MA6251Mathematics - II Notes 2013 Regulation

MA6251 MATHEMATICS-II
S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO
UNIT-1 VECTOR CALCULUS
1.1 Gradient-Directional Derivative 1
Problems
1.2. Divergence And Curl –Irrotational And Solenoidal Vector 4

Fields Divergence
Problems
1.3 Vector Integration 7
Problems
1.4 Green’s Theorem In A Plane;(Excluding proof) 9
Problems
1.5 Gauss Divergence Theorem:(Excluding proof) 10
Problems
1.6 Stoke’s Theorem(Excluding proof) 12
Problems
UNIT –II ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
2.1 Higher Order Linear Differential Equations With 14
Constant Coefficients
Problems
2.2 Method of Variation of Parameters 22
Problems
2.3 Differential Equations for the Variable Coefficients 24
Problems
2.4 Simultaneous First Order Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients 26
Problems
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UNIT –III LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION
3.1 Laplace transformation-Conditions and existence 28
Problems
3.2 Transforms of Elementary functions-Basic Properties 29
Problems
3.3 (a) Transforms of derivatives 31
(b)Derivatives and integrals of Transforms
(c)Integrals of Transforms
Problems
3.4 Transforms of the unit step functions and impulse function 34
Problems
3.5 Transforms of periodic functions 35
Problems
3.6 Inverse Laplace Transform 36
Problems
3.7 Convolution theorem 42
Problems
3.8 Initial and final value theorems 45
3.9 Solution of linear ODE of Second Order with constant coefficients 47
Problems
UNIT-IV ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
4.1 Introduction –Function of A Complex Variable 49
4.2 Analytic Functions(C-R Equations) 49
Problems
4.3 Harmonic and Orthogonal Properties Of Analytic Functions 51
Problems
4.4 Construction of Analytic Functions 56
Problems
4.5 Conformal Mapping 58
Problems
4.6 Bilinear Transformation 61
Problems
UNIT V- COMPLEX INTEGRATION
5.1 Prerequisite 62
5.2 Introduction 62
5.3 Cauchy’s Theorem 62
Problems
5.4 Taylor’s and Laurent’s Series Expansion. 64
Problems
5.5 Singularities 67
Problems
5.6 Residues 69
Problems
5.7 Evaluation of real definite Integrals as contour integrals 72
Problems
5.8 Applications 79
APPENDICES
A Question Bank
B University Questions
MA6251 MATHEMATICS – II REGULATION 2013 SYLLABUS
MA6251 MATHEMATICS – II L T P C
3104
OBJECTIVES:
• To make the student acquire sound knowledge of techniques in solving ordinary differential
equations that model engineering problems.
• To acquaint the student with the concepts of vector calculus, needed for problems in all
engineering disciplines.
• To develop an understanding of the standard techniques of complex variable theory so as to
enable the student to apply them with confidence, in application areas such as heat conduction,
elasticity, fluid dynamics and flow the of electric current.
• To make the student appreciate the purpose of using transforms to create a new domain in
which it is easier to handle the problem that is being investigated.
UNIT I VECTOR CALCULUS 9+3

Gradient, divergence and curl – Directional derivative – Irrotational and solenoidal vector fields
– Vector integration – Green’s theorem in a plane, Gauss divergence theorem and Stokes’
theorem (excluding proofs) – Simple applications involving cubes and rectangular
parallelopipeds.
UNIT II ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 9+3

Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients – Method of variation of
parameters – Cauchy’s and Legendre’s linear equations – Simultaneous first order linear
equations with constant coefficients.
UNIT III LAPLACE TRANSFORM 9+3

Laplace transform – Sufficient condition for existence – Transform of elementary functions –
Basic properties – Transforms of derivatives and integrals of functions - Derivatives and
integrals of transforms - Transforms of unit step function and impulse functions – Transform of
periodic functions. Inverse Laplace transform -Statement of Convolution theorem – Initial and
final value theorems – Solution of linear ODE of second order with constant coefficients using
Laplace transformation techniques.
UNIT IV ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 9+3

Functions of a complex variable – Analytic functions: Necessary conditions – Cauchy-Riemann
equations and sufficient conditions (excluding proofs) – Harmonic and orthogonal properties of
analytic function – Harmonic conjugate – Construction of analytic functions – Conformal
mapping: w = z+k, kz, 1/z, z2, ez and bilinear transformation.
UNIT V COMPLEX INTEGRATION 9+3

Complex integration – Statement and applications of Cauchy’s integral theorem and Cauchy’s
integral formula – Taylor’s and Laurent’s series expansions – Singular points – Residues –
Cauchy’s residue theorem – Evaluation of real definite integrals as contour integrals around unit
circle and semi-circle (excluding poles on the real axis).
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Bali N. P and Manish Goyal, “A Text book of Engineering Mathematics”, Eighth Edition,
Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.,(2011).
2. Grewal. B.S, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, 41 (2011). Edition, Khanna Publications,

Delhi,
REFERENCES:
1. Dass, H.K., and Er. Rajnish Verma,” Higher Engineering Mathematics”,
S. Chand Private Ltd., (2011)
2. Glyn James, “Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics”, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education,
(2012).
3. Peter V. O’Neil,” Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, 7th Edition, Cengage learning,
(2012).
4. Ramana B.V, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company,
New Delhi, (2008).
UNIT-1
VECTOR CALCULUS
1.1Gradient-Directional Derivative
1.1.1. Gradient
1.1(a) The Vector Differential Operator

The differential operator ∇ (read as del) is defined as ∇≡ + + where
, , are unit vectors along the three rectangular axes OX, OY, OZ.
1.1(b) The Gradient (Or Slope Of A Scalar Point Function)

Let ( , , ) be a scalar point function and is
continuously differentiable then the vector
∇ = + + = + + is called the gradient of the scalar function
and is written as =∇ .
Note: 1.1.1 ∇ is a vector differential operator and also it is a vector.

Note: 1.1.2 ∇≡ + +
Note: 1.1.3 If is a constant ,then ∇ = 0.
Note: 1.1.4 If ∇ is a vector whose three components are , ,
Note: 1.1.5 ∇( ) ∇ + ∇φ .
1. Find ∇(r), ∇
Solution:
We know that ,→ = + + ,
r=→ = + + , = + +
= ; = ; =
(i) ∇(r) = + + = + +
= =
(ii) ∇ =∑ı
=∑ ı
= ∑xı
→
=
.
2. Prove that ∇( )=
Solution: ∇( )=∑ ( )=∑
=∑
= + +
=
SCE 1 Dept of S&H
1.1.2. Directional Derivative

Directional derivative=∇ . | |
1. Find the directional derivative of = +4 + (1,2,3) in the direction of
2 + −
Solution:
Given: = +4 +
∇ = + +
=(2 +4 + ) +( + ) +( +8 + )
=54 + 6 + 28
Given: = 2 + −
| | = √6
D.D=∇ . | |
= (54 + 6 + 28 ).
√
= (86)
√
1.1.3. Unit Tangent Vector
Unit Tangent vector=

1.Find a unit tangent vector to the following surfaces at the specified
points = +1, = 4 − 3, = 2 −6 = 2.
Solution:
= + +
=( + 1) + (4 − 3) + (2 −6 )
= 4 +4 +2
=6
Unit tangent vector= =
1.1.4 Normal Derivative
Normal derivative =|∇ |
1. What is the greatest rate of increase of = (1,0,3)
Solution:
Given: =
=
∇ = + +
SCE 2 Dept of S&H
= ( )+ ( ) + (2 ) ==9
∴ Greatest rate of increase = | ∇ |

=9
1.1.5. Unit Normal Vector:
∇
Unit normal vector = |∇ |
1. Find a unit vector normal to the surface + − = 10. (1,1,1)

Solution:
Given: = + − − 10
∇ = + +
=2 +2 −
∇ ( , , ) =2 +2 −
|∇ |=3
∇
=
1.1.6Angle Between The Surfaces

∇ .∇
=
|∇ | |∇ |
1. Find a and b such that the surfaces − = ( + 2)
and 4 + = 4 cut orthogonally at (1,-1,2)
Solution:
Let = − − ( + 2) …………….. (1)
∇ = + +
= [2 − ( + 2)] + (− ) + (− )
∇ (1, −1,2) = ( − 2) − 2 +
=4 + =4
∇ = + +
=8 +4 +3
∇ (1, −1,2) = −8 + 4 + 12
Given: ∇ . ∇ = 0.
( − 2) − 2 + . −8 + 4 + 12 = 0.
−8( − 2) − 8 + 12 = 0
2 − − 4 = 0 … … … … … . (2)
Since the points (1,-1, 2) lies on the surface ( , , ) = 0.
(1) − (−1)(2) = ( + 2)(1)
=1
∴ (2) … . > 2 − (1) − 4 = 0
=
SCE 3 Dept of S&H
1.1.7 .Scalar Potential :
1. If ∇ = 2 + + ,then find the value of .
Solution:
Given: ∇ = 2 + +
+ + =2 + +
Equating the coefficients of , , ,we get

=2 … . . (1) , = … . . (2) = … . . (3)
Integrating (1) p.w.r.to ‘x’ we get

= + ( , ) … … … … . . (4)
Integrating (2) p.w.r.to ‘y’ we get
= + ( , ) … … … … . . (5)
Integrating (3) p.w.r.to ‘z’ we get
= + ( , ) … … … … . . (6)
Combining (4),(5),(6) we get
= + , where c is the arbitrary constant.
1.1. 8.The Vector Equation Of The Tangent Plane And Normal Line To The Surface:
(i) Equation of the tangent plane is ( − ). ∇ = 0.
(ii) Equation of the normal line is ( − ) × ∇ = 0.
Tutorial Problems:
1. Find the values of a and b so that the surfaces
− = ( + 3) 4 − = 1 may cut orthogonally at (2,-1,-3)
2. If = ( + + ) find ∇
3. In what direction from the point (2,1,-1) is the DD of = a maximum? What is the
magnitude of this maximum?
4. Find the angle between the surfaces = −1 =2− (1,1,1)
1.2 Divergence And Curl –Irotational And Solenoidal Vector Fields:
1.2.1 Divergence and curl

= ∇. = + +
= ∇× = × + × + ×
Note:
If = + + ,then
∇× =
1. If = + + then find = ∇. and ∇ ×

Solution:
Given: = + +
= ∇. = + + =
SCE 4 Dept of S&H
= ( )+ ( )+ ( )
=2 + 2 + 2
= ∇× = = =0
2. Find ∇.
Solution:
We know that, = + +
= + +
∇. = + + .( + + )
= + +
( ) ( ) ( )
= + +
=
3. Prove that ( )=0
Proof: =∇ = + +
( ) = ∇ × (∇ )
=∑ −
=0
3. Find where = ( + + −3 )
Solution:
Given: =∇( + + −3 )
= (3 − 3 ) + (3 − 3 ) + (3 − 3 )
∇. = (3 − 3 ) + (3 − 3 ) + (3 − 3 )
=6 +6 +6
∇× =
(3 − 3 ) (3 − 3 ) (3 − 3 )
= (−3 + 3 ) − (−3 + 3 ) + (−3 + 3 )= 0
SCE 5 Dept of S&H
1.2.2 SOLENOIDAL VECTOR,IRROTATIONAL VECTOR:
Solenoidal vector formula: ∇. = 0

