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    12 views134 pages

    Ashtadhyayi 2

    Uploaded by

    Arnaud Didierjean
    panini 2

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    NM : uaa Rear TIA: UTE: BOOK SECOND. CHAPTER First. wat: wafafizs non agifrn cat: , og-fafte wo gfe: u sforteny, a: fatty ret eefahe: pet a enrif Bae: 1. A rule which relates to complete words (and not to the roots aud affixes out of which the words are constructed) is to be understood to apply only to those words the senses of which ure connected. 1. This is a paribh4shA or interpreting aphorism. Whereever in this Grammar a qafefiz is found, that must be understood to apply to am words, A rule relating to gy or complete words is called qeftfy. The word ffir is formed by adding f& to the root wrm; that which is ordained (frfraa) is called fei. What are those rules which are ordained with regard to complete words? They are as follows.—(1) Rules relating to ware or com- pounding of words; (2) Rules relating to faaftw or the application of declensional and conjugational affixes; (3) and the rule by which one word is considered as if ithad become a constituent member of another word (TERETE Ta). The word amd means capable; that is to say, that which is capable of expressing the sense of a sentence on analysis, is called am ; or the word/ qd may mean that which depends upon words as connected in sense; that is to say, a rule relating to words whose senses are connected together. Thus it will be taught in sGitra 24 ‘a word ending with the second case-affix is optionally compounded with the words firm , 9qét &c. and forms tatpurusha compound;’ as, we fia: = wate: ‘who has had recourse to pain,’ But when these words are not emf or connected in sense there can te no compounding ; as, ora @1za Hr, frat faeahiar qeRaTy ‘see O Devadatta, the pain, Vishnumitra has taken recourse to his teacher's house.’ Here the words @é and fart though read in juxtaposition are not compounded, as they are not amd. 214 SAMARTHA WORDS. ( Bx. I. Cu. 1. § 1. Similarly, it will be taught in S0tra 30‘a word ending with the 3rd case-affix is optionally comppunded! With what denotes that the quality of which is instrumentally caused ;by ‘the thing signified by what ends with the 3rd case-affix and with the word ort ‘wealth? as, tava + ae = sigue: ‘a piece cut by nippers.’ Here also whea the words are not con- nected in sense there is no composition; as, mfteafy siqerar, weal tare wre ‘thou shalt do it with the nippers, Devadatta is cut by the stones.’ Similarly, sdtra 36 declares, ‘a word ending with the 4th case-affix, is compounded optionally with what denotes that which is for the purpose of what ends with the -4th case-affix, and so too with the words wd, whet &.’ Thus agra + qe = ayqre ‘ wood fora stake.’ But when these words are not connected in sense, “there i is no composition; as, Tes Wt, We @agaea #¥ ‘go thou for the stake, the wood is in Devadatta’s house.’ Similarly, sOtra 37 declares ‘a word ending with the sth case-affix may be compounded with the word 4a; as, q-@ait tart = qanrg ‘fear by reason of a wolf.” But when these words are not connected in sense, there is no composition; as, es ef At qa, wi taqter aararg ‘come thouto me from the wolves, there is fear to Devadatta from Yajfiadatta, Similarly, sOtra II. 2.8 declares ‘a word ending with the 6th case- affix is optionally compounded with what ends with'a case-affix;’ as, Crt: gqewr = cages: ‘the king’s man.’ But when the words are not amd, there is no composition : as arcat tra, gow taemem ‘the wife of the king, the man of Devadatta.’ Similarly, stra 4o declares. ‘A word ending with the 7th case-affix is optionally compounded with the word give ‘skilled; as, qq qlez:= sqergive: ‘skilled in dice.’ But when the words are not connected in sense, there is no composition ; as, wmaTmay, Tee: frafa aa ‘ thou art skilled in dice, the gambler drinks in the tavern.’ Why have we used the word 9g ‘a complete word’ in the sitra? So that this am qftarar may not apply to qifafy #.e. rules relating to letters. Thus rules of afez ‘conjunction of letters’ are qofafy and not g@faft ; and therefore the condition of being connected in sense, docs not apply here. Two words however disconnected in sense, must be glued together by the rules of sandhi, if those rules are applicable. Thus sfitra VI. 1.77 declares: “instead of a letter denoted by the pratyAhAra yay there is one denoted by the pratyAhara aug, in cach instance, where one denoted by the praty4hara sy immediately follows; -as, ef + sort = Pagr. . This substitution of @ for x will take place, whether the words are in construction or not, as Bx. II. Cu. I. § 2.) >. PARANGAVAT worDs: 215 feag wag ef praia ‘let the curd remain, eat thou with the vegetable curry.” So also faaq aprctest ec Faqary ‘let the girl be, take the umbrella from Devadatta.’ Here the augment qa (# subsequently changed into @) comes between qt and sw, though the two words are not connected in sense (VI. 1. 76). garafaa aagaeat uu vain gy, aaeaa, UCATAG , TAT Pt: n qaeaarafead aca: eceargeag rate , ex? , eacenee ht arete’ aidan Gaetan TOACTS TTR CATT TATETY A aridant, i steaarat afaedy ener: 2. A word ending in sup or a case affix, when followed by a word in the vocative case, is regarded as if it was the anga or component part of such subsequent vocative word, whena rule relating to accent is to be applied. In other words, the word ending in a case-affix enters, as if, into the body of the vocative (Amantrita) word; as it will be taught in sdtra VI. 1. 198 which declares ‘a word ending in a vocative case-affix, gets the udatta accent on the beginning fe, first syllable.’ Now, this rule will apply even when a word ending with a case-affix precedes such word in the vocative case. Thus the word qt ‘O two lords!’ has udatta on the first syllable. Now, when this word is preceded by another inflected noun as spr‘ of prosperity,’ the accent will fall on gy, the two words being considered as a single word; as: aaa ase req oot wpe gop wae Rig. I. 3. 1. *O Asvins, riding on quick horses, lords of prosperity, and bestowers of plenty of food, eat the sacrificial offerings to your satisfaction.’ So also in the following :—aqs2' a1z4,‘0 thou wandering with a bowl. qayat qwt *O thou cutting with an axe.’ agtngt uraq ‘O thou king of Madras’ aqit'aurg trary ‘ O thou king of Kashmir.’ Why do we say ‘a word ending with a case-affix? If the preceding word ends with any other affix than a case-affix, this rule will not apply. As de? dizer ‘O thou who art pained, I am pained because of this thy pain’ Here taf’ ‘being a fava (a verb)’ is not considered as an atga of the vocative word.” Why do we say ‘when followed by a word in the vocative case? This rule will not apply when the subsequent word is not a vocative. As ‘ate aed; ‘ Garga is at home,’ 218 SAMASA DESIGNATION. + [ BK. ,II. .Cu..L. § 3. Why do we say ‘of the subsequent” It will not’ be ‘a part ofthe vocative word which precedes. As 8dvq qe¥'nreq ‘O Devadatta wandering with 2 bowl,’ Here quaq has not become part of Devadatta, but of the Subsequent word Wey. Why do we say ‘an afiga or component part? Both must be con- sidered as one word for the application of the rule of accent, so that the first syllable of each word separately may not get the udAtta. Why do we say ‘as if orm’ It is not altogether the body of the subsequent word; rules depending upon its own separate independent existence also take effect. ; Thus rule VIII. 1. 55 declares ‘a word ending in the vocative case is not anudatta when it follows the word qqrq there intervening a word between itself and wrq; as, sy qe@areq! Here kundena is considered a separate word for the purposes of Rule VIII. 1.55 and is said to intervene between arg and the vocative word seq. Why do we say ‘forthe purposes of the application of rule of accent? For the purposes of the application of any other rule, it will not be the atga of the subsequent word; as, q% feaq ‘O thou sprinkling in the well wi arg. Here had a% and q} been the afgas of the subsequent words for all purposes, their ~ and @ would have been changed into y and a respectively by Rules, Vil. 4.2 &. Vart :—When a word ending in a case-affix becomes, as if, the com- ponent part of the subsequent word, it becomes soeven when there are several words in apposition with it which intervene between it and the vocative word ; because that, of itself, does not constitute want of immediate- ness. Thus dtetar qeat fteaq ‘O thou sewing with a sharp needle’ dtett warn at: Vart:—Prohibition must be stated of indeclinable words. As we@ovtart ‘0 thou reading loudly” #toftarr. BRSeTETS: Ug Ua MR, TET, ware: 8 aft: un arerceiverare ary arfts aqelagefcant et aarectan SAqeat: tt 8. From this point up to the aphorism kada- rakarmadhfraye (II. 2. 38), all the terms that we shall say describe will get the designation of samésa or compound, ' : Bt.1. Cu. 1. § 4.) SAMASA DESIGNATION. 217. Thus it will be stated. ‘The indeclinable word qgt when not mean- ing like unto.’ Here the word era must be read into the sfitra to complete the sense. . In fact this chapter and the second chapter treat of compounds and therefore the word compound must be read in all those aphorisms. The word prak is employed for the same purpose as it was used in I. 4. 56 that is to give the designation of garg to various technical terms like swafhirr &c. which otherwise would not have got the name of aura. se gt uynant wee, ga (gq care: ) qf ght otf gif a warafirgd teavaq aftr Qe npefivas eae quiere recay 4, The words ‘saha sup&’ meaning ‘with a word ending in a case-affix,’ are to be understood in each of the succeeding aphorisms. In this aphorism the word ay is understood from: sitra.2, so that it consists of three words vis., GY, ag, gu. All these three words jointly and severally, one ata time or two at a time, should be understood as governing the.succeeding aphorisms, as the contingency of each sfitra may require. This aphorism will constantly be applied in. translating the sfitras. that follow. Why have we used the word ay? Well, without it the sitra would have stood thus: gq qu ‘a noun may be compounded with another noun” But this overlooks the case of a compounding with a verb. The word ag is therefore used so that we may be able to break this composite sétra into two separate and simple sitras, namely:— (1). ae, gq, THEat anita ‘a case-inflected word may be com- pounded with a word with which it is connected in sense.’ Here the word ag with the help of the three words gq taken from sftra 2, aeq@ from sitra 3, and ama from sttra 1, forms one complete aphorism, and applies to com- pounds like aqertay agra - The accent will depend upon these being considered as sam4sa, (2). ga ae TT aeat a sup-inflected word is compounded with another sup-inflected word. The compound which does not fall within any of the various sorts of compounds to be treated of hereafter, will fall under this general head of compounds; as, greqeat erat ta. qaitedy eq. This also is for the sake of accents. Ao 218, AvyayvipHavaA DESIGNATION. [ BK. II. Cit. I. §5, 6 went wag ny waar n cerita: , an gfe: n atre sataqeicarh Sadibirrdar 8 afar: n- 6. From this forward whatever we shall describe will get the name of Avyayibhéva samasa or adverbial compound. This is also an adhikAra aphorism like the last. As far as stra 21, the compounds treated of, will get the designation of Avyaytbhiva. The word weqebire like the word aauaenfta is a self-descriptive term, and not. an arbitrary term like f& , fie&c. When that which was not an indeclinable becomes an indeclinable, it is called seqtare or ‘becoming an indeclinable/. Iu the Avyaytbhiva compound the sense of the first of its elements is the main one or the independent one on which the other