ECE - 601 MATHEMATICS [3-1-0-4]

Total Number of Hours :48

Probability and Stochastic Process

Review of probability, random variables, probability distributions and probability density

functions.
Functions of random variables, statistical averages of random variables. Important density
functions such as uniform, Gaussian, Rayeigh, Rice, Nakagami-m, log normal, etc. Multivariate
Gaussian distribution. The central limit theorem. Stochastic processes, power spectrum,
cyclostationary processes. [24]

Linear Algebra

Matrices and Gaussian Elimination, The geometry of linear equations, Matrix notation and
Matrix multiplication, Inverse and transposes, Special matrices and applications.

[5]

Vector Spaces and linear equations, Vector spaces and subspaces, Linear Independence Basis,
and dimension, The four fundamental subspaces, Linear transformations.
[5]

Orthogonality: Perpendicular vectors and orthogonal subspaces, Inner products and projection
onto lines, Projections and least square approximations, Orthogonal bases, orthogonal matrices
and Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization, Fast Fourier Transform.
[8]
Eigen values and Eigen vectors,The Diagonal form of matrix, Difference equation and power
Ak, Difference equation and the exponential eAt, Complex matrices, Orthogonality Vs Unitary,
Similarity transformations. [ 6]

References :
1. Strang G., “'Linear algebra and its applications”, Thompson

2.Athanasios Papoulis, “Probability Random Variables and Stochastic process”,

Tata Mcgraw Hill

3. Sheldon Ross, “Introduction to probability Models”, Academic Press

4. Hadley, “Linear Algebra” Narosa Publishing House

5. Roy D Yates, “ Probability and Stochastic Process”, John Willey

ECE - 603 ADVANCED DIGITAL COMMUNICATION [3-1-0-4]

 Total no. of Hours: 48
Representation of band pass signals and systems:

signal space representation. Representation of digitally modulated signals. Spectral

characteristics of digitally modulated signals. [16]

Optimum detection for signals corrupted by AWGN:

performance of optimum receivers, optimum receivers for signals with random phase in AWGN
channels. [16]

Review of block codes:

convolutional codes, Viterbi algorithm, sequential decoding algorithms, performance with soft
and hard decoding. TCM and Turbo coding techniques. [10]

Digital communication through fading multipath channels:

Diversity reception techniques and introduction to space- time coding techniques. [06]

References :

1. Proakis. J. G.(2001), “Digital communications” McGraw Hill publication

2. Sklar B ,“Digital Communication”, Pearson Education.

ECE - 605 ANALOG & RF VLSI DESIGN [3-1-0-4]

Total number of Lectures = 48

Introduction to Analog Design:

Digital v/s Analog Design, Issues in Analog Design, Analog MOS Process (Double Poly Process).
[3]

MOS Device Models:

Small-Signal & Large-Signal Models of MOS & BJT transistor, MOS SPICE models, Long-channel v/s
Short-channel devices. [4]
MOS & BJT Transistor Amplifiers:

Single-transistor Amplifier stages: Common Emitter, Common Base, Common Collector, Common
Drain, Common Gate, Common Source /Source Follower Amplifiers. Multiple Transistor Amplifier
stages: CC-CE, CC-CC, & Darlington Configuration, Cascode configuration, Active Cascode.
[7]

Current Mirrors, Active Loads & References:

Current Mirrors: Simple current mirror, Cascode current mirrors Widlar current mirror, Wilson Current
mirror, Active loads, Voltage & current references.
[4]

Differential Amplifiers:

Differential pair & DC transfer characteristics, Analysis of Differential Amplifier with active load, supply
and temperature independent biasing techniques, Frequency Response of Differential Amplifier.
[4]

Operational Amplifier:

Applications of operational Amplifier, theory and Design, Definition of Performance Characteristics;

Design of two stage MOS Operational Amplifier, two stage MOS operational Amplifier with cascodes,
MOS telescopic-cascode operational amplifiers, MOS Folded-cascode operational amplifiers, Bipolar
operational amplifiers. Frequency response & compensation.
[7]

Nonlinear Analog Circuits:

Voltage controlled oscillator, Comparators, Analog Buffers, Source Follower and Other Structures. Phase
Locked Loops (PLL) & closed loop analysis of PLL., Digital-to-Analog (D/A) and Analog-to-Digital
(A/D) Converters.
[7]

Switched Capacitor Circuits :

Basic principle, Switched Capacitor circuits & Switched Capacitor Filters [3]

CMOS RF Circuit Design:

BJT and MOSFET models at RF frequencies, Noise Performance and limitations Of devices, Integrated
parasitic elements at high frequencies Overview of RF Circuit design: Design issues involved, Design of
Basic Blocks in RF systems like Mixers, VCOs, RF synthesizers, frequency dividers, RF power amplifier,
RF filters etc
[9]

References:

1. Behzad Razavi, (2002) "Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits", Tata McGraw

-Hill
2. Johns D . A. and Martin K , (1997), "Analog Integrated Circuit Design", John Wiley
3. Allen P and Holberg D., (2002), "CMOS Analog Circuit Design", Oxford University

Press
4. Geiger R L, Allen P E and Strader N R, (1990), "VLSI Design Techniques for

Analog & Digital Circuits", McGraw Hill

5. Gray P,.Hurst P, Lewis S and.Meyer R.G, (2001), " Analysis and Design of Analog

ICs ", John Wiley and Sons

6. Gray, Wooley, Brodersen (1989), "Analog MOS Integrated circuits", IEEE press
7. Kenneth R. Laker, Willy M.C (1994), "Design of Analog Integrated circuits and

systems", McGraw Hill

8. Thomas H.Lee (2004), "Design of CMOS RF Integrated Circuits" Cambridge

University

ECE - 607.2 OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION [3-0-0-3]

Total number of lectures: 38
Propagation of optical signals through planar waveguides.
Eigenvalue equation and its solution for planar waveguides. Modes supported by a planar
waveguide. Power associated with modes. Weakly guiding approximation. Birefringence.
[6]

Step index and graded index optical fibers.

Derivation of eigenvalue equation for step index cylindrical optical fibers. Solution of the
eigenvalue equation. Modes supported by an optical fiber. Linearly polarized modes and the
weakly guiding approximation. Birefringnece in optical fibers
[7]
Signal distortion and attenuation in optical fibers.
Losses due to absorption and scattering. Signal distortion due to dispersion. Intermodal and
intramodal dispersion. Material and waveguide dispersion. Polarization mode dispersion.
Dispersion compensation techniques. [7]
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers.
Theory of optical amplification. Energy levels in EDFA. Pump threshold condition. Applications
of EDFA.
[2]
Semiconductor optical sources and detectors.
Review of semiconductor theory. LED and LASER diodes. Their construction and structure.
PIN and Avalanche Photodiodes. Construction and working principles. Introduction to Quantum
well structures.
[6]
Fiber optic communication systems.
Optical power coupling into a fiber. Fiber splicing and connectors. Link power and rise time
budgeting. Analog and digital fiber optic communication system analysis. WDM systems and
components. Impacts of fiber nonlinearities on a fiber optic communication system.
[7]

Fiber optic measurements.

Attenuation and dispersion measurements. The OTDR. Concept of RMS pulse and spectral
width.
[3]
References :
1.G. Keiser, (2001)“Optical Fiber Communication”, Third Edition, McGraw Hill.
2.M. Sathish Kumar (2005), “Fundamentals of Optical Fiber Communication”, First Edition,
Prentice HallofIndia.
3.J. Gowar (2002), “Optical Communication Systems”, Prentice Hall of India.

ECE – 609.1 CAD TOOLS FOR VLSI [3-0-0-3]

Total number of Hours: 38

Introduction:
Philosophy of VLSI, NMOS, PMOS transistors, structure, scalability, design requirements,
Hierarchical representation, levels of abstraction, y-chart, system synthesis, design style and
technology. [4]

Integrated circuit fabrication:

Semiconductor device fabrication, techniques, basic MOS process, design rules, yield statistics,
stick diagram, implementing dynamic registers, register to register transfer, combinational logic
finite, state machine. [5]

Hardware modeling:
languages, distinctive features, structural hardware languages, behavioural hardware languages,
HDLs used in synthesis, Abstract models, structural logic networks, state diagram, state flow
sequencing graph, compilation and optimization. [3]
Schedule algorithms:
Model for scheduling problems, scheduling with resource and without resource constraints,
scheduling algorithms for extended sequencing models, scheduling pipelined circuits. Resource
sharing and binding, for dominated and general circuits. [5]

Partitioning:
Basic methods-Random selection, cluster growth, hierarchical cluster, min-cut partitioning.
[2]

Logic Level Synthesis:

Two level combinational logic synthesis and optimization,logic optimization principles,
operations on two level covers, Algorithms for logic minimization, symbolic minimization and
encoding problems, Sequential logic Optimisation.
[5]

Testing:
Simulation, types of simulators, basic components, fault simulation techniques, automatic test
pattern generation method (ATPG), Fault collapsing Technique, design for testability (DFT)
techniques. [8]

Digital System Design using Programmable Logic devices:

Introduction to PLDs, Types, Boolean logic implementation, Classification of FPGAs,
technology mapping for FPGAs, Types, programming technology, interconnect Architecture.
[6]

References:

1.Eugnd, D.Fabricus (1990), “Introduction to VLSI design”, McGraw Hill,Singapore.