Irrotational vector formula: ∇ × = 0
1. Show that = + +
Solution: = + +
To prove: ∇ × = 0
∇× =
=0
2. Prove =( + ) +(2ysinx-4) + 3 is irrotational and find its scalar potential
Solution:
=( + ) +(2ysinx-4) + 3
∇× =
(( + ) (2ysinx − 4) (3 )
∇× = 0.
Hence, is irrotational
=∇
( + ) + (2ysinx-4) + 3 = + +
Equating the coefficients of , , we get,
= + … … (1) =2 … … (2)
=3 … … (3)
Integrating (1) p.w.r.to ‘ We get = + ( , ) … … (4)
Integrating (2) p.w.r.to ‘ We get = − 4 + ( , ) … … (5)
Integrating (3) p.w.r.to ‘ We get = + ( , ) … … (6)
Combining (4),(5),(6) we get,
= + − 4 + Where c is a constant
3. Show that is an irrotational Vector for any value of but is solenoidal only if = −3
Solution:
Let =
= ( + + )
= + +
SCE 6 Dept of S&H
∇× =
=∑ −
=0.
For all values of n is irrotational.
∇. = ( )= +
=3 + ( + + )
=(3 + )
When n= -3 we get ∇. = 0.
Laplace Operator:
∇ = + +
∇ = 0 is called the laplace equation.
Tutorial Problems:
1. Prove ( )= ∇ +( ). ( )
2. Prove that ( ) = 0.
3. Determine ( ) so that the vector ( ) is solenoidal.
4. Show that = (6 + ) + (3 − ) + (3 − )
5. Prove that∇. ( × )= . (∇ × ) − . (∇ × )
1.3 Vector Integration:
Conservative Vector Field:

The line integral ∫ . depends not only on the path C but also the terminal
points A and B.
If the integral depends only on the end points but not on the path C, then is
called the conservative vector field.
1.3.1. Line Integral:
1. If = (3 + 6 ) − 14 + 20 , evaluate ∫ . from (0, 0,0) to (1,1,1) along the curve

= , = , =
Solution: The end points are (0,0,0) and (1,1,1)
N The points corresponds to = 0 = 1,
∴ = , =2 =3
. = (3 +6 ) − 14 + 20
=∫ (3 + 6 ) − 14 (2 ) + 20 (3 )
= 5.
2.If = − ,evaluate the line integral ∫ . from (0,0) to (1,1) along the path = .
Solution:
Given: = ………….(1)
SCE 7 Dept of S&H
⇒ = … … … … . . (2)
Given: = −
We know that = +dy +
. = +
= + ( by (1)&(2) )
∫ . =∫ ( + )=
1.3.2. Surface Integrals:
Definition: Consider a surface S .Let n denote the unit outward normal to the surface S. Let R be the
projection of the surface x on xy plane. Let be a vector function defined in some region
containing the surface S, then the surface integral of is defined to be
.
. = .
.
Note: We can define surface integral by considering the projection of the surface on the yz plane or
zx plane and we get
.
. = .
| . |
.
. = .
| . |
1. Evaluate ∬ . where = +x - and S is the surface of the cylinder + =1
included in the first octant between the planes =0 = 2.
Solution:
Given: = +x -
= + −1
∇ =2 +2
|∇ | = 4 + 4
=2.
∇
= +
. = ( +x - ).( + )
= + .
Now,
.
. = .
| . |
=∬ ( + )
=3.
1.3.3. Volume Integral:
The volume integral of ( , , ) over a region enclosing a volume V is given

by ( , , ) ( , , )
SCE 8 Dept of S&H
1.3.4 Tutorial Problems:
1. If = + , evaluate ∫ . along the curve C in the XY plane = from the point
(0,0) to (1,1)
2. Evaluate ∬ . where = ( + ) − 2 + 2 and S is the surface of the plane
2 + + 2 = 6 in the first octant.
3. If = (2 − 3 ) − 2 − 4 , evaluate ( , , ) where V is the region bounded by
= 0, = 0 2 + 2 + = 4.
1.4 .Green’s Theorem In A Plane:

Statement: If , , , are continuous and one-valued functions in the region R enclosed by the
− .
curve C, then ∫ ( + )=∬
1. Verify Green’s theorem in the xy plane for ∫ ( + ) + where C is the closed curve of
the region bounded by = = .
Solution:
Green’s theorem in the xy plane is

− .
( + )=
Here = + =
= +2 =2
Evaluation of ∫ ( + )
To evaluate ∫ ( + ),we shall take C in two different paths viz..,
(i) Along ( = ), ( ) ( = )
∫ ( + ) = ∫ +∫
(i) Along ( = , =2 )
= [{ ( )+( ) } + .2 ]
=∫ [( + ) +2 ]
=
(ii) ( = , = )
= [( + ) + ]
=∫ 3
= -1.
= −1=−
Hence, ∫ ( + ) + =∫ +∫ ……………..(1)
Evaluation of ∬ −
∬ − =∬ [2 − ( + 2 )]
SCE 9 Dept of S&H
√
( −2 )
=∫ ∫
√
=∫ −2
= ………………..(2)
From (1) & (2) we get,
− .
∫ ( + )=∬
Hence, Green’s theorem is verified.
1. Verify Green’s theorem in the xy plane for ∫ {(3 − 8 ) + (4 − 6 ) } where C is

the closed curve of the region bounded by = 0, = 0, + = 1..
2. Prove that the area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by ∫ ( − ).
Hence find the area of the ellipse = , = .
1.5 Gauss Divergence Theorem:

Statement:
The surface integral of the normal component of a vector function F over a closed surface S
enclosing volume V is equal to the volume integral of the divergence of F taken throughout the
volume V ∬ . = ∇.
1. If = + + ,a,b,c are constants, Show that ∬ . = ( + + )

Proof:
We know that,
The Gauss-divergence theorem is,
. = ∇.
= ( )+ ( )+ ( )
=( + + )
(Note: V is the volume of the unit sphere; sphere volume = )
=( + + ) =( + + ) (1)
∬ . = ( + + )
2 .Verify G.D.T for = ( − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) taken over the rectangular

parallelepiped 0 ≤ ≤ ,0 ≤ ≤ ,0 ≤ ≤ .
Solution:
The Gauss-divergence theorem is,
. = ∇.
Given: =( − ) +( − ) +( − )
SCE 10 Dept of S&H
∇. = 2 + 2 + 2 = 2( + + )
R.H.S = ∇.
=∫ ∫ ∫ 2( + + )
=∫ ∫ 2( + + )
=∫ 2 + +
= + +
= abc (a+b+c).
L.H..S: ∬ . = ∬ +∬ +∬ +∬ +∬ +∬
=( − ) +( − ) +( − ) , =unit outward normal vector
Face . Equation . on S
.
( − ) = −
( − )
-( − ) =0
−
( − ) = −
( − )
− -( − ) =0
( − ) = −
( − )
− -( − ) =0
(i) ∬ . +∬ . =∫ ∫ ( − ) +∫ ∫
=∫ ∫ ( )
=
(ii) ∬ . +∬ . =∫ ∫ ( − ) +∫ ∫
= ( )
=
(iii) ∬ . +∬ . =∫ ∫ ( − ) +∫ ∫
=∫ ∫ ( )
=
SCE 11 Dept of S&H
∴ . = + + + + +
= ( + + ) ( ), ( ), ( )
L.H.S=R.H.S
. = ∇.
Hence, Gauss-divergence theorem is verified.
Tutorial Problems:
1. Verify the GDT for = 4 − + over the cube bounded by =
0, = 1, = 0, = 1, = 0, = 1.
2.Verify the GDT for = + + over the cube bounded by = ±1, =
±1, = ±1.
1.6. Stoke’s Theorem
Statement:
The surface integral of the normal component of the curl of a vector function F over an open surface
S is equal to the line integral of the tangential component of F around the closed curve C bounding S.
. = ∇× .
1. Verify Stokes theorem for = ( + ) −2 taken around the rectangle bounded by

the lines = ± , = 0, = .
Solution:
Stoke’s theorem is
. = ∇× .
Given: =( + ) −2
∇× =
( + ) −2 0
=−4
R.H.S =∬ ∇× . =∬ −4 .
=−4 ∫ ∫
=−4
Given: =( + ) −2
. = + +
∫ . =∫ ( + ) −2
L.H.S:∫ = ∫ + ∫ + ∫ + ∫
(i) ∫ =∫ ( + ) −2
= 0, = 0.
SCE 12 Dept of S&H
=∫ =
(ii) ∫ =∫ ( + ) −2
= , = 0.
=∫ −2 =− .
(iii) ∫ =∫ ( + ) −2
= , = 0.
.
=∫ ( + ) =− −2 .
(iv) ∫ =∫ ( + ) −2
=− , = 0.
.
=∫ 2 =− .
∴ = + + +
( ),( ),( )
=−4
L.H.S=R.H.S
. = ∇× .
Hence, Stoke’s theorem is verified.

1. Evaluate by Stokes’s theorem ∫ ( +2 − ) where C is the curve +
= 4, = 2
2. Using Stoke’s theorem, prove that = 0 and ( ) = 0.
SCE 13 Dept of S&H
UNIT-II ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
2.1 Introduction:
The study of a differential equation in applied mathematics consists of three phases.
(i) Formation of differential equation from the given physical
situation, called modeling.
(ii) Solutions of this differential equation, evaluating the
arbitrary constants from the given conditions, and
(iii)Physical interpretation of the solution.
2.1.1. Higher Order Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients

General form of a linear differential equation of the nth order with constant
coefficients is
d y d y
+K + +K y=X
dx dx
Where , K , K … K are constants.

dy
D is the operator of differential. (i. e) Dy = ,
dx
= ,etc
Generally = .
2.1.2 Note:
1. ∫
X = X dx.
2. X= ∫X dx
X= ∫X dx
2.1.3.Solution of the linear differential equation

Working rule:
i. The general form of the linear differential equation of second order is
+P +Qy = R.
where P and Q are constants and R is a function of x or constant.
ii. Differential operators

The symbol D stands for the operation of differential
(. ) = ,
stands for operation of integration.

stands for the operation of integration twice.
+P +Qy = R.
It can be written in the operator form
SCE 14 Dept of S&H
+ + = (or) ( + + ) =
iii.
iii. Complete solution is
Y= complementary function + particular integral
To ind the complementary functions
Roots of A.E C.F

Roots are real and different
1. A +B
, ( ≠ )
Root are real and equal

2. (Ax+B) (or)
= =
(A+Bx)
Roots are imaginary α±iß
3. (Acos ßx + B sin ßx)
iv. To find particular integral: P.I = X

( )
X P.I
P.I = ( )
= ( )
,f(a)≠0
=x , f(a)=0, ( )≠
( )
1.
0
= ( )
, f(a)=0,
( ) = 0, ( )≠0
2. P.I = = [f(D)]
( )
3. sin ax (or) cos ax P.I = ( )

[sin ax (or) cos ax]
P.I= ( )
4. ( )
= ( )
2.1.4. Problems Based On R.H.S Of The Given Differential Equation Is Zero.
1. Solve ( − 3D + 3D − 1)y = 0
Solution:
:
Given: ( − 3D + 3D − 1)y = 0
The auxiliary equation is −3 + 3 − 1 = 0.
( − 1) = 0.
= 1,1,1.
SCE 15 Dept of S&H
The general solution is given by y = C.F
y = [ + Bx + Cx2 ]
2. Solve −6 + 13y = 0.
Solution:
Given: −6 + 13y = 0.
(i.e) (D + 6D + 13)y = 0.
The auxiliary equation is −6 + 13 = 0

±√
m=
±√
=
±
m=
= 3 ± 2i
The roots are imaginary and occur in conjugate pairs.
Hence, the solution is y = (A cos 2 + B sin 2 ).
2.1.5 Problems Based On P.I. = => Replace D By a

( )
2
1. Solve (D 4D 13)y
Solution:
2
Given: (D 4D 13)y
The auxiliary equation is −4 + 13 = 0

±√
m=
±√
=
= 2 ±3i
C.F (A cos 3 + B sin 3 )
=
=
y = C.F + P.I.
y= (A cos 3 + B sin 3 ) +
2. Solve +4 + 4y =
Solution:
Given: (D + 4D + 4) y =
The auxiliary equation is + 4 +4=0
(m + 2)2 = 0
m = -2,-2.
C.F = (Ax + B)
SCE 16 Dept of S&H
P.I. =
=
=
=x
=
= x2 (Ax + B)
y = C.F + P.I.
= (Ax + B) +
2.1.6 Problems Based On P.I. = ( )