depends. sad frufraitoayg qgautarnerarenfaaearg ate wRTgEiaragagEawaseanagaay un ga wat A aaa, fiufe-nite-cely-oyfg-atrna-nera-ordnfa-megaiguta- BAZ -AA-OUYYA-MTAT]-VTY WA -AFA-MSN-AM-AIAY, ( FT HIT mouitara: @are:) (are:) 0 ght: u formaitenig apad tit aq ania qaety ay areqd eeibire wy aaa afew 6. An indeclinable (avaya) employed with the sense of an inflective-affix (vibhakti) or of near to, or prosperity, or adversity, or absence of the thing, or departure, or not now, or the production of some sound, or after, or according to, or order of arrangement, or simultaneousness, or likeness, or possession, or to- tality, or termination, is invariably compounded with a word ending in a case-affix which is connected with it in sense, and the compound so formed is called Avya- yibhava. ~ The words gq and gw are understood in this sftra. The word yet should be read as connected with every one of the above phrases, Bx IL Cu. 1. § 7) AVYAYIBHAVA DESIGNATION. 219 1. fraferrat;—As afta war rt ‘a story relating to women.’ wheat “relating to a girl.’ 2. witrrer;—As sary ‘ near to the jar.’ wiftyat ‘ near to the gem.’ 3 3—As aug ‘well or prosperous with the Madras’; gqrmd ‘ well with the Magadh’ 4. safgraaj;—As giarfta ‘ill with the Gavadikas;’ gaat ‘ill with the Yavanas’ 5. warrratj—As Frafetaq ‘free from flies? fatgat ‘free from mosquitoes.’ : 6. sraaratj—As fareay ‘on the departure of the cold weather’; faxed. 7. MEFUTTT;—As afragay ‘ past (not now) the time of wearing quilts’ - 8 aerarpierst; —As xfa eft ‘the exclamation Hari’ (thus Sermq@? fa eft qa ‘in the house of the Vaishnava there is the cry of Hari Hari’). 9. Taner ;—As wETs earay ‘the infantry after the chariots.’ to. quntaaa;—The meaning of the word aur is four-fold, viz. corres- pondence, severality or succession, the not passing beyond something, and likeness; thus (1) seq ‘in a corresponding manner.’ (2) geqdq ‘according to each or several object or signification.’ (3) qurgfw ‘ according to one’s ability.’ smapdesj—As waste aftgey wra: ‘let your honors enter in the ia of seniority.” 12. dbraraa ;—As aoe Sie‘ ar with the wheel” 13. argurrat ;—As aafea ‘like a friend” 14 daftraaj;—As aeay ‘as warriors ought.’ 15. arararat;—As waaay ‘even to the grass’ ie, the whole, not leaving even a scrap. 16. wraraa j;—As arfiz as far- as the chapter of fire (ée. the whole Veda). aut caged ve wager naar, oar, (end; aT Bal ASTowtege) “w qh: n qdetaqerarangy? rtart qu ay arEaa, ee “4. The indeclinable word yatha when it does not signify ‘likeness’ is invariably compounded with a 220° AvvAviBHAVA DESIGNATION. —_[ Bx. JI. Ct. 1. § 8,9. word ending in @ case-affix which is in construction with it and the compound is called an Avyayibhfva Samfsa. Thus qarpey areormmraer invite every old Brahmana, So also UN aTEy. Why do we say ‘when’ not signifying likeness? . For there is no composition when likeness is indicated. As a As is Deva- datta so is Yajfiadatta, This sam4sa could have been included in the last sftra clause 10, but making a separate sitra shows that the word qanfyeq there, must be limited by the present sdtra, to first three meanings of the word qat given there and not to its fourth meaning. viz. there is no compounding when it means likeness. mraqaaet wc agian grag, eae®, (sega SreqomCUATS) 8 yA un arafetapqaremt wat gm ay ereat weirs eared wate it -8. The indeclinable word yavat when it sig- nifies limitation, is invariably compounded with a word ending in a case-affix which is iu construction with it, and the compound so formed is called Avyayibhava. The word arpmtmy means accurate ascertainment, restriction or limitation. : As, arag av mretoramieaaey ‘invite so many Brihmanas only and not more as there are pots’: ic., if there are five pots then invite five Brah- mans ;if six pots, then invite six Brahmans. Why do we say ‘when meaning limitation’? Observe araqe areq aT ‘1 ate so long as it was given to me,’ #e. I donot kaow for certainty how a I have eaten. suaftararait ug nag nga, Risa, ara, ( seqemoustogg ). a [ qf wnat actatta vier ag qued eaeat seadbres eared raf 1 9. A word ending in a case-affix is com- pounded with the indeclinable word prati, when mean- ing ‘a little’ and the compound is called Avyayibhava. Bx. I Cu. I. § 10, 11.) OpTionaL CoasPpouNDs. 221 The word arar means ‘a drop,’ ‘a little,’ ‘a wee bit;’ as, graft ‘alittle of vegetable,’ qynf’ ‘a little of soup.” . | Why dowe say ‘when meaning a little’? Observe qu aft rdra® fang ‘it lightens in the direction of the tree.’ Here it is not compounded. Though the word sup was, by anuvritti from sfitra 2, understood ia this sdtra, its repetition in the text is for the purpose of indicating that the anuvritti of the word qea@ which began with sitra 6 does not extend further into the subsequent sftras. : The word afaat being exhibited in the 3rd case-affix is not an upasar- jana (I. 2.43) and, therefore, it comes as the last member of the com- pound (II. 2. 30). / sauerarten: after nae u agit a ere-wersr-dem:, uftorr , (Howoag ) a — “enrmet: uererge: daamey sftur sy arert spadbrey ant " : 10. The words aksha, ‘a die for’ playing - with,’ salak& ‘an ivory piece used in gambling,’ and sai- kphy4 ‘ numerals’ are compounded with the word pari, and the compound formed is called Avyayibhfiva. This ara is restricted to terms applicable to gambling. Thus there is a game called panchik&. whichis played with five dice or five ivory pieces, ‘When all these five pieces fall with faces turned upward, or all with faces turned down, then the thrower wins the game. But when the fall is other- wise, he loses. Thus eat ‘an unlucky throw of dice.” qararaft, ‘an un- lucky throw of ivory pieces’; so also garft ‘an unlucky throw by one over* faait, Fraft and lastly tqsqft.’ This is the maximum, But when five are of ‘one form, then of course, he wins. fiona 099 0 caf wn fare qh 0 afia sg armfrearreaftoren safe u 7 11. The word vibhasha or option governs all suc- ceeding sitras. . This is an adhik4ra stra. All the rules of compounding given here- after, are optional. The same sense can he expressed by the uncompounded words as by them when compounded. But not so are the compounds which have been treated of, before. Compounds like gat, warp, sntafc &c. mentioned above are invariable compounds ( faq aara ), the sense conveyed by the compound term, not being capable of analysis, by taking the senses of 222 Oprionat AvyAyisHAvA Compounps. [ Bk. II. Cu. I. § 12-14. the separate members of the compounds, or at least not capable of expressing any sense without inserting extraneous words on analysis. arftalgeas: apa on Ruagh wu aai-afy:- orraa:, Tara! (woe UR fo) w . ate: uo sre oft ag ay (eat gaeM: Teararte ay Per aTeER eM- area waar raf 12. The words apa, pari, bahih and indeclin- ables ending in afichu may optionally be compounded with a word ending iu the fifth case-affix, and the com- pound so formed will be Avyayibhava. As sairattg qe Ra: or sriftatat qa ga: ‘it rained away from Trigarta. So also, oft™rrayq or afthrawy: ‘round about Trigarta,’ x eatery or afeatara ‘outside the village’ sq ary or STI ATATA ‘cast of the village.’ Words formed from the verb sty ‘to go,’ are aq ‘north’ aby 4east,’ &e.” From this sGtra we learn by inference (jfi&pak) that the word qf: also governs the ablative case (see Il. 3. 29). are wehafifeeh: aaa a agian one, nebrgrafi- fot: , (aoafaousatat aq) a {Pe nonfeaarrcaierenihdt trtart ogeasta ag fora aneat, sreadbirey ara taht 13. The word 41 when signifying limit ex- clusive or limit inclusive, may optionally be compounded with a word ending in the fifth case-affix and the com- pound so formed is called Avyaytbhava. . As, ammzfaqt or srazieqara ¥sit ta: ‘it rained up to Pataliputra.” arqrt or UP_Woa au: wis: ‘the fame of Panini extends even to the boys.’ aatintmat snfiget usa ug u wait, afte nat, enfget , (aostoftiege) a Run eet Ped anfaa gata saPrdtnarafge? tart ferer areata aeadbirry aardt tafe 0 14. The words abhiand prati when implying direction (towards), are optionally compounded with a word ending in a case-afix denoting the limit, or the Px IL. Cu. E § 15, 16] OptionaL AvvavipHava’Compounps. 223 goal which regulates or marks the direction; and the resulting compound is Avyayfbhava. The word lakshana means a sign goal. See also [. 4.84 and go for a further explanation of this word. As apafta or eftqaft enn: qafea “the moths fall in the direction of fire.’ So also yeaitt or sift xfx, the sense being, that making the fire their aims ( aga ) they fall towards it. Why do we say ‘when meaning lakshana’? Observe ard afr aa: ‘he turned back and went towards Srughna #e., having turned back he went only towards the direction of Srughna but not to that place itself. : Why do we say the words abhi and prati? Observe aarfizeta ‘he went in the direction of the fire.’ Why do we say ‘when meaning direction towards’? Observe need ara: or merger: ‘the recently marked cows.’ 7 aa: , TEA, (sofyoste- aqdeenat way aarfa U oH Bo HAT) | yeu agiee etter @ amoyit ot Fore creed seer Bae ATT | 15. The word anu ‘near to’ is optionally compounded with that word, nearness to which is indi- cated by the particle, and the resulting compound is Avyayitbhava. As, aqraapGrta: ‘the thunder bolt fell near the forest.’ Why do we say qq? Observe qa wnat ‘near the forest.’ 2 . Why do we say ‘when compounded with the word, nearness to which is indicated’? Observe qaraa fadra® firga ‘it lightens towards the tree.” 9 Though this compounding was valid even by sftra6, because near- ness is mentioned there also; it is repeated here in order to show that an Avyaytbhiva compound mentioned here is an optional compound after all, and not an invariable compound like others. : _ 7 wea waa: nog a aaa nae, ©, aTaTH: , (ao- woftoro SAT ory?) u : {Rt u aqdeararart a4 seria ag Fore area seadtares carey aa : a faa 224 a ~ TRREGULAR Formations. [ BK. II Cu. L § 16-18, 16. The word anu ‘alongside of’ is option- ally compounded with the word indicative of that whose length the particle expresses, and the compound so formed is called Avyay{bhava. As, srgutt. areroeft ‘the city of Benares extends alongside the river Ganges’ srqaaet quct ‘ Mathura, alongside of the Yamuna, the length of Mathura being measured by that of the Yamuna.’ Why do we say ‘length’? Observe qyraq fadraad frga. freqy mate @ nso uagin un fassza myth ; a (starditarreo) 0 aft: Dita tite hellaalealed Reypepti geenfts woud. — arafea 17. ‘And the words tishthadgu, ‘at the time When the cows stand to be milked,’ &c. are “Avyayibhava compounds. 5 "The words faseqy &c. are all irregularly formed” Avyaytbh4va com. pounds. Most of these words are epithets of various times. The force of @ in the stra is restrictive,,that is to say these words always form the Avya- _ylbhava compound and nothing else They are as follow — Yo Rea, way, retry, wary, caqey, are, amar. 2 Te parang, Sqr, cxrromy, dqaqey, dhramo: ‘gan, ary. anaft, gi, for, aay, Posaq, scary, wre ahem, TET, TeaT, TET, wT, sath, aafr, srinfe, TITER, ATT, TLateafent V. 4. 127. e.g. warHPa ae ag qaqa nacn agin at, Ta, Tsay, at (aomofirose) a qh: n cronagedl wage ag Geren aaead seaibrery eared rai 18. The words para ‘across, and madhya ‘middle’ may optionally be compounded with a word ending in the sixth case-affix, when they take’the forms pire and madhye, and the ue sO. ores is Avyayibhava. _ Ordinarily these words would have formed Possessive Tatpurusha compounds. The present stra ordains Avyaytbh4va instead. The force of Bx.'IL Cu. I. § 19, 20.) IRREGULAR FORMATIONS. 223 atin the text is that the Genitive Tatpurusha compounding also takes’ place in the alternative. As, sitstmjor siarare| ‘across the Ganges’ mata or stray ‘middle of the Ganges.’ Of course according to the option allowed by stitra If. 1. 