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Sugar and Blood Pressure
Dr. Adhi Teguh Sp. A
Stabilization After Resuscitation
Stabilization After Resuscitation
Resuscitation STABLE before TRANSPORTATION
b f
Airway
Warm
Breathing
Circulation
Sweet Pink
Drugs
STABLE
S T A B L E
SUGAR + SAFE CARE
‐ Initial IV fluid therapy for sick
infant
TEMPERATURE
‐ infants at risk for hypoglycemia
‐ IV treatment of hypoglycemia
AIRWAY ‐ Indications for umbilical
catheters
BLOOD PRESSURE
Evaluation and treatment of the
three major causes of shock in
LAB WORK
infants
• Hypovolemic shock
EMOTIONAL
• Cardiogenic shock
SUPPORT
• Septic shock
INFANT
Need supporting the energy
IV fluids containing glucose Æ important
component of infant stabilization
INFANT BRAIN
needs supply of glucose to function normally.
l
....lanj. Latar l k
Belakang …
y Haworth dkk, 1971ÆHipoglikemia
dengan gejala (hipoglikemia
simtomatik)Ælong term outcome
35% gangguan neurologik
y Hipoglikemia tanpa gejala
(hipoglikemia asimtomatik)Æ20%
gangguan neurologik
D fi i i Hipoglikemia
Definisi Hi lik i
y Kadar gula darah < 2 SD dari nilai rata‐rata
kadar gula darah pada populasi bayi yang
sehat
yKoch dkk, 1988 : ↑ secara laten respons evoked
auditory bila kadar gula darah < 46,8 mg/dL (< 2,6
mmol)
yUKK Neonatologi Æ Gula darah < 47 mg/dL
y At time of birth glucose consentration in
term healthy newborn fall within the
first hour of lifeÆ Recovering and more
stable at 3 hours at age Æ Than Gradualy
increase at 96 hours .
y In preparation of birth doubling glicogen
f b h d bl l
storage occures at 36 weeks ,
y At birth plasma insulin level fall,
together with marked surge of glucagon
level . Glucagon level remain high
throught the first week of life
Perlman M J. Neonatology Question and Controversies ; Neurology :2013
Critically Ill Babies
id li
Sugar ‐ Guidelines
y If Infant Sick Æ Avoid Feeding (PO 0r NGT).
y Risk of aspiration.
y Respiratory distress interferes with coordination of suck,
Respiratory distress interferes with coordination of suck
swallow, breathing.
y Easily fatigue, weak suck.
y At i k t d l il Æ deleyed
At risk to develop ileus Æ d l d gastric emptying
ti t i
vomiting
y Impaired blood flow to bowel with hypoxia and shock
y Bowel obstruction Æ
l b i Æ Deodanal
d l , jejunal, ileal, colon
j j l il l l
After Birth
After Birth
Factors Influencing glucose levels
Inadequate glycogen stores hyperinsulinemia
Increase glucose utilization
30‐‐60
30 6
Initial IV fluid therapy for sick infant
Initial IV fluid therapy for sick infant
sick infant Avoid enteral feeding (PO or NG)
Establish intravenous (IV) access quickly to provide :
• Glucose containing solutions
Æ normalize blood sugar
• Roule for emergency medications
60‐80 ml/kg/day Æ delivers a
g
glucose dose of 4,2‐
4,
5,5mg/kg/min
60‐80
Kg x (60‐80) ml/h
l/h
24 r
60 80
60‐80
ml/kg/day
30‐60
60‐80 ml/kg/day
Sick infant
The blood glucose less than 50 mg/dl
Intravenous infusion of 10 % dextrose solution
(
(GIR 4,2‐5,5 mg/kg/i)
4, 5,5 g/ g/ )
Administer a bolus of 2 ml/kg of 10 % dextrose solution at a rate of 1 ml
per minute ( this dose equals 200 mg/kg or 3,3 mg/kg/minute)
15 – 30 minute
Recheck the blood glucose
The blood glucose less than 50 mg/dl
Repeat the bolus of 2 ml/kg of 10 % dextrose solution
15 – 30 minute
The blood glucose less than 50 mg/dl
Repeat the bolus of 2 ml/kg of 10 % dextrose solution
Iv 10 % dextrose solution to 100 or 120 ml/kg/day(D12,5 / D15)
30 – 60 minute
Evaluate the blood glucose until stable >50 mg/dl
GD <47 mg/dl
GD< 25mg/dL
g atau dengan
g ggejala
j GD > 25-<47 mg/dL
GD ulang (1 jam)
GD ulang (30 menit-1jam)
GD>36-<47mg/dL**
GD >47mg/dL
Ulang GD tiap 2-4 jam, 15 menit sebelum jadwal minum berikut, sampai 2 kali berturut-turut normal
Indications for umbilical catheters
Kateter Vena Umbilikal Kateter Arteri Umbilikal
Dibutuhkan jalur intravena dalam waktu Monitoring tekanan
Monitoring tekanan arteri secara
cepat kontinyu
Pilihan utama untuk memasukkan nutrisi Monitoring gas darah arteri
parenteral dan obat resusitasi
Jalur intravena perifer sulit ditemukan Jalur infus intermiten (hanya bila jalur
dalam waktu singkat vena tidak ditemukan)
Bila diperlukan
p lebih dari satu jjalur Jalur p
pembuangan/penarikan
g /p darah
intravena selama transfusi tukar
Pada bayi berat lahir sangat rendah yang
membutuhkan jalur vena untuk transfusi
tukar
Untuk memasukkan cairan glukosa
dengan konsentrasi > D12.5W
Jarang digunakan untuk monitoring
tekanan vena sentral
PEMASANGAN KATETER VENA UMBILIKAL
Bersihkan tali pusat dengan cairan antiseptik dan pasangkan penjepit steril
Dengan teknik steril Æ ikat tali pusat melingkar sebanyak dua kali di bagian bawah tali pusat
…PEMASANGAN
11
Identifikasi arteri dan vena umbilikal
…PEMASANGAN
Masukkan kateter kedalam vena
Lakukan penjahitan melingkar dengan silk no. 3‐0
Lepaskan ikatan umbilikal segera setelah prosedur selesai Æ observasi perdarahan
BLOOD PRESSURE
1 Evaluation and treatment of the three
1.