( ) ( )
=> Replace D2 By –a2
1. Find the P.I. of (D2 +1)y = sin x

Solution:
Given: (D2 +1)y = sin x
P.I. = sin x
= sin x
=x sin x
= ∫ sin dx
= (− cos )
P.I. =
2.Find the P.I. of + 4 = sin 2x

Solution:
Given: (D3+4D) y = sin 2x
P.I. = sin 2x
= ( )
sin 2x
=
( )
sin 2x
=x sin 2x
=x sin 2x
= − sin 2x
2.1.7 Problems Based On R.H.S = + Sin Ax (Or) + Cos Ax

1.Solve (D − 4D + 4 y) = + cos 2x
Solution:
Given: (D − 4D + 4 )y = + cos 2x
The auxiliary equation is m2- 4m + 4 = 0
(m - 2)2 = 0
m = 2,2
C.F. = ( + )
SCE 17 Dept of S&H
P.I1 =
=
=
=x
=x
=x
=
P.I2 = cos 2x
= cos 2x
= cos 2x
= [ cos 2x]
= [ ]
=
y = C.F. P.I1+ P.I2
=( + ) +
Problems Based On R.H.S =
Solution:
Given:
The auxiliary equation is m2- 1= 0
m=±1
x -x
C.F Ae Be
P.I. = x
2
= -[1- D ] x
= -x
y = C.F + P.I.
x -x
y = Ae Be – x
2. Solve (D2 – D) y = x
Solution:
Given:
The auxiliary equation is m2- m= 0
m(m-1) = 0
m =0,1
0x x
C.F Ae Be
x
C.F = A + Be
P.I. =
= x
= [1 + D + D + D + ]x
= [x + 1]
= - ∫(1 + )
SCE 18 Dept of S&H
=- −
y = A + Bex - −
2.1.9 Problems Based On R.H.S =
P.I. = ( ) = ( )
1. Obtain the P.I. of ( -2D +1) y = (3 − 2)
Solution:
Given: ( -2D +1) y = (3 − 2)
P.I. = ( ) (3 − 2)
= (3 − 2)
( )
= (3 − 2)
= [ − ]
P.I. = [ − ]
2
2. Solve (D+2) y = sin
Solution:
Given: (D+2)2 y = sin
The auxiliary equation is (m + 2)2 = 0
m = -2,-2
C.F. = ( + )
P.I. = ( ) sin
= ( )
sin
= ( )
sin
= sin
=− sin x
y=( + ) − sin x
2.1.10 Problems Based On f(x) = in ax (Or) os ax
1.Solve (D2 +4) y = x sin

Solution:
Given: (D2 +4) y = x sin
The auxiliary equation is +4=0
m = ± 2i
C.F. = (A cos 2 + B sin 2 )
P.I. = ( )
x sin x
=x( )
sin x - ( )
sin x
= sin x - cos
y = C.F + P.I.
y = (A cos 2 + B sin 2 ) + sin x - cos .
SCE 19 Dept of S&H
2. Solve (D2 -2D +1)y = x sin x

Solution:
Given: (D2 -2D +1)y = x sin x
The auxiliary equation is − 2 +1=0
m = 1,1
C.F. = (Ax + B)
P.I. = x sin x
= ( ) ( )
x sin x
= x sin x
= [ sin x ] - ( )
sin x
=- x sin x -2 cos
= - (x sin x + 2 cos )
y = C.F + P.I.
y = (Ax + B) - (x sin x + 2 cos )
2.1.11 Problems Based On ∫

2 2
1. Solve (D + a ) y = sec
Solution:
Given: (D2 + a2 ) y = sec
The auxiliary equation is (m2 +a2) = 0
m =±
∴ C. F. = A cos ax + B sin ax
P.I. = sec
=( )(
sec
)
=( - ) sec
= ∫ sec dx - ∫ sec dx
= ∫(1 − itan ) - ∫(1 + tan ) dx
= (x - log sec )- (x + log sec )
= ( )- log sec ( )
= sin ax − cos ax log sec
y = C.F + P.I.
y = A cos ax + B sin ax + sin ax − cos ax log sec
2.1.12 General ODE Problems

1.Solve (D2 -6D +13)y = 2x
Solution:
Given: (D2 -6D +13)y = 2x
(D2 -6D +13)y =
=
= ( )
The auxillary equation is − 6 + 13 = 0
SCE 20 Dept of S&H
±√
m=
±√
=
±
m =
C.F (A cos 3 + B sin 3 )
( )
P.I. =
( )
=
=
y = C.F + P.I.
y= (A cos 3 + B sin 3 ) +
2.1.13 Problems Based On R.H.S = + + cos ax

1.Solve (D2 +1)y = + sin hx
Solution:
Given: (D2 +1)y = +
The auxillary equation is (m2 +1)2 = 0
m = ±1
C .F. = (A+Bx) cos +(C+Dx)sin
P.I1 = ( )
= [1+ D ] -2 x
= [ 1- 2D + 3D ] x
= − 24 + 72
P.I2 = ( )
=
=
P.I3 = ( )
(− )
=−
=−
y = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2 + P.I3
y = (A+Bx) cos +(C+Dx)sin + − 24 + 72 + −
2.1.14 Tutorial Problems
1. Solve (D2 + 1) y = 0 given y(0) = 1, y( 2) = 0
2. Solve (D3 –D2 – D – 1)y =o
3. Solve (D2 –4D + 4)y = 2x
4. Solve (4D2 –4D + 1)y = 4
5. Solve (D2 – 4) y =e + e
6. Solve + 3 + 2y = sin 3x
7. Find the particular integral of (D2 + 1) y = sin x sin 2x
8. Solve (D − 4D + 4 y) = + cos2 x
9. Solve +2 + = + sin 2x
10. Solve − 5 + 6y = +3
SCE 21 Dept of S&H
11. Solve D2 (D2 + 4) y = 96 x2
12. Obtain the P.I. of (D -2D +5) y = cos 2x
13. Solve (D + 5D + 4) y = sin 2
2
14. Solve (D +1) y = x sin
15. Solve − 6 + 9y = 6 + 7e - log 2
2
16. Solve (D –4D + 4)y = + cos 4x +
2.2 Method Of Variation Of Parameters

This method is very useful in finding the general solution of the second order
equation.
+a + y=X ….(1)
The complementary function of (1)

C.F = c1f1 + c2f2
where c1, c2 are constants and f , f are functions of x.
then P.I = P f +Q f
P = -∫ dx
Q=∫ dx
∴ = c1f1 + c2f2 + P.I
2.2.1 Problems Based On Method Of Variation Of Parameters
1. Solve +y = cosec x by using method of variation of parameters.

Solution:
Given: (D2 +1) y = cosec x
The auxiliary equation is (m2 +1) = 0

m = ±i
∴ C. F. = c cos x + c sin x
= c1f1 + c2f2
Here, f1 = cos
= − sin
f2 = sin
= cos x
X = cosec x
f f − f f = cos x + sin x = 1
P = -∫ dx
=-∫
= -x
Q=∫ dx
=∫
= log (sin x)
P.I. = Pf1 + Qf2
SCE 22 Dept of S&H
= -x cos x + log (sin x)
y = c cos x + c sin x − x cos x + log (sin x)

2. Solve (D2 +1) y = cosec x cot x by the method of variation of parameters.
Solution:
Given: (D2 +1) y = cosec x
The auxiliary equation is (m2 +1) = 0

m = ±i
∴ C. F. = C cos x + C sin x
= c1f1 + c2f2
Here, f1 = cos
= − sin
f2 = sin
= cos x
X = cosec x cot x
f f − f f = cos x + sin x = 1
P = -∫ dx
=-∫
= -∫ cot
= - log (sin x)
Q=∫ dx
=∫ dx
=∫ dx
( )
=∫ dx
= ∫(cosec x − 1)dx
= - cot x –x
P.I. = Pf1 + Qf2
= - log (sin x) cos x + [-cot x – x] sin x
= - cos x log (sin x) –[cot x + x] sin x
y = C.F. + P.I
y = C cos x + C sin x - cos x log (sin x) –[cot x + x] sin x
2.2.2. Tutorial Problems
1. Solve + 4y = 4 tan 2x by using method of variation of parameters
2
2. Solve (D + 4) y = sec 2x by the method of variation of parameters
3. Solve (D2 –4D + 4)y = by the method of variation of parameters
2.3 Differential Equations For The Variable Coefficients

(Cauchy’s Homogeneous Linear Equation)
An equation of the form
x + a x + a x + … + a y = f(x)
where a , a , … a are constants and f(x) is a function of x.
It can be reduced to linear differential equation with constant coefficients by putting the substitution
SCE 23 Dept of S&H
x= (or) z = log x
now, =
=
x =
x = D’y where D’ =
2.3.1 Problems Based On Cauchy’s Type
.1. Solve − x +y=0
Solution:
Given: [x2 D2 –xD +1] y =0
Put x= ez
log x = z
xD = D’
x D = D’ (D’ – 1)
2 2
[D’ (D’ – 1) - D’ + 1] y =0
[(D’)2 -2D’ +1] y =0
auxiliary equation is − 2 +1=0
(m-1)2 =0
m = 1,1
y= (Az +B) ez
= x(A logx +B)
2. Solve x + = 0.
Solution: Given: xD2 y + Dy = 0
[ xD2 + D] y = 0
Put x= ez
log x = z
xD = D’
x D = D’ (D’ – 1)
2 2
[D (D – 1) - D’ ] y =0
’ ’
[(D’)2 -D’ +D’] y =0

( , )2 y = 0
The auxiliary equation is =0
m = 0,0.
y = (Az +B) e0z
y = (Az +B)
y = (A logx +B)
2.3.2 Problems Based On Legendre’s Linear Differential Equation
(Equation Reducible To Linear Form )
An equation of the form
(ax +b)n + k1 (ax +b)n-1 + … kn y =0
Where k’s are constants and Q is a function of x is called Legendre’s linear differential equations.
Such equations can be reduced to linear equations with constant coefficients by putting
ax + b = ez
z = log(ax +b)
If D’ = ,
Then (ax+b) D = aD’
( ax+b)2 D2 = a2 D’ (D’ -1) and so on.
SCE 24 Dept of S&H
1.Transform the equation
(2x +3)2 - 2(2x+3) -12y =6x
into a differential equation with constant coefficients.
Solution :
Given: (2x +3)2 - 2(2x+3) -12y =6x
2 2
(2x +3) D - 2(2x+3) D -12y =6x
Let 2x +3 =
log(2x +3) = z
2x = ez – 3
x= −
let (2x+3) D =2D’
(2x+3)2 D2 = 22 D’ (D’ -1)
= 4 D’ (D’ -1)
[4 D’ (D’ -1) – 4D’ -12] y = 6[ − ]
[(D ) − 2 − 3] = [3 − 9]
2. Solve (1+x)2 + (1+x) +y = 2 sin [log (1+x)]
Solution :
Given: [(1+x)2 D + (1+x) D + y] = 2 sin [log (1+x)]
Put 1+x = ez
log(1+ x) = z
(1+x) D = D’
(1+x) D = D’(D’ -1)
[D’ (D’ -1) + D’ +1] y = 2sin z
[(D ) − + + 1] = 2sin z
((D’)2 +1)y = 2sin z
The auxiliary equation is +1=0
m=±i
C.F = A cos z + B sin z
= A cos (log(1+ x)) + B sin (log(1+ x) )
P.I. = 2 sin z
( )
=2 sin z
( )
=2 ( )
sin z
= 2z sin z
= z ∫ sin
= -z cos z
= - (log(1+ x)) cos (log(1+ x))
y = C.F + P.I.
y = A cos z + B sin z - (log(1+ x)) cos (log(1+ x))
1. Solve − x + y = log x
2. Solve [x D – 2xD - 4] y = x2 + log x
2 2
3. (x + 2)2 - (x + 2) +y = 3x +4
SCE 25 Dept of S&H
2.4 Simultaneous First Order Linear Equations With Constant Coefficients
2.4.1 Simultaneous linear equations
Linear differential equations in which there are two (or) more dependent variables and a single independent
Variable. such equations are known as Simultaneous linear equations. Consider the Simultaneous
Equation in two dependent variables x and y and one independent variable.
f1(D) x + g1(D) y = h1(t) … (1)
f2(D) x + g2(D) y = h2(t) … (2)
where f1 ,f2,g1,g2 are polynomials in the operator D.
The number of independent arbitrary constants appearing in the general solution of the system of
Differential equation (1) & (2) is equal to the degree of D in the coefficient determinant
f1(D) g1(D)
∆= provied ∆ ≠ 0
f2(D) g2(D)
2.4.2 Problems Based Simultaneous First Order Linear Equations With Constant Coefficients
1. If D = , how many arbitrary constants are involved in the solution of the Simultaneous
Equations + 2x + 3y = 2e
dy
+ 3x + 2y = 0
dt
Solution :
Given: Dx+2x + 3y = 2e
(D+2)x +3y = 2e …(1)
Dy + 3x + 2y = 0
3x + (D+2)y =0 …(2)
The coefficient determinant of degree (1) & (2) is
D+2 3
∆=
3 D+2
= (D+2)2 – 9
It is an expression in D of degree 2,
∴ The number of arbitrary constants in the solution is 2.
2. Eliminate y from the system + 2y = − sin t , − 2 = cos .

