Mathematic

LINES AND ANGLES

ANGLES

A) Identifying an Angle

angle is formed by two straigth lines that meet

at a point called the vertex.

For example : -
? ? ?

In the figure above,

(a) AOB is an angle.

(b) OA and OB are called the arms of the angle.

(c) O is the vertex, that is the point where the two

? ? ?arms meet.

Worked Example 1

Mark the angle in each case.

(a) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?(b)
? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?

Solution

(a) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?(b)
? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ??

B) Naming an angle

An angle can be named by using one letter

or three letters.

For example :-
? ? ?

Worked Example 2

? ? ?

C) Measuring Angles

1. Angles are measured in units called degrees

? ??( 0 ).
2. To measure an angle, we can use an instru-

? ? ment called the protractor as shown below.

? ? ? ? ?

3. Note that if we read from left to right ( clockwise

? ? direction ), we use the inner scale.

4. To measure an angle less than 1800, <KLM, follow

? ? the steps below.

? ? Method 1 :
? ? ? ? ?

? ? Step 1

? ? Place the protactor that its centre is on the vertex

? ? L. Adjust the protractor until its base line corresponds

? ? with the arm LM.

? ? ? ?

? ? Step 2

? ? Read the value of <KLM using the inner scale.

? ? Therefore, <KLM = 300.

? ? Method 2 :
? ? ? ?

? ? Step 1

? ? Place the protractor so that its centre is on the

? ? vertex L. Adjust the protractor until its base line

? ? corresronds with the arm LK.

? ?

? ? Step 2

? ? Read the value of ?<KLM using the outer scale.

? ? Therefore, .KLM = 300

5. To measure an angle which is more than 1800,

? ? follow the steps below :

? ? To measure <STU
? ?

? ? Step 1

? ? Produce the arm ST to V and measure <STV.

? ? <STV = 1800

? ??

? ? Step 2

? ? Place and adjust the protractor as shown to

? ? measure <VTU.

? ?

? ? Step 3

? ? <STU = <STV + <VTU

? ? ? ? ? ? ?= ?1800 + 200

? ? ? ? ? ? ?= 2000

? ?

D) Drawing Angles Using a Protractor

1. We can also use a protractor to draw an angle.

2. To draw <RST =600, follow the steps below.

? ? Step 1

? ? Draw an arm ST with S as the vertex.

? ? ? ??

? ? Step 2

? ? Place the protractor so that its centre is on the

? ? vertex S and its base line is on ST.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? Step 3

? ? Find 600 at the inner scale and mark it with a point.

?? ?Call this point R.

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? Step 4

? ? Remove the protractor and draw a line to join R

? ? with S.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? Step 5

? ? Mark and label <RST as 600.

? ? ? ?

3. To draw <KLM = 2400 ( more than 1800 ), follow the

? ? steps below.

? ? Step 1

? ? Draw an arm KL with L as the vertex.

? ? ? ? ?

? ? Step 2

? ? Place the protractor so that its centre is on the

? ? vertex L and its base line is on KL. Mark the

? ? point M at 600 on the outer scale.

? ? ? ? ?

? ? Step 3

? ? Remove the protractor and join LM with a straight

? ? line.

? ? ? ? ?

? ? Step 4

? ? Label <KLM as 2400.

? ?
? ?

E) Identifying the Different Types of Angles

The table below shows the different types of angles.

Worked Example 3

Which of the following angles is acute, obtuse,

reflex or right-angled?

(a) 1650 ? ?

(b) 900
(c) 2340

(d) 830

Solution

(a) 1650 is an obtuse angle.

(b) 900 is right angle.

(c) 2340 is a reflex angle.

(d) 830 is an acute angle.

G) Determining the Sum of Angles on a

?Straight Line

1. Use a protractor to measure the angles on the

? ? straight line.?

Worked Example 4

Using a protractor, measure the angles on the

straingh line KLM. Then, find the sum of the

angles in each case.

(a) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (b)
? ? ? ? ?

Solution

(a) x = 1200 , y = 600

? ? ?x + y = 1200 + 600

? ? ? ? ? ? ?= 1800

(b) p = 400 , q = 900 , r = 500

? ?? ?p + q + r = 400 + 900 + 500? ?

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? = 180

2. In general, the sum of the angles on a straight

? ? line is 1800.

? ? For example :-

? ? ? ? ?

? ? AOB is a straight line.

? ? x + y + z = 1800
H) Determining the Sum of Angles in
One Whole Turn

1. A protractor is used to measure the angles

? ? at a point.

Worked Example 5

Use a protractor to measure the angles in the

figures. Then, find the sum of the angles in each

case.

(a) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? (b)
? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Solution

(a) x = 1100 , y = 2500

? ? ?x + y = 1100 + 2500

? ? ? ? ? ? ? = 3600

(b) p = 1300 , q = 600 , r = 700 , s = 1000

? ? ?p + q + r + s = 1300 + 600 + 700 + 1000

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? = 3600

2. In general, the sum of the angles that formed

? ? one whole turn is 3600.

? ? For example :-

? ??

? ? a + b + c + d + e = 360? ? ? ?

I) Calculating Angles involving One

?Whole Turn

Worked Example 6

Without measuring, calculate the angles marked.

(a)
? ? ?

(b)
? ?