major causes of shock in infants
• Hypovolemic shock
yp
• Cardiogenic shock
• Septic shock
2. Physical exam for shock and laboratory
tests
..Blood pressure
Shock ≈ What is it ??
y inadequate vital organ perfusion & oxygen delivery
y a complex state of circulatory dysfunction
resulting in insufficient oxygen & nutrient delivery
to satify tissue requirements
Three Main Causes
Sh k ≈ Three Main Causes
Shock
Hypovolemia Hypovolemic
shock
H
Heart Failure
F il
Shock
h k Cardiogenic
shock
Infection Septic shock
Hypovolemic shock
Hypovolemic shock results from a low circulating blood volume
CAUSES SIGNS
• Acute blood loss during • Lethargy
p
the intrapartum period
p • g
mottling of the skin
• Fetal‐maternal • Cool peripheries
hemorrhage • Prolonged capillary refill
• Placental abruption or • Tachycardia
previa • Weak pulse
• Umbilical cord injury • Hypotension
• Twin‐to‐twin
T i i • Oli
Oligury
transfusion
g (
• Organ laceration (liver
or spleen)
• Postnatal hemorrahage
Cardiogenic shock
Cardiogenic shock
CAUSES SIGNS
• Congenital heart disease • Tachycardia
• Arrhythmia • Tachypnea
• Severe hypoglycemia • Hepatomegaly
• Asphyxia • Cardiomegaly
• Bacterial or viral infection • Other features : heart
• Severe Metabolic murmur regurgitation
murmur, regurgitation,
/electrolyte abnormalities narrow pulse pressure,
• Hypoxemia and metabolic basal crackles
acidosis • decreased urine output
Septic shock
Septic shock
y Bacterial or viral
y Extremely ill
y Usually require significant respiratory and blood pressure
support
y High risk of development of Persistent Pulmonary
Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN)
Common organisms causing neonatal septic shock
y Type of shock
y Cause of shock
y Severity of shock
Laboratory Tests y Presence of other complications
y Type of management and prognosis
y Complete blood count • Creatinine
y Total and differential white • Urinalysis
blood cell counts for • Hepatic function tests
f
infection • Chest x‐ray, EKG, cardiac
y Coagulation tests for DIC
Coagulation tests for DIC, y g
enzymes and echocardiogram
liver failure and • Serum lactate
• Arterial blood gas
y hypocoagulability
yp g y states • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
y Electrolytes
Treatment of Hypovolemic Shock
Crystalloid solution ( normal saline , RL ) & packed RBCs, whole blood
there is acute blood loss ..????
YES NO
• Crystalloid fluid y Crystalloid 10 ml/kg/dose
C ll id l/k /d
10 ml/kg/dose y Route iv, uvc, intraosseous
y Time interval administer
• Route iv, uvc,
> 30 minutes ‐ 2 hours
h
intraosseous
y Transfuse packed RBCs
• Time interval which the same blood of
administer >15 30
administer >15‐30 neonates / type O negative
neonates / type O –
minutes packed RBCs
Treatment
cardiogenic shock & septic shock
• Sodium bicarbonate 4,2 % (0,5 mEq/ml) 2‐4
ml/kg/dose
l/k /d Æ IV
• Time interval administer 30‐60 minute
y Dopamine hydrochloride 5
Dopamine hydrochloride 5‐20 cg/kg/minute
20 cg/kg/minute
y Route iv fluid Æ increase cardiac contractility
Dopamine/dobutamine
Dopamine/ dobutamine Preparation
Dopamine/ Dobutamine
How to make 30mg/kg in 50 ml
Dose equivalent 1 ml/hr : 10 microgram/kg/min
Dose range 5‐20 microgram/kg/min
Terima Kasih…
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