Solution :
Given: + 2y = − sin t
Dx +2y = - sin t … (2)
2
× D => D x + 2Dy = -D(sin t)
D2 x + 2Dy = - cos t …(3)
(1) × 2 => 2Dy – 4x = 2 cos t
-4x +2Dy =2cos t …(4)
(2) – (4) => (D2 +4) x = -3 cos t

If we eliminate y we get (D2 +4) x = -3 cos t

1. Solve Dx + y = sin 2t ; -x +Dy = cos 2t
2. Solve the simultaneous equations
+ 2x + 3y = 2e , + 3x + 2y = 0 given that x(0) =0, and y(0) = -1
SCE 26 Dept of S&H
UNIT III
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Introduction
Laplace Transformation named after a Great French mathematician PIERRE SIMON DE LAPLACE
(1749-1827) who used such transformations in his researches related to “Theory of Probability”.
The powerful practical Laplace transformation techniques were developed over a century later by the
English electrical Engineer OLIVER HEAVISIDE (1850-1925) and were often called “Heaviside -Calculus”.
3.1 Laplace Transform
Definitions
1. Transformation
A “Transformation” is an operation which converts a mathematical expression to a different but equivalent
form
2. Laplace Transformation
Let a function f(t) be continuous and defined for positive values of ‘t’. The Laplace transformation of f(t)
associates a function s defined by the equation
L[ f (t )] (s) F (s) e st f (t ) dt
0
Here, F(s) is said to be the Laplace transform of f(t) and it is written as L[f(t)] or L[f].
Thus F(s) = L(f(t))
L[ f (t )] e st f (t ) dt , t 0
0
3. Exponential Order
A function f(t) is said to be of exponential order if

Lt e st f (t ) 0
t
3.1.1 Laplace Transform – Sufficient Conditions For Existence
i) f(t) should be continuous or piecewise continuous in the given closed interval [a, b] where a > 0.
ii) f(t) should be of exponential order.
Example:
1. L[tan t] does not exist since tan t is not piecewise continuous. i.e., tan t has infinite number of infinite
3 5
discontinuities at , , ,...
2 2 2
3.1.2 Problems Based On Laplace Transform – Sufficient Conditions For Existence
1. Show that t2 is of exponential order.

Solution:
Given f(t) = t2
By the definition of exponential order,
SCE 27 Dept of S&H
Lt e st f (t ) Lt e st t 2
t t
t2
Lt st i.e., Indeterminant form Apply L'Hospital rule
t
e
2t
Lt st i.e., Indeterminant form Apply L'Hospital rule
t
se
2
Lt
t
s e st
2
Lt e st t 2 0
t
2
Hence t is of exponential order.
2
2. Show that the function the following function is not of exponential order f (t ) et
Solution:
2
t
Given f(t) = e
By the definition of exponential order,
Lt e st et Lt e st t
2 2
n n
e
Lt e st et
2
3.1.3 Define function of class A
A function which is sectionally continuous over any finite interval and is of exponential order is known
as a function of class A
3.2 Transforms Of Elementary Functions- Basic Properties
Important Results
1
1. L[1] where s 0
S
n!
2. L[t n ] where n 0,1, 2,...
sn 1
n 1
3. L[t n ] where n is not a integer
sn 1
1
4. L[e at ] where s > a or s - a > 0
s a
SCE 28 Dept of S&H
at 1
5. L[e ] where s + a > 0
s a
a
6. L[sin at ] 2
where s > 0
s a2
s
7. L[cos at ] 2
where s > 0
s a2
a
8. L[sinh at ] 2 2
where s > a or s 2 > a 2
s a
s
9. L[cosh at ] 2 2
where s 2 > a 2
s a
10. Linearity property
L[af (t ) bg(t)] a L[f(t)] bL[g(t)]
3.2.1 Problems Based On Transforms Of Elementary Functions- Basic Properties
1. Find L[t5 + e3t + 5e-2t]
Solution:
L[t 5 e3t e 2t ] L[t 5 ] L[e3t ] L[5e 2t ]

5! 1 5
5 1
s s 3 s 2
5! 1 5
L[t 5 e3t e 2t ] 6
s s 3 s 2
2. Find L[sin 2t+ cos πt – 8cosh 7t +sinh bt]
Solution:
L[sin 2t cos t 8cosh 7t sinh bt ]

2 s 8s b
2 2 2 2
s 2 s s 72
2
s 2
b2
2 s 8s b
2 2 2 2 2
s 4 s s 49 s b2
1
3. Find L
t
Solution:
1 1
Given L L t 2
t
1 1
2
1 1
s 2
1
2
1
s 2
SCE 29 Dept of S&H
1
Hence L
t s
3.2.2 First Shifting Theorem
If L f t F s , then L[e at f (t )] F (s a)
at
If L f t F s , then L[e f (t )] F (s a)
3.2.3 Second Shifting Theorem
f (t a), t a
If L f t F s and G(t)
0, t a
as
then L[G(t)] e F (s)
3.2.4 Problems Based On First And Second Shifting Theorem
1. Find L[tn e-at]
Solution:
L[t n e at ] L[t n ]
s (s a)
n!
sn 1 s (s a)
n!
L[t n e at ]
( s a)n 1
2. Find L[eat sinh bt]
Solution
L[e at sinh bt] L[sinh bt] s (s a)
b
2
s b2
s (s a)
b
L[e at sinh bt]
(s a) 2 b 2
1. Find L[cos 4t sin 2t]

2. Find L[sinh22t]
3. Find L[cos(3t-4)
4. Find L[e-tt9]
3.3 Transforms Of Derivatives And Integrals Of Functions
Properties:
L[ f '(t )] s L[ f (t )] f (0)
2
L[ f ''(t )] s L[ f (t )] s f (0) f '(0)
SCE 30 Dept of S&H
3.3.1 Transform of integrals
t
1
If L[ f (t )] F (s), then L f (u) du L[ f (t)]
0
s
3.3.2 Derivatives of transform
d
If L[ f (t )] F (s) then L[t f (t )] F ( s) F '(s)
ds
If L[ f (t )] F (s) then L[t n f (t )] ( 1) n F ( n ) (s)
3.3.3 Problems Based On Derivatives Of Transform
1. Find L[t sin at]
Solution:
We know that
d
If L[ f (t )] F (s) then L[t f (t )] F (s) F '(s)
ds
d
L[t sin at ] L[sin at ]
ds
d a
ds s a 2
2
(s 2 a 2 )(0) a (2s)
2
s2 a2
a (2 s)
2
s2 a2
2a s
L[t sin at ] 2
2
s a2
2. Show that e t t cos t dt 0

0
Solution:
Given e t t cos t dt [ L[t cos t ]]s 1

0
d
L(cos t)
ds s 1
d s
2
ds s 1 s 1
SCE 31 Dept of S&H
( s 2 1)(1) s(2s)
2
s2 1
s 1
s 2 1 2s 2 1 s2
2 2
[ 0]
s2 1 s2 1
s 1 s 1
e t t cos t dt 0
0
1. Find L[t sin2t]

2. Find L[t cos at]
3. Find L[t sin3t cos2t]
3.3.5 Problems Based On Integrals Of Transform

sin 3t cos t
1. Find L
t
Solution:
sin 3t cos t sin 4t sin 2t
Given L L
t 2t
1 sin 4t sin 2t
L
2 t
1 sin 4t sin 2t
L L
2 t t
1 1 s 1 s sin at 1 s
cot cot L cot
2 4 2 t a
sin 3t cos t 1 1 s 1 s
L cot cot
t 2 4 2
cos at cos bt
2. Find L
t
Solution:
cos at cos bt
Given L L[cos at cos bt ] ds
t s
s s
2 2 2
ds
s
s a s b2
1
log s 2 a2 log s 2 b 2
2 s
SCE 32 Dept of S&H
2 2
1 s a
log 2
2 s b2 s
1 s a2
2
0 log log 1 0
2 s 2 b2
cos at cos bt 1 s2 a2
L log 2 2
t 2 s b

1
1. Find L et (cosh 2t sinh 2t
2
1 cos 2t
2. Using Laplace transform prove that dt
0
t2
3.4 Transforms Of Unit Step Function And Impulse Function
3.4.1 Problems Based On Unit Step Function (Or) Heaviside’s Unit Step Function
1. Define the unit step function.
Solution:
The unit step function, also called Heaviside’s unit function is defined as
0 for t a
U (t a )
1 for t a
This is the unit step functions at t = a. It can be also denoted by H(t-a).
2. Give the L.T of the unit step function.
Solution:
The L.T. of the unit step function is given by

st
L[U (t a )] e U (t a) dt
0
a
st st
e (0) dt e (1) dt
0 a
st
e dt
a
st
e
s s
sa
e
0
s
as
e
L[U (t a)]
s
SCE 33 Dept of S&H
1. Give the L.T. of the Dirac Delta function

