Normal Distribution

• Many continuous variables have
distributions
Click to edit that are bell-shaped
Master title style and
are called approximately normally
distributed variables.
• The theoretical
Click curve,
to edit Master called
subtitle the
style
normal distribution curve, can be used
to study many variables that are not
normally distributed but are
approximately normal.
1
• The mathematical equation for a
binomial
Click distribution:
to edit Master title style
2
e  ( x   )2 2
y
where:  subtitle
Click to edit Master 2 style
e  2.71828…
  3.14159…
 population mean
  population standard deviation 2
• The shape and position of the
normal
Click to distribution
edit Mastercurve depend
title style
on two parameters:
1. the mean and
Click to edit Master subtitle style
2. the standard deviation.
Each normally distributed variable has its own normal

distribution curve, which depends on the values of the
variable’s mean and standard deviation. 3
1. The normal distribution curve is
bell-shaped.
Click to edit Master title style
2. The mean, median, and mode are
equal and located at the center
of the distribution.
3. The normal distribution curve is
unimodal (single mode).
4
4. The curve is symmetrical about
the mean.
5. The curve is continuous.
6. The curve never touches the
x-
axis.
7. The total area under the normal
distribution curve is equal to 1.
5
• The area under the normal curve that
Click
lies to edit Master title style
within
 one standard deviation of the mean is
approximately 0.68 (68%).
Click
 two to edit Master
standard subtitle
deviations stylemean is
of the
approximately 0.95 (95%).
 three standard deviations of the mean
is approximately 0.997 (99.7%).
6
7
The standard normal distribution
is a normal
Click distribution
to edit with
Master title a
style
mean of 0 and a standard
deviation of 1.
8
All normally distributed variables can be
transformed intoMaster
Click to edit the standard normally
title style
distributed variable by using the formula
for the standard score:
Click to edit Master subtitlemean
value style
X 
z

standard deviation 9
1. Find the area under the
Click to edit
standard Master
normal curvetitlebetween
style z
= 0 and z = 2.34
 P to
Click  zMaster
(0edit  2.34).
subtitle style
0.4904
10
Using z-table to find the area:
11
2. Find the area under the
standard normal
Click to edit curve
Master titlebetween
style z
= 0 and z = –1.75
 P(–1.75
Click to edit  z  subtitle
Master 0) style
0.4599
12
13
3. Find the area to the right of
Click to
z = 1.11 edit Master title style
 P(z  1.11).
0.1335
14
15
4. Find the area to the left of
Click to
z = -1.93 edit Master title style
 P(z < 1.93).

0.0268
16
5. Find the area between
Click to edit Master
z = 2 and z = 2.47 title style
 P(2  z  2.47).
0.0160
17
6. Find the area between
z = 1.68 and z = –1.37
 P(–1.37  z  1.68).
0.8682
18
7. Find the area to the left of
z = 1.99  P(z < 1.99)
0.9767
19
Recall: Standard Z score
X 
z

NOTE:
To solve for X, use the following formula:
X = z + . 20
1. Each month, a household generates an
average of 28 pounds of newspaper for
Click to
garbage edit Master
or recycling. title
Assume thestyle
standard
deviation is 2 pounds. Assume the amount
generated is normally distributed.
If a household is selected at random,
find the probability that it’s
generating:
a. more than 30.2 pounds per month. 13.57%
b. between 27 and 31 pounds /month 62.47%
21
2. The American Automobile Association
reports that the average time it takes to
Click to
respond toanedit Mastercalltitle
emergency is 25style
minutes.
Assume the variable is approximately
normally distributed and
the standard deviation
Click to edit Masterissubtitle style
4.5 minutes. If 80 calls
are randomly selected,
approximately how many
will be responded to in
less than 15 minutes? 22
1 call
3. An exclusive college desires to accept only
the top 10% of all graduating seniors based
on the results of a national placement test.
This test has a mean of

500 and a standard
deviation of 100. Find
the cutoff score for
the exam. Assume the
variable is normally
distributed 628
4. For a medical study,
a researcher wishes to
select people in the
middle 60% of the
population based on
blood pressure.
If the mean systolic blood pressure is 120
and the standard deviation is 8, find the
upper and lower readings that would qualify
people to participate in the study.
126.72 113.28
 Distribution of Sample means: A sampling
distribution of sample means is a
Click to edit
distribution Master
obtained title the
by using style
means
computed from random samples of a
specific size taken from a population.
 Sampling error is the difference between
the sample measure and the corresponding
population measure due to the fact that
the sample is not a perfect representation
of the population.
25
Suppose a professor gave an 8-point quiz to a
small class of four students. The results of
Click
the to edit
quiz were 2, 6,Master
4, and 8. title
Assume style
the four
students constitute the population.
 The mean is  = ( 2 + 6 + 4 + 8)/4 = 5.

