!&5 respecti6ely
! 8ncludin9 t$e capacitor mismatc$ in t$e transfer
function of a s:itc$ed capacitor ;<A> is

! ?$e multiplier of t$e input 'in5i ! a 9ain error

! ?$e multiplier in t$e second term ! an error in t$e $ei9$t of t$e 6olta9e steps at t$e
comparator t$res$old le6els

!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <:8 += 9;8

 !ipeline ADC
+on-idealities2 Capacitor 5ismatch

! "#$ % &'() *%+%*()#$ ,-./0 12 34+5#()('6 )73 +$#+3$)2 !8s 9 $ =!8% =!0 !

)73 &'() *%+%*()#$ ;(<;%)*73< != 7#5> !

)73 )#)%5 ;(<;%)*7 ! (< !

!" $asc(irotto - !nalo0-to-2i0ital 2ata Con4erters 67197:; <:= o> 9;1

 !"#$l"&$ ()*
+o&-".$/l"0"$12 */#/3"0o4 5"16/037

! !"#$%$&'()*+,$-,%./$,0/$/11/2,$"1$,0/$2%3%2+,"#$4+-4%,20$"5$,0/$-,%./$,#%5-1/#$1652,+"5$+-$$

$
! !"#$!"#$" 7!&'(8$5"$/##"#$#/-69,-$
! :0/$.%+5$/##"#$%5;$;/<+%,+"5$"1$,0/$<"9,%./$-,/3-$%,$,0/$2"43%#%,"#$,0#/-0"9;$9/</9-$%#/$
29/%#9=$<+-+*9/$
A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <:< o= 9;8
 !"#el"&e A)*
+o&-"deal"t"e12 34ermal +o"1e

!! !" $% &'&()'"( *+%,- ./( 012'"3.'"4 ./(523) "1',( 612&1"("., 35( ./( "1',( 17 ./(
1&(53.'1"3) 32&)'7'(5, 3"0 ,32&)'"4 6'568'. 9:;<%="1',(>
o! ?1',( &1@(5

o! @/(5( ./( .1.3) ,32&)'"4 63&36'.3"6( 61",',., 17 ./( 7((0A36: 63&36'.15 !f 3"0 $–C
,32&)'"4 63&36'.15, !s-&
o! ! ;/( $?D 17 1"( ,.34( 715 3 ,'"8,1'03) ,'4"3) @'./ 3 78))=,63)( 32&)'.80( 17 'F)EF ',

!! !" /'4/=5(,1)8.'1" &'&()'"( *<+ 61"G(5.(5,- ./( .1.3) :;<%="1',( 61".5'A8.'1" 17 3)) ./( H+*%,
4'G( ./( 2'"'282 63&36'.15 ,'I( 3"0 ./( 78))=,63)( G1).34( 715 "1. 0(4530'"4 ./( $?D A()1@
./( J83".'I3.'1" "1',( )(G()K
!! ;/( "1',( 17 ./( 1&(53.'1"3) 32&)'7'(5, 17 ./( $% H+*%, 28,. 3),1 A( .3:(" '".1 36618".K !.
0(&("0, 1" ./( 6'568'. .1&1)14L 3"0 63" A( ,8&(5'2&1,(0 1" ./( :;<%="1',(K
A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <:9 o= 9;8
 !"#$%"&$'()*'
+,&-".$/%"0"$12'3/4#%"&5'*%,67'8"00$9'

! !"e most c*itical cloc.ing signal in t"e 1DAC is t"e sampling cloc.
! !"e 6alling edge dete*mines t"e sampling moment8
! 9andom va*iations o6 t"e 6alling edge; *e6e**ed as cloc. <itte* o* ape*tu*e unce*tainty s!; a*e
unavoida?le8
! Due to its *andom natu*e; t"e sampling cloc. <itte* does not int*oduce any 6i@ed
patte*n tones in t"e output spect*um ?ut deg*ades t"e signal-to-noise *atio8
! Bo* an input sinusoid Cit" amplitude "#$DE and 6*eFuency %&'; a sampling <itte* Cit" a
standa*d deviation !! *esults in an *ms voltage e**o* o6