2. Find the L.T. of t U(t-9).
3. Find L-1[1]
3.5 Transform Of Periodic Functions
Definition: (Periodic)
A function f(x) is said to be “periodic” if and only if f(x+p) = f(x) is true for some value of p and every
value of x. The smallest positive value of p for which this equation is true for every value of x will be called
the period of the function.
The Laplace Transformation of a periodic function f(t) with period p given by
p
1 st
ps
e f (t) dt
1 e 0
3.5.1 Problems Based On Transform Of Periodic Functions
1. Find the Laplace Transform of the Half-sine wave rectifier function
sin t, 0 t
f (t)
2
0, t
Solution:
We know that
2
1 st
L[ f (t)] 2 s e f (t) dt
1 e 0
1 st
L[sin t ] 2 s e sin t dt 0
1 e 0
st
1 e
2 s [ s sin t cos t ]
1 e s2 2
0
s
1 e
2 s
1 e s2 2
s
1 e
s s
1 e 1 e (s 2 2
)
s
1 e (s 2 2
)
L[sin t ] s
(s 2 2
) 1 e
SCE 34 Dept of S&H
1. Find the Laplace Transform of triangular wave function

t ,0 t a
f (t)
2a t , a t 2a with f (t 2 a) f (t)
2. Find the Laplace transform of the square wave function (Meoander function) of period ‘a’ defined as
a
1 , 0 t
f (t) 2
a
1, t a
2
3.6 Inverse Laplace Transform
a. If L[f(t)] = F(s), then L–1[F(s)] = f(t) where L–1 is called the inverse Laplace transform operator.
b. If F1(s) and F2(s) are L.T. of f(t) and g(t) respectively then
L 1[C1 F1 (s) C 2 F2 (s)] C1 L 1[ F1 (s)] C 2 L 1[ F2 (s)]
Important Formulas
1
1. L 1 1
s
1 tn 1
2. L 1
sn n 1
1
3. L 1 e at
s a
s
4. L 1 2
cosh at
s a2
1 1
5. L 1 2 2
sinh at
s a a
1 1
6. L 1 2 2
sin at
s a a
SCE 35 Dept of S&H
s
7. L 1 cos at
s2 a2
8. L 1[ F ( s a )] e at f (t)
1 1 at
9. L 1 e sin bt
( s a)2 b2 b
s a
10. L 1 e at cos bt
( s a)2 b2
1 1 at
11. L 1 e sinh bt
( s a)2 b2 b
s a
12. L 1 e at cosh bt
( s a)2 b2
s 1
13. L 1 t sin at
2 2 2a
s2 a
s2 1
14. L 1 [ sin at at cos at ]
2 2 2a
s2 a
1 1
15. L 1 (sin at at cos at )
2 2 2 2a 3
s a
s2 a2
16. L 1 2
t cos at
s2 a2
17. L 1[1] (t)
3.6.1 Problems based on Inverse Laplace Transform
2s
1. Find L 1
s 2 16
Solution:
Given
2s s
L1 2
2L 1 2
s 16 s 16
2 cosh 4t
SCE 36 Dept of S&H
2. Find
s 3
L1 2
s 4 s 13
Solution:
s 3 s 3
L1 2
L1
s 4 s 13 (s 2) 2 13 4
s 3
L1
(s 2) 2 9
s 2 5
L1
(s 2) 2 9
s 2 1
L1 5L 1
(s 2) 2 32 (s 2) 2 32
s 5 1 3
e 2t L 1 2 2
L
s 3 3 (s 2) 2 32
2t 5 2t 1 3
e cos 3t e L
3 s 32
2
s 3 5
L1 2
e 2t
cos 3t e 2t
sin 3t
s 4 s 13 3
3.6.2 Inverse Laplace Transforms of derivatives of F(s)
If L 1[ F ( s )] f (t ), then L 1[ F '( s )] t f (t )
t L 1[ F ( s )]
3.6.3 Problems based on Inverse Laplace Transforms of derivatives of F(s)
s
1. Find L 1
(s a 2 ) 2
2
Solution:
s
Let F '(s)
(s a 2 ) 2
2
s
F '(s) ds ds
(s a 2 ) 2
2
s
F (s) ds
(s a 2 ) 2
2
Put s 2 a 2 t
2 s ds dt
dt
sds
2
SCE 37 Dept of S&H
1 dt 1 1
t2 2 2 t
1
2t
1
F (s)
2(s a 2 )
2
3.6.4 Inverse Laplace Transform of Integrals
1 1 1
L1 F (s) ds f (t) L [ F (s)]
s
t t
(or)
L 1[ F (s)] t L 1 F (s) ds
s
3.6.5 Problems based on Inverse Laplace Transform of Integrals
2s
1. Find L 1
(s 1) 2
2
Solution:
We know that
L 1[ F (s)] t L 1 F (s) ds
s
2s 2s
L1 t L1 ds
(s 1) 2
2
s
(s 1) 2 2
1
t L1 2
(s 1) s
1
t L1 0 2
s 1
1
t L1 2
s 1
2s
L1 t sinh t
(s 1) 2
2
3.6.6 Problems based on Partial fractions method
5s 2 15s 11
1. Find L 1
(s 1)(s 2)3
SCE 38 Dept of S&H
Solution:
Consider
5s 2 15s 11 A B C D
(s 1)(s 2)3 s 1 S 2 (S 2) 2 (S 2)3
5s 2 15s 11 A(S 2)3 B (S 1)(S 2) 2 C (S 1)(S 2) D(S 1)
Put s = -1, we get

5 15 11 A( 1 2)3
9 27 A
1
A
3
Equating the coefficients of s3 on both sides, we get
0 A B
B A
1
B
3
Put s = 2, we get
21 D
D 7
Put s = 0, we get
11 8 A 4 B 2C D
1 1
8 4 2C 7
3 3
8 4
4 2C
3 3
8 2C
C 4
1 1
5s 2 15s 11 3 3 4 7
(s 1)(s 2)3 s 1 S 2 (S 2)2 (S 2)3
5s 2 15s 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
L1 L L 4L 1 7L 1
(s 1)(s 2)3 3 s 1 3 s 2 (s 2) 2 (s 2)3
1 t 1 2t 1 1
e e 4e 2 t L 1 7e 2 t L 1
3 3 s2 s3
1 t 1 2t 7 2t 1 2
e e 4e 2 t t e L
3 3 2 s3
5s 2 15s 11 1 1 2t 7 2t 2
L1 e t
e 4e 2t t e t
(s 1)(s 2)3 3 3 2
3.6.7 Second Shifting property
L 1[e as
F (s)] f (t a ) U (t a )
SCE 39 Dept of S&H
3.6.8 Problems based on second shifting property
e s
1. Find L 1
s 3
Solution:
Consider
1
L1 e 3t
s 3
e s
L1 e 3( t )
U (t )
s 3
a. Find the inverse L.T of Derivatives.
1
1. log 1
s2
2. tan 1 ( s 1)
b. Partial Fraction Method
s
1.
s 4a 4
4
3s 1
2.
(s 1)(s 2 1)
3.6.10 Change of scale property
1 s
If L[ f (t)] F(s), then L[ f ( at ) F
a a
1 t
If f (t) L 1[ F (s)], then L 1[ F (cs )] f
c c
3.6.11 Problems based on Change of scale property
t
1. If L[ f (t)] F(s) find L f
a
Solution:
st
L[ f (t)] e f (t) dt
We know that 0
t st t
L f e f dt
a 0
a
t
Put u = as t 0 u 0
a
dt
du t u
a
SCE 40 Dept of S&H
L f t e s (au)
f (u) a du
a
0
s au
a e f (u) du
0
s at
a e f (t) dt
0
a F [as ]
1. If L[ f (t)] F(s) then L[F(t 2) 2 F(2s)
s
2. Find L 1 2 2
s a b2
3.7 Convolution Theorem
If f (t) and g (t) are functions defined for t 0,

then L[ f (t ) g (t )] L[ f (t )] L[ g (t )]
3.7.1 Problems on Convolution Theorem
1.Define convolution
The convolution of two functions f(t) and g(t) is defined as

t
f (t) g(t) f (u) g(t u) du
0
Note: Convolution Integral or Falting integral
1
2. Using convolution theorem find L 1
(s a)(s b)
Solution:
We know that L 1[ F (s) G(s)] L 1[ F (s)] L 1[G(s)]
1 1 1 1
L1 L1 L1
s a s b s a s b
at bt
e e
Here ( ) =
( )=
SCE 41 Dept of S&H
t
f (t) g(t) f (u) g(t u) du
0
t
au b (t u)
e e du
0
t
au bt
e e ebu du
0
t
bt ( a b )u
e e du
0
( a b )u t
bt e
e
(a b) 0
(a b) t
bt e 1
e
(a b) (a b)
e bt
1 e at ebt
a b
1 1 1
L1 e bt e at
∴ s a s b a b
3. Using convolution theorem find
1
L1 2
s (s 1)
Solution:
We know that L 1[ F (s) G(s)] L 1[ F (s)] L 1[G(s)]

1 1 1
L1 2
L1 L1 2
s (s 1) s s 1
1 sin t
sin t 1 ( f (t) g(t) g(t) f(t))
t
sin u du
0
u t
cos u u 0
( cos t) ( 1)
1
L1 2
1 cos t
s (s 1)
4. Using convolution theorem find
s
L1
(s a 2 ) 2
2
SCE 42 Dept of S&H
Solution:
s s 1
L1 L1 L1
(s a 2 ) 2
2
(s 2 2
a ) (s 2
a2 )
s 1 1 a
L1 2 2
L
(s a ) a (s a 2 )
2
1
cos at sin at
a
1
cos at sin at
a
t
1
cos au sin a (t u) du
a0
t
1
cos au sin (a t au ) du
a 0
t
1 sin ( a t au au ) sin ( a t au au )
du
a 0
2
t
1
sin (a t) sin a( t 2u ) du
2a 0
t
1
sin (a t) sin a( t 2u ) du
2a 0
t
1 cos a (t 2 u)
(sin at) u
2a 2a 0
t
1 cos a (t 2 u)
(sin at) u
2a 2a 0
1 cos at cos at
t sin at 0
2a 2a 2a
s 1
L1 t sin at
(s a 2 ) 2
2
2a
Find the inverse Laplace Transform using convolution theorem.

4
1.
(s 2s 5) 2
2
1
2. 2
(s 4)(s 2 4)
s
3. 2 2 3
(s a )
SCE 43 Dept of S&H
3.8 Initial and final value theorems
3.8.1 Initial value theorem
If L[ f (t)] F(s), then Lt f (t) Lt sF (s)
t 0 s
3.8.2 Final value theorem
If L[ f (t)] F(s), then Lt f (t) Lt sF (s)

t s 0
3.8.3 Problems based on initial value and final value theorems
1
1. If L[ f (t)] , find Lt f (t) and Lt f (t)
s (s a) t t 0
Solution:
We know that
Lt f (t) Lt sF (s)
t 0 s
1
Lt s
s s(s a)
1
Lt
s (s a)
1
Lt f (t) 0
t 0
We know that
Lt f (t) Lt sF (s)
t s 0
1
Lt s
s s (s a)
0
1
Lt
s 0 (s a)
1
Lt f (t)
t a
2. Verify the initial and final value theorem for the function
f (t) 1 e t (sin t cos t)
Solution:
Initial value theorem states that
Lt f (t) Lt sF (s)
t 0 s
SCE 44 Dept of S&H
1
L[ f (t)] F(s) L[sin t cos t ]s s 1
s
1 1 s 1
s ( s 1) 1 ( s 1) 2 1
2
1 s 2
s ( s 1) 2 1
L.H.S Lt f (t) 1 1 2
t 0
1 s 2
R .H.S Lt s
s s ( s 1) 2 1
s ( s 2)
Lt 1
s ( s 1) 2 1
2
) s 2 (1
Lt 1 s
s 2 2
s2 1
s s2
2
(1 )
Lt 1 s
s 2 2
1
s s2
1 1
R.H.S 2
L.H.S = R.H.S
Initial value theorem verified.
Final value theorem states that

Lt f (t) Lt sF (s)
t s 0
L.H .S Lt 1 e t (sin t cos t)

t
1 0 1
s ( s 2)
R.H .S Lt 1
s 0 ( s 1) 2 1
1 0 1
L.H.S = R.H.S
Final value theorem verified.
Verify the initial and final value theorems for the functions
1. f (t) t2 e 3t
s 2 5s 2
2. If F (s) find f (0) and f ( )
s3 4s 2 2s
bt
3. f (t) ae
SCE 45 Dept of S&H
3.9. Problems based on solution of linear ODE of second order with constant coefficients
t
1. Using L.T solve y '' 3 y ' 2 y e given y(0) =1, y '(0) 0
Solution:
y '' 3 y' 2 y e t and y (0) 1, y' 0 0
Taking L.T on bothsides,
t
L y ''(t) 3L y'(t) 2 L y(t) L e
1
s 2 L[ y (t)] sy(0) y '(0) 3[ sL[ y (t)] y(0)] 2 L[y(t)]
s 1
1
s 2 L[ y (t)] s 0 3sL[ y (t)] 3 2 L[y(t)]
s 1
1
(s 2 3s 2) L[y(t)] s 3
s 1
s 2 2s 2
(s 1)(s 2) L[y(t)]
s 1
s 2 2s 2 A B C
L[ y (t)]
(s 1)(s 1)(s 2) s 1 s 1 s 2
2
s 2 s 2 A(s 1)(s 2) B(s 1)(s 2) C(s 1)(s 1)
Put s 1, we get
1 2 2 2B
3 2B
3
B
2
Put s 2, we get
4 4 2 3C
2
C
3
Put s 1, we get
1 2 2 6A
1
A
6
16 32 23
L[ y (t)]
s 1 s 1 s 2
1 1 3 1 2 1
6s 1 2s 1 3s 2
1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1
y (t) L L L
6 s 1 2 s 1 3 s 2
1 t 3 t 2 2t
e e e
6 2 3
SCE 46 Dept of S&H
t
1. Solve : y ydt t2 2t
0
2. Solve (D 2 5 D 6) y 2, given y(0) 0, y'(0) 0