11., this com- pounding need not take place at all, the same sense being expressed bye a Phrase; as qr¢ strat: or mt sfarat: « wen aaa nag waa user, deta, (nefsronoae) a afi de? aa: den, sar grat se dear erat seadbires arandt raft : 19. A numeral may be compounded with a word denoting ‘one belonging toa family’ and the resulting compound i is Avyayibhava. The word tq means uninterrupted descent of persons from a com- mon source whether through birth or knowledge. A succession of teachers and pupils, of ancestors and descendants &c., would constitute a tq ‘ family.” One born in or belonging to such a ¥y is called a ¥qq or descendant. . As, feqr satatmed ‘of the Vy4karana which has two sages as its principal expounders viz., PAgini and Patanjali. So, faqft sarecaea ‘having three representatives zis. PAnini, Patanjali and Sakat4yana or KAtyAyana.” When we desire to express their equality as regards knowledge, then both the words are put in the same cas¢ : as faqia or Pratt caracaiy . So also when the relationship is by birth: as, Eafe ACaTAR Twenty-one Bh&radwAjas. These a subsequent compounds are like Dvigu. aaifirg n.2o un agri n aatfa: , «, (sonofaoder) a qh n rdterv?: pet: ag dean anced, qeeribiers eared wae 20. A numeral (sankhyd) may be compound: ed with names of‘ rivers’ and the resulting compound i is AY, yay ibh4va denoting an aggregate. According to Patanjali this refers to their Aggregate ( garerc); as wang-y ‘at the. meeting of the seven Ganges,’ fray ‘at the meeting of the two Yamun4s, 4g ‘where the five rivers meet,’. amiqaca ‘where seven Godavaris’ meet. See IL. 4. 1, 17. egy @ TAIT WR Ugh n oAUgY, q, de ary, (nonefaorgtie) w c Aft: waahe ae qaearearTy wart So ‘ware raft it 226 7 TAT-PURUSHA. ~ T Br. Ul. Ca. L §41223, 21, Aword ending in a case-affix is com- pounded with words denoting the names of rivers, when the compound word denotes a thing other than that expressed by the terms of the compound, and is an appellative ; the compound so formed being an oe yibhava. ‘The anuvritti of the word satkhy4 does not extend to this sfitra. Though this rule is given in the subdivision relating to optional compounds, it is, however, a Nitya-samAsa rule: for no Name (dat) can ever be expressed by a sentence, and that being so, these compounds can never be analysed. As, aexemx: ‘the country called Unmatta Ganges.’ So also sifeniny, wruriag ; gaia Il. 4. 18. . Why do we say ‘when it denotes a thing other than that expressed by the component parts of the compound’? Observe gem%a the ‘river Krishnavena,’ Why do we say ‘ when it expresses an Appellative’? Observe + uidety Ry: ‘the country where the Ganges moves rapidly.’ Begee: wR Ugh N aeqEa: Ul qf ul ager aft carshehinad aragene, alfra adage rearreregevdat- t@ ARavar: a , 22, From this aphorism as far as aphorism “IT. 2. 23, the word Tat-purusha is the governing word, and is understood in all the following sttras. From this sitra as faras the sftra II. 2. 23 relating to Bahuvrthi compounds, the word Tat-purusha should be read into each sitra. This big term is of older coinage than that of PAnini, being, in fact, made by older grammarians, In the Tat-purusha compound, the sense of the last of its elements is the main one, and governs the preceding one. The Karma- dh4raya (Appositional Determinative Compound) and Dwigu (Numeral Deter- minative Compound) are also subdivisions of this class of compounds. The rest of this chapter and 22 sfitras of the second, deal with this. . —— WR wag n fey: , 5, (seer) 0 « fe ereremegereatt Ae It 7 93. And the kind of compound called Dwigu umeral Determiuative Compound) is also called Tat- ‘purusha, a Bx. IL. Cu. 1. § 23-25. J TAT-PURUSHA. 227 The object of making Dwigu a subdivision of Tat-purusha Compound is that the aarared affixes and rules given in V. 4. 68-160 should agply to Dwigu also. Otherwise we could well have dispensed with this sitra; as sttra 52 of this chapter already defines Dwigu. Thus ¢acrm V. 4. 91 fem. Stcent (IV. 1. 15, 21), * an aggregate of 5 pricces’ aug: ‘V. 4. 89, Gwaryy ‘an aggregate of 5 cows.’ gymray ‘an aggregate of ten cows.’ V. 4. 92. feta - faardtaafeerrereceamnerast: Wwe aga a gata: faa-adta-aftra-na-neata-are-ataeR: , (gogttetofiogg- Beqeg) : . qt: n ftdtard que Grete: oe aread, meget eater tafe inten n Pranteqatrneardtar xrdearry it 24, A word ending with the second case-affix is compounded with the words Srita ‘who has had recourse to,’ atita ‘gone by’ patita ‘who has fallen upon,’ gata “who has gone to’ atyasta ‘ who has passed,’ prapta ‘ who has obtaiuel,’ and 4panna‘ who has reached,’ and the resulting componnd is called Tat-purusha. As at + fiya: = azfiqa: ‘ who has had recourse to trouble.’ acafirr, So also :—anearrdta: ‘who has passed over the dreary forest” acnafaa: ‘fallen into hell” qrqa: ‘gone to village.’ adtateqeq: ‘passed the waves” qerara: ‘who has reached pleasure.” qarqt: ‘who has obtained happiness.’ Vart:—The words wt , mit &c. should also be included. As arent, arr ; Se PET + era tat WN Tafa naa, GA, (aofacrege) 0 aft: erafreaaegad mica oe Greed aeyeTy amr raf 25. The indeclinable word swayam ‘oneself, is compounded with a word ending in the affix kta, and the resulting compound is called Tat-purusha, _ The anuvritti of the werd fetarfrom the last aphorism into this, cannot take place ; though, however, it is understood in the next sitra. The word exam being an Indeclinable, cannot take any case-affix. As ert kit att ‘feet washed by himself’ ere fasttrarsaq. In this compounding, the two words do not appear to have undergone any change after their composition. They are the same as they were fbeore the composition, But by calling their juxtaposition, ‘a compound, 228 TatT-PURUSHA. [ Bk. II. Cri I. § 26, 27. two indirect advantages are gained. Namely these two words are regarded as one word, and their accent is also similarly regulated. See Rule VI. 1. 