2.Giovanni De Michelli (1994), “Synthesis and Optimisation of Digital Circuits”, Tata-
McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
3.Douglas Perry (1995), “VHDL”, McGraw Hill,New York.
4.Weste Neil, Kamran Eshrghian(1998), “Principles of CMOS VLSI Design”, Pearson
Education, Singapore.
5.Daniel D Gojsk, Nikhil Dutt, Allen Wu, Steve Y.L.Lin (1992), “High Level Synthesis-
Introduction to Chip & System Design”, Kluwer Academic Publication, Boston.
6.Stephen Brown, Francis Robert J., Roase T, Vranesic Zvonko G. (1992), “ Field
Programmable Gate Arrays”, Kluwer Academic Publication, Boston.

ECE - 611.2 NEURAL NETWORKS & FUZZY LOGIC [3-0-0-3]

Total No of Hrs:38
Neural Networks:

Fundamental concepts & Models of Artificial Neural Systems, Biological neurons, Mc-culloch
Pitt’s model, Feed forward and Feed back network, Supervised and unsupervised learning. N/N
learning rules . [07]

Classifiers:

Classification model, features and decision regions, discriminant functions. Linear single layer
classifiers, Multi layer classifiers – Linearly non separable pattern classification, error back propagation
training, learning factors, applications of EBPTA Single layer feedback networks-Basic concepts of
dynamical systems, Discrete time and gradient type Hopfield networks, Applications in optimization
problems such as A/D networks, Traveling salesman tour length etc.
[10]

Associative Memories:

Basic concepts of recurrent auto associative memories – storage and retrieval algorithms, Energy
function reduction, Hamming distance calculation Bidirectional associative memory, Matching and self
organizing networks – Hamming net and maxnet, Feature mapping, Kohenen’s self organizing feature
maps, cluster discovery network (ART1). Applications of neural algorithms – Character classification
and recognition, Inverted pendulum neurocontroller, Robot kinetics, Medical expert systems.
[08]

Fuzzy Logic:

Introduction-Block diagram representation of the different types of fuzzy systems, concept of

membership functions, generation of membership functions with examples Fuzzy mathematics- Brief
comparison of classical sets and fuzzy sets, Basic operation on fuzzy sets, fuzzy complement, fuzzy
union(s-norms), fuzzy intersection (t-norms), averaging operators Fuzzy relations and extension principle
– Fuzzy relations, Cartesian product, composition of fuzzy relations projection and cylindrical extension,
extension principle. [ 05]

Linguistic variables and fuzzy IF-THEN rules: Linguistic variables, linguistic hedges, fuzzy IF-THEN
rules-fuzzy propositions, interpretations of fuzzy IF-THEN rules, different implications Fuzzy logic and
Approximate reasoning-Compositional rule of inference, Properties of the implication rules-generalized
modus ponens, generalized modus tollens and generalized hypothetical syllogism

Fuzzy rule base and fuzzy inference engine: Fuzzy rule base, structure of fuzzy rule base and properties
of set of rules. Fuzzy inference engine – composition based inference, individual rule based inference,
Details of some inference engines
Fuzzifiers and defuzzifiers:

Fuzzifiers – exponential, triangular and trapezoidal Fuzzifiers. Defuzzifiers-Centre of gravity, center

average, Maximum defuzzifiers Design of fuzzy systems – Design of Fuzzy rule based systems to
develop nonlinear functions, inverted pendulum controller, modeling of serial transmission of a digital
signal over a channel etc. [08]

References:
1 Jacek M Zurada (2004), “Introduction to artificial Neural Systems”, Jaico publication.

2 Simon Haykin (1999), “Neural Networks, A comprehensive foundation”, Second edition,

Pearson Education, Asia.

3 Li Xin Wang, “Introduction to fuzzy systems and control”, Prentice Hall publication

4 Timothy J Ross(1997) , “Fuzzy Logic with Engineering Applications”,

Intl. Edition, McGraw Hill publication