2
d y dy dy
3. Solve 2
2 2y 0 given that y 1 at x 0 using L.T . method
dx dx dx
SCE 47 Dept of S&H
4.1 Introduction: Analytic Functions
4.1.1 Function of Complex Variable

Many complicated integrals of real functions are solved with the help of complex variable.
They are very useful in solving large number of engineering and science problems
4.1.2 Complex Variable:

z=x +iy is a complex variable where i=√−
4.1.3 Function of Complex Variable:

z=x+ i y and w=u+ iv are two complex variable. If for each value of z in a given region R of
the complex plane there corresponds one or more values of w, then w is called a function of z and it
is denoted by w=f(z)=u(x, y)+iv(x, y)where u(x, y) ,v(x ,y) are real functions of the real variable x
and y.
4.1.4 Single Valued Function

If for each value of z in R, there is correspondingly only one value of w, the w is called a
single valued function of z.
Example: = , =
4.1.5 Multiple Valued Function

If for each value of z in R, there is correspondingly more than one value of w, the w is called
a multiple valued function of z.
Example: =
4.1.6 Neighbourhood of a Point �� :

Neighbourhood of a point is a small circular region excluding he points on the boundary
with centre at .
i.e.,| − | < �,Here � is a small positive number.
4.1.7 Note:
i. The distance between two points z and is | − |.
ii. The circle C of radius � with centre at the point is | − | = �
iii. | − | < � represents the interior of the circle excluding is circumference
iv. | − | � represents the interior of the circle including is circumference
v. | − | > � represents the exterior of the circle excluding is circumference
vi. A circle of radius 1 with centre at the origin can be represented by| | =
4.2 Analytic function
4.2.1 Limit of The Function:
Let f(z) be a single valued function defined at all points in some neighbourhood of the
point Then the limit of f(z) as z approaches is .
lim =
→
4.2.2 Continuity:
If f(z) is said to be continuous a z= then lim → = .
4.2.3 Note:
i. If two functions are continuous at the point , then their sum, product are also continuous at
the point and their quotient is also continuous provided that ≠ at that point.
SCE 48 Dept of S&H
ii. In real variable → implies that x approaches along with x-axis (or) a line parallel to
the X-axis but in complex variable → implies that z approaches along any path
joining the points z and that lie in the
z-plane .
4.2.4 Differentiability at the Point
A function is said to be differentiable at a point z = if the limit
′ � +∆ −�
= lim∆ → exists. This limit is called derivative of f(z) at z=
∆
4.2.5 Note:
If f(z) is differentiable at ,then f(z) is continuous at that point but converse need not true.
4.2.6 Analytic (Or) Holomorphic (Or) Regular Function

A function is said to be analytic at a point if its derivative exists not only at the point but also
in some neighbourhood of that point.
4.2.7 Entire Function:

A function which is analytic everywhere in the finite plane is called an entire function.
Example: , � , , � ℎ , ℎ .
4.2.8 The Necessary Condition For f(z) To Be Analytic:(Cauchy-Riemann Equations)

i. Cartesian form: The necessary condition for a complex function f(z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y)
� �
to be analytic in region R are � = and
�
� �
= − � . i.e. = and =−
�
ii. Polar form: If = ,� + � , � is differentiable at
� � � �
= �� ,then � = ��
and �
=− ��
. i.e. = � and = − �
4.2.9 Problems Based on Analytic Function-Necessary Conditions (C-R Equations)

1. Show that the function f(z)=xy+iy is continuous everywhere but not differentiable anywhere.
Solution:
Given = +�
= , =
x and y are continuous functions ,therefore u and v are also continuous.
But, = , =
= , =
= , =
≠ and ≠−
C-R equations are not satisfied.
Hence f(z) is not differentiable anywhere though it is continuous everywhere
2. Show that the function f(z)= is differentiable everywhere in the complex plane.
Solution:
Given, f(z)= = +� = �
= +� �
= , = �
= , = �
=− � , =
= and = −
SCE 49 Dept of S&H
C-R equations are satisfied.
= +�
= +� �
= +� �
�
= = +� =
3. Test the analyticity of the function f(z)=
Solution:
��
Let =
� �
=
= �+� � �
u= � = � �
− −
= �, = � �
� =− � �, = �
. = � and = − �
4.2.10 Tutorial problems
1. Check whether = ̅ is analytic everywhere.
2. Test the analyticity of the function = � .
3. Prove that = ℎ is an analytic function and find its derivative
4.3 Harmonic and Orthogonal Properties Of Analytic Functions
4.3.1 Laplace Equation:
� � � �
�
+� = is known as Laplace equation
4.3.2 Properties Of Analytic Functions And Harmonic Conjugate

1. The real and imaginary part of an analytic function w=u+iv satisfy the Laplace
Equation in two dimensions i.e. ∇ = , ∇ =
2. The real and imaginary part of an analytic function w=u(r,�)+iv(r,�) satisfy the Laplace
equation in polar coordinates
3. If w=u(x,y)+iv(x,y) is analytic function the curves of the family u(x,y)=a and the curves of the
family v(x,y)=b cut orthogonally where a and b are varying constants.
4. If w=u(r,�)+iv(r,�) is analytic function the curves of the family u(r,�)=a and the curves of the
family v(r,�) =b cut orthogonally where a and b are varying constants.
5. An analytic function with constant modulus is constant.
6. An analytic function whose real part is constant must itself be a constant
7. If f(z) and ̅̅̅̅̅̅ are analytic in a region D, then f(z) is constant in that region D
4.3.3 Problems Based On Properties
1. If f(z)= u+iv is a regular function of z in a domain D the following relations hold in D

i. ∇ | | =4| ′ |
ii. ∇ | | =0 ,if f(z)f’(z)≠ in D
iii. ∇ =p(p-1) − | ′ |
− ′
iv. ∇ | | = | | | |
v. ∇ =0
� �
vi. | | + | | =| ′ |
� �
vii. ∇ |� | = | ′ |
viii. ∇ |� | = | ′ |
SCE 50 Dept of S&H
Solution:
i. Let f(z)=u+iv
Here f(z) is an analytic function = and =−
| | =| −� |
=√ +
| | = +
� � � �
+� | | = +� +
� �
� �
= + +� +
�
� � � �
= +� +� +�
�
� �
=
� �
� � � � �
= ( )= +( )
� � � � �
� � � � �
= ( )= +( )
� � � � �
� � � � � �
+ = ( + )+ ( + )
� � � � � �
� � � �
=2 + + +�
� � �
′
=2 + =2| |
ii. ∇ | | =0 ,if f(z)f’(z)≠ in D
| | = +
| |= +
� � +
| | = ( + )=
� � +
� ( + ) + + + − + +
| | =
� +
� ( + )( + + + )−( + )( + )
| | =
� +
( + )( + + + + + + + )
� � − ( + ) − +
+� | | =
� +
( + ) + + + − (− + ) − ( + )
= +
( + ) + + + − (− + ) − ( + )
= +
=0
iii. ∇ =p(p-1) − | ′ |
Let f(z)=u+iv is an analytic function
SCE 51 Dept of S&H
= and =−
+ = + =
+ =
f ’(z)= +�
| ’ | = +
� � −
=
� �
� − −
= + −
�
− −
= + −
�
= ( − + − −
)
�
� � − −
+ = ( + )+ − ( + )
� �
− −
= + − +−
−
= − | ’ |
− ′
iv. ∇ | | = | | | |

| | = +
| | = +
| | = +
� −
+ = + +
�
�
−
= + +
� −
+ = + + + +
� �
−
+ + − + +
� − ′
+ = + + +| |
�
�
−
+ − + + +
� − ′
+ = + + +| |
�
�
−
+ − + + +
� � − ′
+ + = + + + + + | |
� �
+ + + + −
− +
+
� �
− ′ −
= + 2| | + − +
+ ( + )
SCE 52 Dept of S&H
� �
− ′ −
= + 2| | + − + +
� �
− ′ − ′
= + 2| | + − + | |
− ′
= + | | + −
− ′
= + | |
− ′
= | | | |
v. ∇ =0
−
=
� � −
=�
�
−
=
+
−
= +
= −
+
� � −
( )=�
� +
+ + − − − − +
=
+
+ + − − − − +
=
+
+ − − − + −
=
+
� + ( − )− ( − )+ −
( )=
� +
� �
+ ( )
� �
+ ( + )− ( + ) − − ( + )
+
− + −
= =
+
� �
vi. | | + | | =| ′ |
� �
| | = +
| | = +
�
| |= +
� √ +
= +
√ +
� +
| | =
� √ +
SCE 53 Dept of S&H
� +
| | =
� √ +
� � + +
| | + | | = +
� � √ + √ +
+ + + + +
= +
+ |� |
= =| |
+
vii. ∇ |� | = | ′ |
� =
|� | =
�
=
�
� �
=
� �
= +
�
= ( + )
�
� �
+ = + + +
� �
=2| ′ |
viii. ∇ |� | = | ′ |
� =
|� | =
�
=
�
� �
=
� �
= +
�
= ( + )
�
� �
+� = + + +
�
=2| ′ |
4.3.3 Problems Based On Harmonic Conjugate
1. If f(z)= then show that u and v are harmonic function.
Solution:
Given f(z)= = +� �
u = = �
= = �
= = �
=- � =
=− =− �
Type equation here. + = − =0
SCE 54 Dept of S&H
+ = � − � =0
They are harmonic functions.
4.4 Constructions of Analytic Functions (Milne- Thomson Method)

i. To find f(z) when u given,
� �
f’(z )= � + �
�
� �
=� − ��
�
� , = � ,
�
� , = � ,
f’(z)= � , − �� ,
∫ f’ z dz = ∫ � , −�∫ � ,
=∫ � , −�∫ � , +c
ii. To find f(z) when v given,
� �
f’(z)= � + � �
�
� , = � ,
�
� , = � ,
f’(z)= � , + �� ,
∫ f’ z dz = ∫ � , +�∫ � ,
=∫ � , +�∫ � , +c
4.4.1 Problems Based on Constructions Of Analytic Functions (Milne- Thomson Method)
1. Find an analytic function whose real part is − �

Solution:
Given, = − �
�
� , = = + − �
�
� , = +
�
� , = = − � − + �
�
� , =
=∫ � , −�∫ � , +c
=∫ + −�∫ +c
=∫ +
2. Find an analytic function whose real part is = − + − +
Solution:
Given = − + − +
�
� , = = − +
�
� , = +
SCE 55 Dept of S&H
�
� , = =− −
�
� , =
=∫ � , −�∫ � , +c
=∫ + −�∫ +c
= + +
3. Find an analytic function f(z)=u+iv whose + = +
Solution:
Given = +�
� =� −
− +� + = �+
= − = − F(z)= � +
Given = +
� ( + ) − −
� , = = =
� + +
�
� , = =0
� ,
� ( + ) − −
� , = = =
� + +
� −
� , = =
� ,
F’(z)= � , + �� ,
∫ F’ z dz = ∫ � , +�∫ � ,
−
=0+i∫ dz
= � +c
(1+i)f(z)= � +c
+�
= +
1. Show that the function = + is harmonic and determine its conjugate. Also
find f(z)
2. Find the analytic function = + � given = − � −
�
3. Determine the analytic function whose real part is ℎ −
4.5 Conformal Mapping
4.5.1 Definition:
The transformation w=f(z) is called as conformal mapping if it
preserves angle between every pair of curves through a point, both in
magnitude and sense
SCE 56 Dept of S&H
The transformation w=f(z) is called as Isogonal mapping if it

preserves angle between every pair of curves through a point in
magnitude but altered in sense
4.5.2 Standard Transformations
1. Translation:
The transformation = + , where C is a complex constant ,represents
a translation
2. Magnification:
The transformation = , where C is a real constant ,represents
magnification
3. Magnification And Rotation:
The transformation = , where C is a complex constant ,represents
magnification and Rotation
4. Magnification , Rotation And Translation:
The transformation = + , where C,D are complex constant ,represents
Magnification, Rotation and Translation
5. Inversion And Reflection:
The transformation = represents inversion w.r.to the unit circle | | = ,
followed by reflection in the real axis
4.5.3 Problems Based on Transformation
1. Find the image of the circle | | = by the transformation = + + �
Solution:
Given = + + �
+� = +� + + �
= + +� +
= + = +
= − = −
Given, | |=
+ =
− + − =
Hence, the circle + = is mapped into
− + − = in W-plane which is also a circle with centre (2,4)
and radius 1
2. Determine the region D of the w-plane which the triangular region D enclosed
by the lines x=0,y=0,x+y=1 transformed under the transformation w=2z
Solution:
Let, = + �
= +�
Given , =
+� = +�
+� = + �
= ⟹ =
SCE 57 Dept of S&H
= ⟹ =
In the z plane, the line x=0 is transferred into u=0 in the w-plane
In the z plane, the line y=0 is transferred into v=0 in the w-plane
In the z plane, the line x+y=1 is transferred into u+v=2 in the w-plane
3. Find the image of | − �| = under the transformation = .

Solution:
Given =
z=
Here, z=x+iy and w=u+iv
−i
z = = +i = +
−i
x+iy = +
−
x= + y= +
given: | − �|=2
| + � − �|=2
+ − =
+ − + =
+ − =
u −v −v
+ =
+ + +
+ −
=
+ +
=−
= − which is a straight line
4. Discuss the conformal transformation w=sinz

Solution:
Given, w=sinz
+� = � +�
= � � + � �
= � ℎ +� � ℎ
= � ℎ , = � � ℎ
Elimination of y using the formula,
ℎ − � ℎ =
− =
�
Case I:
If x=c
− = which is a hyperbola with foci at (1,0) and (-1,0)
�
∴ The lines parallel to y axis in the z-plane are transformed into confocal hyperbolas.
Type equation here.
Elimination of x using the formula,

� + =
( ) +( ) =
ℎ � ℎ
SCE 58 Dept of S&H
Case II:
If y=c
ℎ
+ � ℎ = which is a hyperbola ellipse with foci at (1,0) and (-1,0)
∴ The lines parallel to x axis in the z-plane are transformed into confocal ellipses.
Case III:
When x=0 ⟹ u=0,v=sinhy
If y is –ve, v is –ve
y is +ve, v is +ve
If y varies from −∞ ∞ then v is varies from −∞ ∞
Hence the image of the line x=0 in the z-plane is the complete imaginary axis in the plane.
Case IV:
When y=0 ⟹ u=sinx ,v=0
If x is –ve, u is –ve
x is +ve, u is +ve
x=0, u=0
If x varies from −∞ ∞ then u varies from −∞ ∞
Hence the image of the line y=0 in the z-plane is the complete real axis in the
w-plane.
Case V:
�
When x= , which is given by u=cushy and v=0
∴ u 1 and v=0.
�
Similarly th map of line x=− is given by = − ℎ and =
u and v=0
Thus the part of the u axis for which u and th part of the u axis for which u
� �
Are the images of the lines x= and x=− respectively

1. Find the critical points of the transformation = − −
2. Find the image of the region y> the transformation = −�
3. Discuss the transformation = ℎ
4.6 Bilinear Transformation
4.6.1 Definition:
+
The transformation = + , − ≠ where a,b,c,d are complex numbers
is called a bilinear transformation
This transformation was first introduced by A.F.Mobius. So it is also called as
Mobius transformation
4.6.2 Note:
i. Under bilinear transformation, no two points in z-plane go to the same point in w-plane
ii. Bilinear transformation has atmost two fixed point or invariant point
iii. The bilinear transformation which transforms , , into , , is
− − − −
=
− − − −
− −
iv. Given four points , , , in this order ,the ratio − is called the cross
−
ratio of the points.
SCE 59 Dept of S&H
+
v. = + can be expressed as cwz+dw-(az+b)=0 .It is linear in both w and z
∴ It is called as bilinear transformation.
vi. Bilinear transformation is conformal only when ≠
−
≠
+
− ≠
− = very point in the z-plane is a critical point
+ − +
vii. The inverse of the bilinear transformation = + � = which is also a bilinear
−
transformation except =
−
viii. Each point in the plane except z= corresponds to a unique point in the w-plane
−
The point z= corresponds to a infinity in the w-plane
− − − −
ix. The cross ratio of four points = is invariant under bilinear
− − − −
transformation
x. If one of the point is the point at infinity the quotient of those difference which involve this
point is replaced by 1
4.6.3 Problems based on Bilinear Transformation

�+
1. Find the fixed point of = − �
Solution:
�+
= − �
− � = �+
− � − =
� ± √− +
=
= �, �
2. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points ∞, �, onto , �, ∞ respectively.
Solution:
Given:
= ∞, = �, = & = , = �, =∞
Let the transformation be,
− − − −
=
− − − −
− − − −
=
− − − −
− − − −
=
− − − −
− − − �−
=
− �− − −
�
�
=
=�
SCE 60 Dept of S&H
−
=
3. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points , �, − onto �, , −� respectively.
Solution:
Given:
= , = �, = −1 & = �, = , = −�
Let the transformation be,
− − − −
=
− − − −
−� +� − �+
=
+� −� + �−
−� � − �+
=
+ � −� + �−
− −� − �+ �+
=
+� + �− �+
− −� − �
=
+� + −
− −� − −�
=
+� +
−� − �
=
+� +
−� �−�
=
+� +
+ +� −� = �+ � − �−�
+ +� −� = �− − �+
− +� +
=
−� + +�

1. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points + �, −�, − � of the Z-plane into the
points , , � of the W-plane.
2. Find the bilinear transformation which maps = onto = − � and has − as the
invariant points. Also show that under this transformation the upper half of the Z-plane maps
onto the interior of the unit circle in the w-plane
SCE 61 Dept of S&H
CHAPTER 5
COMPLEX INTEGRATION
5.1 Prerequisites
Before starting this topic students should be able to carry out
integration of simple real-valued functions and be familiar with the basic
ideas of functions of a complex variable. The students should also familiar
with line integrals.
5.2 Introduction
Complex integration is an intuitive extension of real integration. Since
a complex number represents a point on a plane while a real number is a
number on the real line, the analog of a single real integral in the complex
domain is always a path integral. For some special functions and domains,
the integration is path independent, but this should not be taken to be the
case in general. Given the sensitivity of the path taken for a given integral
and its result, parametrization is often the most convenient way to evaluate
such integrals.Complex variable techniques have been used in a wide variety
of areas of engineering. This has been particularly true in areas such as
electromagnetic field theory, fluid dynamics, aerodynamics and elasticity.
5.3 Cauchy’s Theorem
5.3.1 Definitions
5.3.1.1Connected Region
A connected region is one which any two points in it can be connected
by a curve which lies entirely with in the region.
5.3.1.2 Simply connected region

A curve which does not cross itself is called a simple closed curve. A
region in which every closed curve in it encloses points of the region only is
called a simply connected region.
5.3.1.3 Contour integral

An integral along a simple closed curve is called a contour integral.
5.3.1.4 Cauchy’s Integral Theorem

If a function f (z) is analytic and its derivative Rf 0 (z) is continuous at
all points inside and on a simple closed curve c, then c f (z)dz = 0.
SCE 62 Dept of S&H
5.3.1.5 Cauchy’s Integral formula

If f (z) is analytic inside and on a closed curve c of a simply connected
region R and if a is any point with in c, then
1
R f (z)
f (a) = 2⇡i c z a
dz
the integration around c being taken in the positive direction.
5.3.1.6 Cauchy’s integral formula for derivative

If a function f (z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve c and
a is any point lying in it, then
1
R f (z)
f 0 (a) = 2⇡i c (z a)2
dz
5.3.2 Worked out examples
R
1. Evaluate C z z 2 dz where c is a circle |z| = 1.
Solution.
Let f (z) = z z 2
z = 2 lies outside c.
) f (z) is analytic inside and on c .
f 0 (z) is continuous inside c R
Hence by Cauchy’s theorem c f (z)dz = 0
R
2. Evaluate C 2z1 3 dz where c is a circle |z| = 1.
Solution.R
Given c 2z1 3 dz = 12 z 1 3 dz z = 32 lies outside c.
2
) f (z) is analytic inside and on c .
f 0 (z) is continuous inside c R
Hence by Cauchy’s theorem c f (z)dz = 0
R 1
3. Evaluate C 2z+3
dz where c is a circle |z| = 2.
Solution.
Z
1 1
dz = 3
2z + 3 c 2(z + 2 )dz
Z
1 1
=
2 c z + 32 dz
1 3
= 2⇡if ( )
2 2
1
= ⇡i dz
2z + 3
= ⇡i.
SCE 63 Dept of S&H
R
4. Evaluate C sin 3z
z+ ⇡2
dz where c is a circle |z| = 5.
Solution. R
W.K.T Cauchy’s Integral formula is c fz (z)a dz = 2⇡if (a)
R
Given C sin 3z
z+ ⇡2
dz
Here f (z) = sin 3z, a = 2⇡ lies inside |z| = 5.
3⇡
f (a) = sin(
)=1
2
) By Cauchy’s Integral formula, we get
Z
sin 3z
⇡ dz = 2⇡i
C z + 2

R 2 +7z+1
1. Evaluate C 3z z+1 dz where c is a circle |z| = 12 .
R 1
2. Evaluate C e 2 dz where c is a circle |z| = 1.
R 1
3. Evaluate C e z2 +4 dz where c is a circle |z| = 3.
5.4 Taylor’s and Laurent’s Series Expansion.
5.4.1 Taylor’s Series.