 Click
The standard deviation
to edit Master 2.236.
subtitle style
 The graph of the distribution of the
scores is uniform and is shown below.
26
Next we will consider all samples of size 2
taken with replacement.
27
The frequency distribution is
X-bar 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(mean)
f 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
With Click
graphto edit Master subtitle style
D IS T R IB U T IO N O F S AM P LE M E AN S
(AP P R O XIM AT E LY N O R M AL)
3
Frequency
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 28
S AM P LE M E AN S
Solving for the mean of sample means
Click to edit
2  3Master
 ...  8 title
80 style
X   5
16 16
Recall that population mean = 5

 The mean of the sample means is the same
as the population mean. Thus,
X  
29
Solving for the standard deviation of the sample
mean
Click( 2to 5edit Master
)2  ( 3 title
 5 ) 2  ...  ( 8  5style
)2
X   1.581
16
Recall that
Click population standard
to edit Master deviation
subtitle style is 2.236
 The standard deviation of the sample means
will be smaller than the standard deviation of
the population.

standard error X 
30
of the mean n
The Central Limit Theorem:
As the sample size n increases, the shape of
the distribution of the sample means taken
from a population with mean  and standard
deviation
Click toofeditMaster
will subtitle
approachstylea normal
distribution.
As previously shown, this distribution will have

a mean  and standard deviation  / n .
31
The Central Limit Theorem can be used to
answer
Click toquestions about sample
edit Master titlemeans
stylein the
same manner that the normal distribution can
be used to answer questions about individual
values. The only difference is that a new
formula
Clickmust be used
to edit forsubtitle
Master the z-values.
style
X 
z=
/ n
32
A.C. Neilsen reported
that children between
Click to edit Master titleofstyle
the ages 2 and 5
watch an average of
25 hours of TV per
week. Assume the variable is normally
Click to and
distributed edit Master subtitledeviation
the standard style is 3
hours. If 20 children between the ages of 2
and 5 are randomly selected, find the
probability that the mean of the number of
hours they watch TV is greater than 26.3
hours. 0.0262
33
The average age of a vehicle registered
inClick
the United
to editStates
Master is title
8 years,
styleor 96
months. Assume the standard deviation
is 16 months. If a random sample of 36
cars is selected, find the probability
that the mean of their age is between
90 and 100 months.
0.921
34
 The normal distribution is often used to solve
problems that involve the binomial distribution
Click
since to editnMaster
when is largetitle
(say,style
100), the
calculations are too difficult to do by hand
using the binomial distribution.
 The normal approximation to the binomial is
appropriate when np  5 and nq  5.
 In addition, a correction for continuity may be
used in the normal approximation.
35
A correction for continuity is a correction
employed when a continuous distribution is
Click toapproximate
used to edit Master titledistribution.
a discrete style
 The continuity correction means that for any
specific value
Click to editof X, saysubtitle
Master 8, the boundaries
style of X
in the binomial distribution (in this case 7.5
and 8.5) must be used.
36
Prevention magazine reported that 6%
of American drivers read the newspaper
Click to edit
while driving.
Master title style
If 300 drivers are
selected at random, find the probability
that exactly 25
say they read
the newspaper
while driving.
0.0227
37

Normal Distribution

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Normal Distribution

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• Many continuous variables have

Each normally distributed variable has its own normal

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Click to edit Master subtitle style

 P(z < 1.93).

Click to edit Master subtitle style

This test has a mean of

 The mean is  = ( 2 + 6 + 4 + 8)/4 = 5.

Click to edit Master subtitle style

Recall that population mean = 5

As previously shown, this distribution will have

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