Solution

PARALLEL LINES AND

PERPENDICULAR LINES

A) Determining Parallel Lines

1. Parallel lines are lines that will not meet

? ? however far they are produced either way.

2. They are at the same distance apart from

? ? one other

? ? For example :-

? ? (a)
? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? KL is parallel to RS or KL//RS

? ? (b)
? ? ? ??
? ?
? ? ? ?? AB//CD

(c)
? ? ? ??

? ? ? ? EF//HG

? ? ?? ?EH//FG

3. To determine wheter two given lines are parallel

? ? or not, follow the steps below.

? ? Step 1

? ? Mark two points P and R on of two straight lines.

? ? The points should be as far apart as possible.

? ?

? ? Step 2

? ? Using a protractor ora set aquare draw the two

? ? perpendicular lines PM and RN as shown.

? ?

? ? Step 3

? ? Measure PM and RN. The given lines are parallel

? ? to each other if PM =RN.

B) Drawing Parallel Lines

There are three methods to draw parallel lines.

Method 1 : Using a ruler

? ?
(a)
? ? ? ?

(b)
? ? ? ?

Method 2 : Using a protractor

(a)
? ? ?

(b)
? ? ?

? ? Therefore, PM//RN

Method 3 : Using a set square

(a) To draw a straight line through the point P and

? ? ?parallel to the straight line XY.

? ? ?

(b)
? ? ?

(c)
? ? ?

(d)
? ? ?

C) Determining Perpendicular Lines

1. If two straight lines intersect at 90 , we say the?two

? ? lines are perpendicular to each other.

? ? For example :-

? ? ? ? ??
? ? ? ? ? ???

3. We can use a protractor or a set square to determine

? ? wheter two straight lines are perpendicular to each

? ? other or not.

? ? For example :-

? ? (a)
? ? ?? ? ?

? ? (b)
? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? ? ?

D) Drawing Perpendicular Lines

1. To draw a line perpendicular ti PR from a point M

? ? on PR, follow the steps as shown below.

? ? Step 1
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? Step 2
? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? Join MN. The straight line MN will be perpendicular

? ? to PR at M.

2. To draw a line perpendicular to PR from a point M

? ? outside PR, follow the steps below.

? ? Step 1
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? Step 2
? ?

INTERSECTING LINES AND

THEIR PROPERTIES

A) Identifying Intersecting Lines

We say the two straight lines intersect if they meet

( or cut ) at a point. This point is known as the point

of intersection.

For example :-
? ?

B) Identifying Complementary Angle

?and Supplementary Angles

1. We know that when two lines are perpendicular,

? ? the angle formed by them is a right angle or 90 .

2. Two angles which add up to 90 are called comple-

? ? mentary angles. Each is the complement of the

? ? other.

? ? For example :-
? ? ? ? ?

? ?

3. We know that the sum of the angles on a atraight line

? ? is 180.

4. Two angles which add up to 180 are called supplemen-

? ? tary angles. Each is the supplement of the other.

? ? For example :-

? ? ? ?

? ??

C) Determining Complementary and

Supplementary Angles

Worked Example 7

Find the value of x in each of the following.

(a) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (b)
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Solution

D) Identifying Adjacent Angles on a

Straight Line

1. When two straight lines intersect, the sum of the

? ? adjacent angles on a straight line is 180 .

? ? For example :-

? ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ? The angles x and y which CE makes with the

? ? straight line ACB are called adjacect angles

? ? on a straight line.

? ? Therefore, x + y ?= 180

2. When two adjacent angles together make

? ? up 180, they are called supplementary angles.

Worked Example 8
Identify the different pairs of ?adjucent angles

in the following.

(a) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?(b)
? ? ? ?

Solution

(a) To determine adjacent angles on a straight

? ? ?line, measure the angles marked. If the sum

? ? ?of the angles is 180 , then they are adjacent

? ? ?angles on a straight line.

? ? ?x = 60 , y = 120

? ? ?x + y = 60 + 120

? ? ?= 180

? ? ?Therefore, x and y are adjacent angles on the

? ? ?straight line DEF.?

(b) a = 110 , b = 50 , c = 130 , d = 70

? ? ?a + d = 110 + 70

? ? ? ? ? ?? = 180

? ? ?Therefore, a and d are adjacent angles on the

? ?? straight line PRT.

? ? ?b + c = 50 + 130

? ? ? ? ?? ? = 180

? ? ?Therefore, b and c are adjacent angles on the

? ? ? straight line PRT.

E) Identifying Vertically Opposite Angles

When two straight lines intersect, either pair of

opposite angles are called vertically opposite

angles.

For example :-

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Intersection of the straight lines KL and RS.

a and c are vertically opposite angles.

b and d are vertically opposite angles.

F) Determining the Size of ?Vertically

Opposite Angles

If two straight lines intersect, the vertically

opposite angles are equal.

For example :-

? ? ? ? ? ?? ?

G) Finding the Values of Adjacent Angles

?on a Straight Line

Worked Example 9

? ? ? ? ?

KLM is a straight line . Find x.

Solution

H) Problem Solving involving Angles

?formed by Intersecting Lines

Worked Example 10
? ? ?

In the figure above, AB and CD are straight lines.

Find the values of x and y.

Solution

? ? ?