223. The words ending in kta which is a Nishtha. affix, are past parti- ciples. UqSI ugucafu eg_r, Gt, (sofieqowinee) (fgettaa) 0 : , qt: u wanget fidtaren: eared ae RT eens aaeqa , HST are wife 45 26. The word khatwa in the accusative case is compounded with a word ending in the affix kta, when censure is implied, and the compound so formed is Tat- purusha . . The word We means ‘censure,’ ‘blame’ and this sense can be con- noted only by the compound word asa whole and not by any of its consti- tuent elements. This compound is also, therefore, a Nitya Compound, though it occurs in the subdivision relating to Optional Compounds :—because it is impossible to analyse such a compound and express, by means of @ sentence, the sense conveyed by the function of the compound word. As egrez: or watge: (literally lying on a bed); silly, stupid, going wrong or astray. . There is no compounding when ‘censure is not meant. As WZraTez: “lying on a bed, Why this word should have this opprobrious meaning, will be under- stood from the, consideration of the following facts :—a person under the Aryan social polity, could only then enter the married state or the life of a house-holder, as it was called, when he had completed his Brahmacharya fe. the prescribed period of bachelor studentship. All Brahmacharis were bound to sleep on ground and not on wet or cots, so long as they were Brahmach4ris. A person who without completing his studies, and without obtaining the permission of his teacher, entered into matrimony, was origi- nally called, in reproach, @zree: ‘who had ascended the couch in an improper -way! Then the term was extended to all persons guilty of vile action. . ait u Yoon agit uo oafa, (aofsorcay wa) (fata) a aft! anttareniggrataercs arnsreny fits afta dew: ee gud meade of anead ages WY ae Tafa Bk. II. Cu. 1. § 27-29.) ACCUSATIVE TAT-PURUSHA.” Bo “27.- The indeclinable word simi meaning ‘half? is compounded with a word ending in the affix ‘kta, and the resulting compound is Tat- -purusha, The word arff being an avyaya, and not denoting any substance, cannot take the affixes of the second or any case. Therefore the anuvritti ‘of the: word fxdrar would be inapposite in this aphorism.: As arfigaq ‘half-done.’ araftag ‘ half-drunk’ acarenq' half-eaten! ” The object attained by this samAsa is the same as in II. 1. 25, namely making them one word and taking one accent. MST WRN agit n Set, (aefsonowefedtaaeA) v qf warrants: ose ata: edt ae read Farr RST aATaT safe 28. The words denoting time, being in the accusative case, are optionally compounded with a word ending in the affix kta, and the resulting compound is Tat-purusha. This rule applies when duration of time is not connoted by the compound, which is provided for, in the next aphorism. The word sreir does not mean here, as it would otherwise mean by Sitra I. 1. 68, the word: form ara but special words denoting ata. 3 As araaitawert: ‘the new moon,’ (literally, the moon that has begun to measure the month). Similarly qgedatem: , crfremreat: applied to six Muhurtas (of 48 minutes each) which are called qt and sTq¢ which some- times occur in day time (in the summer month) and sometimes in the night (in the winter). THAMTANT Tu Ren aay un HeaAT-TNR, | | (aotae mower gat Zo) w qRt: 0 arena: gen ftdtarasacadaet reqat gi ae areas? Frret aeqera ward afer 29: Words denoting time being in the accu: sative case, are optionally: compounded with a word ending in a case-affix, when used in the sense of com: ‘plete connection throughout with the time (i.e, dura- tion of time) and the resulting alee is called Tat- purusha, a : 280 INSTRUMENTAL TaT-PURUSHA. (Bk. If. Cu. 1. § 49-31 The word ara is understood in this aphorism; but not so the phrase “ending with the affix =.” The word sravadart means ‘uninterrupted connection.’ For accent of these words see VI. 2. 2. . As qgdquy ‘a momentary pleasure.” aqtrracaret, afcagerr. after sexed quaata u gon agin adtar, ae Ba-aua , W-aARA , (aeftoaogenTt TE) u qr: uu adders geet qurata spheta a ay gaea? aqeey erred Ta . 30. A word ending with the 8rd case-affix is optionally compounded with what denotes quality, the quality being that which is instrumentally caused by the thing signified by what cnds with the third case- affix and with the word artha ‘wealth,’ and the com- pound so formed is called Tat-purusha, The words y, Yat are understood here: and the whole of this sAtra is an epithet of those words. A noun in the instrumental case is compound- ed with a word expressing quality, and with the word apf: provided that the word expressing quality is itself the result produced by the sense of the word in the instrumental case. As tajwatare: WaynTaee: ‘cut by nipper’ fasfcart: ‘made blind of one eye by ahog’ wreark ‘wealth acquired by grain.’ For accent of these words see VI. 2. 2. Why do we say ‘when caused by the word in the instrumental case’? Observe srg art: ‘blind of one eye.’ Here srg in the 3rd case is not the instrumental cause that produced blindness and hence no compounding. Why do we say ‘a word expressing quality ? Observe :—arfrtaray, ‘sowing with the cows.” Here though ‘sowing’ is instrumentally caused by the cows, yet it does not qualify cows but the sower, and hence no compounding. Guna-vachanas are those words which, not being words formed by ptimary or secondary affixes, or other words entitled to the name of satkhy8, or sarvandma, or jAti, or compound words, are words denoting qualities and capable of being used as adjectives qualifying substantives. giaguadtndsayguitaeed: un 39 uaa u qa-agu-wa-aant-sog-fga-fia-aeem: , (sofronogatarae) u qa: wag Sta a sand cee Cage fer cage ut: ag citaed aH argo ant tafe arbor n qarQerrcearTa earTy W Bx. 1..Cu. I. § 31, 32. ] INSTRUMENTAL TAT-PURUSHA. 2st 31. A word ending in the third case-affix is ‘compounded with the words pfurva ‘prior,’ sadriga ‘like,’ sama ‘similar,’ (inértha ‘words having the sense of less,’ : kalaha ‘quarrel,’ nipuna ‘proficient, mi$ra ‘mixed, and slakshua ‘ polished sleek’ and the resulting compound is called Tat-purusha. 