! C"ic" co**esponds to an output noise poCe* o6

! to ?e added to t"e FuantiGation noise and deg*ades t"e SI98

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <:= o> 9;8

 !"#$%"&$ ()*
+,&-".$/%"0"$12 3/4#%"&5 *%,67 8"00$9

!! !"# %&'()#*+ ,-,#.-*# /0&1#/ "&2# &* &.34/0 '4*/0&*0 #5,4*#*0-&..6 /#00.-*1 470,70 48 0"#
,9#2-47/ /0&1# &/ 0"#-9 -*,70
o! ! 0"# /&3,.-*1 '.4'( :-00#9 -/ 48 37'" .#// -3,490&*'# 0"&* -* 0"# 8-9/0 /0&1#;
o! !"# 0-3# 2&96-*1 470,70 48 & ,-,#.-*# /0&1# -/ 1-2#*

<-0"

!! =0/ +#9-2&0-2# 48 <"-'" 849 /0&1# -)> -/ 1-2#* %6

!! !"# ?3/ 24.0&1# #9949 &0 0"# /&3,.-*1 343#*0 48 /0&1# = @&0
0"# #*+ 48 0"# "4.+ ,"&/# 48 /0&1# -)>A -;#; ! B >C@DE8/FF

!! !"# '499#/,4*+-*1 *4-/# ,4<#9 %#-*1

!" $%&'()*o,,o - !.%log1,o12)g),%l 2%,% 3o.45*,5*& 6719707 <06 o= 971

 !ipeline A)C
)esi,n considerations3 Capacitor 4i5in, and 4calin,

! !"# %o'()*)+ )o(,# ,o-./# o0 * ,1(+/"#% /*2*/(+o. 3*,#% 4567 (, +"# +"#.'*l )o(,#
()"#.(+#% 0.o' +"# ,*'2l()g o2#.*+(o)
! (+ ,#+, +"# lo1#. l('(+ 0o. +"# /*2*/(+o. ,(:#, -,#% () +"# ,+*g#, o0 * 2(2#l()# 6;5
/o)<#.+#.

! =o1#<#.> -2 +o * .#,ol-+(o) o0 10 3(+,> +"# /*2*/(+o. ,(:# (, +A2(/*llA %#+#.'()#% 3A +"#

'*+/"()g 2.o2#.+(#, o0 +"# 2.o/#,,B

! C) '#%(-'D.#,ol-+(o) 2(2#l()# 657,> +"# )o(,# o0 +"# o2*'2 (, -,-*llA 1#ll 3#lo1 +"#
E!;7D)o(,#> 1"(l#> 1"#) *('()g 0o. "(g"#. +o+*l .#,ol-+(o)> (+, /o)+.(3-+(o) +o +"# )o(,#
3-%g#+ 3#/o'#, ,(g)(0(/*)+B

!. Basc(irotto - !nalog1to1Digital Data 3onverters 6/89/0; <0; of 9;8

 !ipeline A)*
)esign considerations: *apacitor 4i5ing and 4caling

! !he total noise po-er o/ a pipeline A12 converter -ith ! sta5es, red8ced to its inp8t, is9

o #:$ is the noise po-er at the sta5e inp8t,

o %$ the intersta5e 5ain o/ the $&' sta5e.

! !he noise contri<8tion o/ the s8<se=8ent sta5es is atten8ated <> the intersta5e 5ains
o <ac?@end sta5es can <e scaled do-n to attain po-er savin5s thro85h relaAed opamp
speci/ications.
o Cn medi8m@resol8tion pipeline A2Cs, a minimal sta5e resol8tion com<ined -ith
capacitor scalin5 -ith a /actor o/ one hal/ 8ntil the matchin5 limit leads to a po-er
dissipation minim8m.
o Cn hi5h@resol8tion A2Cs, on the contrar>, it is /avora<le to place a hi5h@resol8tion sta5e
8tiliEin5 a lar5e intersta5e 5ain in the /ront to atten8ate the noise contri<8tion o/ the
<ac?@end sta5es.