5 From this sAtra, we learn incidentally that the words CG &c., govern the instrumental case. As, ara 9% = araqa ‘prior by a month,’ dqratet: ‘ prior by a year,’ mzayy: ‘ike the mother, frzarq: ‘like the father,’ argaa: ‘similar to the mother,’ faqaq: ‘similar to the father,’ argray, arafraet ‘less by a mAsha,’ ufratg: ‘a fight with the swords,’ qrgae: ‘bandying words.’ are fret: ‘proficient in speech,’ stare Frzm: ‘ proficient in the observances of sacred duties, fasfta:—yzfrr: ‘mixed with scsamum or juggery’ sIaTCKHE: “polished in behaviour.’ Vart :—The word qat should be enumerated in the list, as araryt: ‘later than a month.’ BUT Bat aESH waRn warn Saw wat 1, (Sofasasqeterc) u qfa adit acl aoa ada aged peta og area wed, meqeg aaa orafer 82. A word ending with the third case-affix, when it denotes the agent or the instrument (II. 3. 18) is compounded diversely with what ends witha krit affix; and the compound so formed-.is called Tat- purusha. The word agai shows that there is a general relaxation of all the rules and conditions. As stigarga: = aga: ‘killed by the snake’ aafafite: ‘divided by the nails.’ qeyieaw: ‘cut by the axe.’ Why do we say ‘when denoting the agent or the instrument’? Observe Preftefrs: ‘dwelt with alms.’ Here the force of the 3rd case is that mentioned in sftra II. 3. 21 and not that of II. 3. 18.” Why do we say ‘diversely'? Observe qrtg sree,‘ cutting with the sickle’ geqrfeatary ‘cutting with the axe.’ Ilere there is no compounding. But there is compounding where otherwise there ought not to be, because of the word wgsti—as aqeren: and wa iva: . : ' 2382 * INSTRUMENTAL TAT-PURUSHA. [ BK. II. Cit. I. § 33, 34. weacfierdaea van wats wea: , aafie-sri-aaR , (Sofaoqowsscttqo) u qf: u adecodret adhe aed gad gah ag arent ofraniea? wear fra, azors aad tals MAREN GIA weaaigt Asaq 33. A word ending with the third case-affix when it denotes the agent or th2 instrument, is com: ‘pounded optionally with a word ending in a kritya affix, ‘when an exaggerated statement (whether of praise or of censure) is implied, and the compound is Tat-purusha. As arntarri ‘a shallow river’ (so shallow that a crow may dip his beak. into it and touch the bottom and drink). qeatw: ay: ‘a shallow well’ (so that a dog can lick water from the brink of it). qreyesenf ams ‘thin .gtass’ (so fragile that it can be cut by vapour) aermety einer. This sitra is in a way a prolongation of the last, : : Vart:—The phrase ‘words ending in akritya affix’ must not be taken universally, only the kritya affixes aq and wa are meant in the above sftras. The following are the kritya affixes:—aca, srita, a], FIL, Taq, (see “stitra III. 1..95-132). Therefore there is no compounding when the word ends in weg as in HER: TAT. aaa SAAT UV agit n aaa, agAR, (sefaeae- mogoue) . aR erg adterafen erta ae arcaa Rom, aqerw ware orafer ir - 34. A word ending with the third case-affix and denoting a condiment, is optionally compounded. with a word ending in a case-affix, signifying food, and = resulting compound is called Tat-purusha. That which is to be prepared is called ez, and that which prepares is vata; cs Rater: = wat safaee Bret: ‘rice prepared or made relishable with curd!’ So also tty: . The words ‘food’ and ‘condiment’ as repres sented in the above compounds, ate connected in sense by a verb understood, BKS IL Cu. 1 § 35, 36. J DATIVE TAT-PURUSHA! . 238 sete fietecrg nay aga aeter, - frit-ecor (aofaoacqogous) (Rau Beteconh adtard serafter qete oy eaad, wyTT wort rater . 35. A word, ending with the 8rd case-affix and denoting a relish giving or refining ingredient, is’ compounded with a word meaning, victuals, ome the compound is Tat-purusha. 3 - Anything eatable, whether hard or soft, is called 49a; its ‘refinement is called finftacat. As quart: ‘barley ‘prepared with j juggery; qeaqar, ‘flattened parched rice prepared with juggery.’ : . . The connection here also between the two words is established bya verb uuderstood. . agdt aqaitafefzagadf&%, vag u ogi a ryt, azi-ad-afe-fa-ga-cfha: (wofroaogene) u Re wad snd sat fer ge tire naa: oe Ted oread, vrs ware ofa aritag u snia Geaarerad effegcan terrae il : 36. A word ending with the 4th case-affix is compounded with what denotes that which is for the purpose of what ends with the 4th case-affix and. so too -with the words artha‘on account of,’ bali ‘a sacrifice,’ hita ‘salutary,’ sukha ‘pleasure’ and rakshita‘ kept,’ and the compound is called Tat-, -purusha, s ' The words gy , gar are understood in this sitra: and the iota stra qualifies these words. By the expression apd ‘for the purpose thereof? the special relation of a miterial and its modification alone is by Patanjali here held to be intended. As qyra ere: = @ypate: ‘wood for stake’ (that is wood which by modi- fication will be changed into a stake). qoenfeced ‘gold for ear-ring.’ But not so here, terara earat ‘ pot for cooking.’ ererararegeray ‘the wood mortar for threshing. From this sttra we may also infer that the Dative case conveys also the sense of ‘for the purpose thereof.’ The word aqubd is taken as one word by some, meaning ‘a thing serviceable thereto.’ See VI, 2. 44.- For accent see VI. 2. 45. 2 7 238 ABLaTive TaT-PURUSHA, (BK. IL, Cu. 1. § 36-48. . Vart:—With the word wa the compound so formed is a Nitya com- ‘pound (an invatiable compound) and agrees in gender with the word which it qualifies ; as, arvordsy 74: ‘milk for the sake of Brahmans ;’ and aemorat wane “gruel for the Brahmanas.’ So also qttaies: ‘a sacrifice for Kuvera’ wereTnaie: “a sacrifice for the great Raja.’ aig ‘ what is good for cows.’ srprige ‘what is good for horses” sirqat ‘ what is pleasant for cows’ rircfird ‘ what is kept for cows,’ (as grass)... . weat HAT No 0 sae nwa, nia, (aoaofroge uu ae) w : ght Gaemet geet regs gee ey creat fort soe eared safe ° erefary us orer after ACs AY FORE TROT 87. A word ending with the 5th case-affix is optionally compounded with the word bhaya ‘fear,’ and the compound is Tat-purusha, : The phrase qq gw is understood here, and the sfitra qualifies it, - As qeaprt - qartt ‘fear from wolves’ ster ‘fear from thieves? eont ‘fear from robbers.’ : Vart :—So also with the words *tw, 27% and sf: a3 qanfta: , qanftfir , ' to or: : This sftra is an expansion of sfitra 32 and an exposition of the word wg there. So that we may have the following compounds also: grfrfa: ‘gone out of the village’ spat aug: . martegeafeerrateermt: neu wafru ata ws-ge-aMta-arawe: , VI: , (wofdoncgouequitae) u : qf u ata aire ge ofa aover eae: ae Tet aTeAT eT errata werg xfa eraeanrerhrrearra? tt " 88. A word ending with the 5th case-affix is compounded with the words apeta ‘gone away,’ apodha’ ‘carried away,’ mukta ‘freed,’ patita ‘fallen,’ apatrasta, ‘afraid of, when the event takes place in a gradual manner, and the compound is called Tatpurusha. As, qaita: ‘gone away from pleasure’ aeqanie: ‘carried away by imagination’ waa ‘freed from the wheel’ evtafaa: ‘fallen from heaven.” acgrewen: ‘afraid of the waves.” This is an expansion of Il, 1. 32.” Bx I. Cu. I. $ 38-40. ] .ABLaTIVE TAT-PURUSHA. ~ 286 By using the word syerg: ‘in a gradual degree,’ is shown the limited range of this kind of compounds. Not every ablative word can be so com> pounded, Hence there is no compounding at ail in the following cases : rats qa: ‘fallea from the mansion. ¥raarerqed: ‘ afraid of eating.” For here the fall &c. is violent and sudden, and not gradual and slight. wieftasguivenfa Ga, u en agen tee afrs-geat-sagfar , aa, ( aacfaegorrariteg) a qh neta wean eC waarah ce: Hg UN TEA: HAT OE raed, aeqeres aaredt afer aifday in omaeent stat wea 39. Words with the sense of stoka ‘a little,’ antika ‘near,’ daira ‘far, and also the word krichehhra ‘penance,’ ending in the 5th case-affix are compounded with what ends in kta, and the compound is Tat-purusha. As edtanitt qn: ‘loosed from a little distance.’ So also sifeaargrra: ‘come from near’ spargienta: ‘come from near’ ‘geramaa: ‘come from far,’ Praysrenra: ‘come from a distance.’ qesteqw: saved with difficulty.’ Beutel sey: ‘obtained with difficulty.’ By rule VI. 3. 2 the case-affix is not elided. in compounds of this kind. Vart:—The words qa ‘a hundred’ and aga_‘a thousand’ are similarly compounded with the word qe. As, qarat=cqgar: ‘beyond a hundred.’ So also weeqagat: ‘beyond a thousaad.’ In these examples the word ga and azz being exhibited in the 1st case and thus being upasarjana ought to have stood as the first member of the compound (II. 2. 30); But these compounds are supposed to fall under the class of ermgea &c,, (II. 2. 31) and hence the upasarjana stands as the second member of the compound. Irregularly is also the augment @ ( qq) interposed between these two_words, samt stad: uvon agin agit, site: (aoao- faowogo a : qra: W aaraed test: ag areas ageey aaa os , 40. A word ending with the 7th case-affix is compounded with the words saunda ‘skilled’ &c. and the compound is Tat-purusha, 7 238 Locative Tar-purusHa, “[ Bk. Il. Cit. I § "40-43. The word aaa in the sOtra being’ in the plural number indicates a class of words beginning with saunda. As, wig leg: = srdivg: ‘skilled in dice’ wot cunning in dice’ waftrat: ‘a gamester in dice.’ The following isthe list of stew words:—1 giz, 2 ut, 3 farw, 4 sare, 5 447, 6 data, 7 aay when meaning place, 8 wf, 9 92, (or sie) , to oiea, 11 Hye, 12 Tet, 13 fAgT, 14 Meare’ 15 weT, and 16 adie. fagassamavtg nou on agian feg-qes-ug-aet:, a, (woncfaoundit ).n qh u faaqen- ge ed ed: og warded areA’, aE Y TATA Aah i 41. A word ending with the 7th case-affix is tompounded with the words siddha ‘perfected,’ Sushka “dried, pakva ‘cooked’ and bandha ‘bound,’ and the resulting compound is Tat-purusha. X As, atanqafera: ‘perfect in Stokasya’ wiftteafera: ‘perfect in KAmpi: lya! snaggem: ‘ dried in the'sun.’ Grargem: ‘dried in the shade.’ eqrétTe: ‘cooked in pot.’ aft qm: ‘cooked in an earthen jar.’ qHeey: ‘bound on the wheel. For their accent see VI. 2. 32. These are also further illustrations of the word dag in stra 32, SMEG GI Ru agit un varedar GI, (woaofire- goumt yu : ght: emeurartear sq aaraed quad area, myeTW GAN waft, Ge wear tt 42. A word ending with the 7th case-afix is compounded with the word dhvanksha, ‘a crow,’ (and with synonyms of crow) when contempt is implied; and the resulting compound is Tat-purusha. ; ‘ As, drhate: ‘a crow at the sacred bathing place’ i.e., a very greedy person ; as a crow ina bathing place does not remain long, any where, so a person who goes to his teacher's house and does not tarry there long, is called a ahitara: or a dtdaraa: . When it has not this meaning, there is no compounding: as, atte feaafa ‘There is a crow in the sacred bathing place” © eater way sae we: wa, —( wome- geucse) u i af on ay arrest ona’, eres ere eft a 2 Bk, Il. Cx. . § 43-45.) Locaiive TAT-PURUSHA. 237 43. A word ending with the 7th case-affix is compounded with words ending with a kritya-affix (a fut. pass. Participle) and the resulting compound is a purusha, when ‘ debt’ is implied. This compound is confined to the words formed by the writya affix ay and not to every kritya-formed word. As, arage ‘a debt repayable within a month.’ So daeatid ‘ payable within a year’ vagtay ‘repayable within three days.’ By using the word gga we indicate by implication any appotited time in general, and not merely a time for the payment of a debt. Therefore we get compounds in the following cases also:—qatgt a arg ‘the Sama that should be sung in the morning.” srqm@arsqqa: ‘the chapter that should be studied in the morning.’ Why do we say ‘debt’? Observe ara tar frat ‘the alms that should be given each month. ema wen agian demag, ( soaofsongeit gauge) wu qf: u carat ea aaraed qu ay area, aeETN are af tt ; 44

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