!" $%&'()*+,,+ – !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <:= +> 9;8

 !ipeline A)* +onverter
0witche45capacitor implementation

! !"#$%&'!(')*('+$#+"$)',-./0(,')*('$%/")'120)-&('2%')32'(4"-0'+-/-+$)2#,'56'-%7'58'-%7')*('
+2./-#-)2#'/(#92#.,')*('-")2:;(#2'<=',)2#$%&')*('299,()'2%'52,'
! !"#$%&'!2'+-/-+$)2#'56'$,'+2%%(+)(7'$%'9((7<-+>'?@'56'#(+($1(,')*('+*-#&('7(0$1(#(7'<='58'
"o

"e C1 "e
V "e
Vin j-bit j-bit
+ in C2
S&H
ADC DAC -
# 2j -
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S&H + +Vref /2 -
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Vref /2
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!" $%&'()*+,,+ - !.%/+01,+12)0),%/ 2%,% 3+.45*,5*& 67897:; <:= +> 9;8

 "o

!ipeline A)* Converter "e C1 "e

Opamp 3or 4)5 and 7*AC V

in "e C2
-
"e COMP "e +
"o
Cos
-
"o +

Vref /2 b Vref 0
i

!! "s $ shrin)s for high speed0 total parasitic $5 at opamp input summing node limits both gain
and band9idth:
A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <8: o= 9;8
 !ipeline ()* +on-erter
Opamp 3ain an4 5onlinearit6

!! "#$%&%'( )* +',-.)-% /0 .# 20234#$%' 56 7,)* )8 #9 :#' ;<" ,8 4#*7 ,8 7,)* )8 4)*%,'=

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 "#$%&#'% ()* +,'-%./%.
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!" $asc(irotto - !nalog1to12igital 2ata 3onverters 67897:; <8= of 9;8

 !"#$%"&$'()*'+,&-$./$.'
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! ! #its'sta)e +! !e,t sta)e can #e /!012 #its less acc4rate.

! 7o ma:e 1;# A=C

!" $%s'()*o,,o - !n%/o01,o12)0),%/ 2%,% 3on45*,5*s 67897:; <8< of 9;8

 Pipeline A/D Converter
Larger Capacitor for Matching

!! !"# %&'( )((*' #+!# ,-.(' ./0( &%%10&,( 2 .&,%3-)45

!! 6/0 (7&.89(: 2 %&) ;( -)%0(&'(* ;< =#+!#>#"? @/0 ,3( '&.( .&,%3-)4

!! A) !"# %&'(: /8&.8 3&' 9&04(0 %&8&%-,/0 9/&* &)* 9&04(0 @((*;&%B @&%,/0

!" $aschirotto - !nalog-to-Digital Data 3onverters 67197:; <19 of 9;1

 !"#$%"&$ ()* +,&-$./$.
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! !"#"$%&'()**+($"),'-%*$'

A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <8= o> 9;8

 !ipeline A)D +onverter
0ith Digital 4rror +orrection (II)

!! !"e$inte(stage$gain$(ed-.es$t"e$i/0o(tan.e$o2$t"e$e((o($in$t"e$2ollo4ing$stages$
o! 5o4e($.an$6e$s.aled$in$t"e$stages$

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 !ipeline ()D +onverter
!o0er reduction

!! !"#$% '%()*'%+%,"- ./' "0% *"0 1*1%2*,% -"#$% 3*"0 *"- -"#$% '%-/2)"*/, /. 4 5*" #,6 1%'7-"#$%
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 !
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!
!
! A"C needs to +e acc.rate .nless corrected 1ith red.ndanc4.
! "AC needs to +e acc.rate.
! 6esid.e o77set is not a pro+lem as lon: as it sta4s constant, +.t resid.e :ain linearit4 directl4
a77ects "<= and ><=.
! O77set di77erence +et1een A"C and resid.e amp is critical .nless corrected 1ith
red.ndanc4.
! =oo@Aahead decision is possi+le 7or hi:hAspeed conversion, +.t needs 7inerAresol.tion
comparator.

!" $aschirotto - !na/og-to-Digita/ Data 3on4erters 67897:; <8= of 9;8

 !i#eline ()* +on-erter
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A. Baschirotto - Analo01to12i0ital 2ata Converters 67897:; <8= o> 9;8