A function f (z), analytic inside a circle C with center at a, can be
expanded in the series
00 000 (a) ( n)(a)
f (z) = f (a)+f 0 (a)(z a)+ f 2!(a) (z a)2 + f 3!
(z a)3 +· · ·+ f n!
(z a)n +. . .
5.4.2 Laurent’s Series.
Let C1 , C2 be two concentric circles |z a| = R1 and |z a| = R2
where R2 < R1 . Let f (z) be analytic on C1 andC2 and in the annular region
R between them. Then, for any point z in R,
1
X 1
X
n bn
f (z) = an (z a) +
n=0 n=0
(z a)n
where
Z
1 f (z)
an = dz
2⇡i c1 (z a)n+1
SCE 64 Dept of S&H
Z
1 f (z)
bn = dz
2⇡i c2 (z a)1 n
where the integrals being taken anticlockwise.
5.4.3 Worked out examples
1. Expand ez in a Taylor’s series about z = 0

Solution.
Function Value at z = 0
f (z) = ez f(0) = 1
f 0 (z) = ez f’(0) = 1
f 00 (z) = ez f”(0) = 1
f 000 (z) = ez f”’(0) = 1
.. ..
. .
) Taylor’s series about z = 0 is
f 00 (0) 2 f 000 (0) 3

f (z) = f (0) + f 0 (0)(z) + (z) + (z) + . . .
2! 3!
1 1
= 1 + 1(z) + (z)2 + (z)3 + . . .
2! 3!
1
2. Expand z 2
at z = 1 in a Taylor’s series.
Solution.
Function Value at z = 1
f (z) = z 1 2 f(1) = -1
f 0 (z) = (z 12)2 f’(1) = -1
f 00 (z) = (z 22)3 f”(1) = -2
f 000 (z) = (z 62)4 f”’(1) = -6
.. ..
. .
SCE 65 Dept of S&H
) Taylor’s series about z = 1 is
f 00 (1) 2 f 000 (1) 3

f (z) = f (1) + f 0 (1)(z) + (z) + (z) + . . .
2! 3!
2 6
= 1 + ( 1)(z 1) + (z 1)2 + (z 1)3 + . . .
2! 3!
= 1 (z 1) (z 1)2 (z 1)3 . . .
3. Expand f (z) = z(z1 1) as a Laurent’s series in powers of z and state the

respective region of validity.
Solution.
Given f (z) = z(z1 1) .
f (z) is not analytic at z = 0 and z = 1. But it is analytic in the region
1)0 < |z| < 1(Deleted disc)
2) |z| > 1
Case i)
For all z in 0 < |z| < 1
1 1
=
z(z 1) z(1 z)
1
= [1 + z + z 2 + . . . ]
z
1
= [ + z + z2 + . . . ]
z
Case ii)
For all z in |z| > 1 we have | z1 | < 1.
1 1 1
=
z(z 1) zz 1
1 1 1
= 2 [1 ]
z z
1 1 1
= 2 [1 + + 2 + . . . ]
z z z
1. Expand f (z) = cos z about z = ⇡3 in Taylor’s series.

2. Expand f (z) = sin z about z = ⇡4 in Taylor’s series.
1
3. Find Laurent’s series expansion of z2 +3z+2 in the region 1 < |z| < 2
SCE 66 Dept of S&H
5.5 Singularities
5.5.1 Definitions
5.5.1.2 Zeros of an analytic function:

If a function f (z) analytic in a region R is zero at a point z = z0 in R
then z0 is called a zero of f (z).
5.5.1.3 Simple Zero:

If f (z0 ) = 0 and f 0 (z0 ) 6= 0 then z = z0 is called a simple zero of f (z)
or a zero of the first order.
5.5.1.4 Zero of order n:

An analytic function f (z) is said to have a zero of order n if f (z) can
be expressed as f (z) = (z z0 )m (z) where (z) is analytic and (z0 ) 6= 0
5.5.1.5 Singular Points:

A point z = z0 at which a function f (z) fails to be analytic is called a
singular point.
5.5.1.6 Entire function
A function f (z) which is analytic everywhere in the finite plane is called
an entire funcction.
5.5.1.7 Meromorphic function
A function f (z) which is analytic everywhere in the finite plane except
at finite number of poles is called a meromorphic function.
5.5.2 Types of Singularities
5.5.2.1. Isolated Singularity

A point z = z0 is said to be isolated singularity of f (z) if
1. f (z) is not analytic at z = z0
2. There exist a neighbourhood of z = z0 containing no other singularity.
5.5.2.2. Removable singularity:
If the principal part of f (z) in Laurent series expansion of f (z) about
the point z0 is zero then the point z = z0 is called removable singularity.
5.5.2.3. Pole:
If we can find a positive integer n such that limz!a (z a)n f (z) 6= 0
then z = a is called a pole of order n for f (z).
5.5.2.4. Essential singularity:
If the principal part of f (z) in Laurent series expansion of f (z) about
SCE 67 Dept of S&H
the point z0 contains infinite number of non zero terms then the point z = z0
is called essential singularity.
5.5.3 Worked out Examples

3
1. Find the zeros of zz3 +11 .
Solution.
The zeros of f (z) are given by f (z) = 0
That is z 3 1 = 0.
) z = 1, !, ! 2
2. Find the zeros of sinzz3 z .

Solution.
The zeros of f (z) are given by f (z) = 0
That is
sin z z
f (z) =
z3
z3 5
3!
+ z5! ...
=
z3
1 z2
= + ...
3! 5!
sin z z
Now,limz!0 z3
6= 0
sin z z
3. What is the nature of the singularity z = 0 of the function z3
Solution.
Given f (z) = sinzz3 z
the function f (z) is not defined at z = 0.
By, L’Hospital rule
sin z z cos z 1
lim = lim
z!0 z3 z!0 3z 2
sin z
= lim
z!0 6z
1
=
6
Since the limit exist and is finite, the singularity at z = 0 is a removable
singularity.
SCE 68 Dept of S&H
sin z
4. Find the nature of the singularity at z = 0 of f (z) = z
Solution.
Given f (z) = sinz z
the function f (z) is not defined at z = 0.
By, L’Hospital rule
sin z cos z
lim = lim
z!0 z z!0 1
=1
Since the limit exist and is finite, the singularity at z = 0 is a removable

singularity.
5. Classify the singularity of the function f (z) = zz22 sin( z 1 1 )

Solution.
Poles of f (z) are z = 0, 0. That is z = 0 is a pole of order 2.
Zeros of f (z) are obtained by, (z 2) sin( z 1 1 = 0
=) z 2 = 0 and sin( z 1 1 ) = 0
1
=) z = 2andz = n⇡ + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
The limits of zeros is 1. Therefore z = 1 is isolated and essential singularity.
1. Find the singular point of f (z) = sin( z 1 a )the nature of the

singularity.
2. Find the singular points of f (z) = z(ez1 1)
z
3. Classify the nature of singularities of the functions z2e+4
5.6 Residues
5.6.1 Definitions:
If z = z0 is an isolated singular point of f (z), we can find the Laurent’s
series ofPf (z)aboutz = z0 P
f (z) = 1 n=0 an (z z0 )n + 1 bn
n=1 (z z0 )n
The coefficient of z 1z0 in the above expansion is called the residue of f (z) at
z = z0
SCE 69 Dept of S&H
5.6.1.2 Worked out Examples
1 e2z
1. Calculate the residue of f (z) = z3
Solution.
2z
Given f (z) = 1 ze3
Here z = 0 is a pole of order 3.

1 d2 1 e2z
Res at(z = 0) = lim 2 z 3
2! z!0 dz z3
1 d ⇥ ⇤
= lim 2e2z
2! z!0 dz
1 ⇥ ⇤
= lim 4e2z
2! z!0
= 2
2. Find the residue of f (z) = (z z1)2 at its pole.

Solution
Given f (z) = (z z1)2
Here z = 1 is a pole of order 2.

1 d z
Res at(z = 1) = lim (z 1)2
1! z!1 dz (z 1)2
d
= lim z
z!1 dz
=1
5.6.1.3 Tutorial Problems
e2z
1. Calculate the residue of f (z) = (z+1)2
at its pole.
z3
2. Find the residue of (z 1)4 (z 2)(z 3)
5.6.2 Cauchy Residue Theorem
If f (z) be analytic at all points inside and on a simple closed curve

c,
R except for a finite number of isolated singularities z1 , z2 , z3 , . . . then
c
f (z)dz = 2⇡i [sum of residues].
SCE 70 Dept of S&H
5.6.2.1Worked out Examples

R 1
1. Evaluate c
z 2 e z where c is |z| = 1.
Solution.
1
Let f (z) = z 2 e z
Here z = 0 is the only singular point which lies inside c.
 1
2 z1 2 z
( z1 )2
f (z) = z e = z 1 + + + ...
1! 2!
1 11
= z2 + z + + + ...
2 6z
The residue at z = 0 is 16 R
By
R Cauchy residue theorem, c f (z)dz = 2⇡i(sum of residues)
c
f (z)dz = ⇡i
3
R ez 2
2. Evaluate c cos ⇡z
dz where c is |z| = 1.
Solution R 2
ez
Let f (z) = c cos ⇡z
dz
The singular points are obtained by
cos ⇡z = 0
⇡
⇡z = (2n + 1) , n = ±1, ±2, . . .
2
1 3 1
= ± ,± ,± ,...
2 2 2
1 1
⇥ ⇤ (1)
Here z = 2
and z = 2
lies inside c. R1 f (z), 12 = 0 (21 )
2
2
ez (z)
f (z) = cos ⇡z
= (z)
⇥ ⇤ 1
R1 f (z), 12 = e 4⇡
⇥ ⇤ 1
R2 f (z), 21 = e⇡4
R
By
R Cauchy residue theorem, c
f (z)dz = 2⇡i(sum of residues)
c
f (z)dz = 2⇡i(sum of residues) = 0.

R dz
1. Evaluate c sin z
where c is |z| =R4.
2. If c is a circle |z| = 3, evaluate c tan zdz.
SCE 71 Dept of S&H
5.7 Evaluation of real definite Integrals as contour integrals.
5.7.1 Contour Integration:
The complex integration along the scro curve used in evaluating the
definite integral is called contour integration. Here we are going to see under
three types. They are
R2
1. Type I - Integrals of the form 0 ⇡f (cos ✓, sin ✓)d✓ where f is rational
function in cos ✓ and sin ✓. R 1 P (x)
2. Type II - Integrals of the form 1 Q(x) dx.
R1 R1
3. Type III - Integrals of the form 1 f (x) cos(nx)dx or 1 f (x) sin(nx)dx.
5.7.2 Type I
5.7.2.1 Worked out examples

R 2⇡ d✓
1. Evaluate 0 2+cos ✓
.
Solution.
Let z = ei✓
dz = izd✓⇥ ⇤ ⇥ ⇤
cos ✓ = 12 z + z1 and sin ✓ = 2i1 z z1
Now,
Z 2⇡ Z
d✓ 1 dz
= ⇥ 2 ⇤
1 z +1 iz
where c is |z| = 1.
0 2 + cos ✓ c 2+ 2 z
Z
2 dz
=
i c z 2 + 4z + 1
p
z 2 + 4z + 1 = 0 =) z = 2 ± 3
p
↵ = 2 + 3 is simple pole and lies inside c
p
and = 2 3 is simple pole and lies outside c.
Z 2⇡ Z
d✓ 2 dz
=
0 2 + cos ✓ i c (z ↵)(z )
SCE 72 Dept of S&H
1
Res[f (z), ↵] = lim (z ↵)
z!↵ (z ↵)(z )
1
=
↵
1
= p
2 3
R ⇡i
Hence by Cauchy Residue theorem, c f (z)dz = 2⇡i (sum of residues) = p
3
R 2⇡ d✓
) 0 2+cos ✓
2⇡
=p 3
R 2⇡ d✓
2. Using contour integration evaluate c 13+5 sin ✓.
Solution.
Let z = ei✓
dz = izd✓⇥ ⇤ ⇥ ⇤
cos ✓ = 12 z + z1 and sin ✓ = 2i1 z z1
Now,
Z 2⇡ Z
d✓ 1 dz
= ⇥ 2
1 z 1 iz
⇤ where c is |z| = 1.
0 13 + 5 sin ✓ c 13 + 5 2i z
Z
2 dz
=
5 c z 2 + 265
iz 1
z 2 + 26
5
iz 1 = 0 =) z = 5i, 5i
i
↵ = 5 is simple pole and lies inside c and = 5i is simple pole and lies
outside
R 2⇡ c. R
d✓ 2 dz
0 13+5 sin ✓
= 5 c (z ↵)(z )
1
Res[f (z), ] = lim (z )
z! (z ↵)(z )
1
=
↵
5
=
24i
R 5
Hence by Cauchy Residue theorem, c
f (z)dz = 2⇡i (sum of residues) = 12
⇡
R 2⇡
) 0
d✓
13+5 sin ✓
= 25 ( 12
5
⇡) = ⇡
6
SCE 73 Dept of S&H

R 2⇡ sin2 ✓
1. Evaluate the integral 0 5+4 d✓.
R ⇡ d✓ cos ✓
2. Evaluate 0 a2 +sin2 ✓ , a > 0.
5.7.3 Type II

R 2
x dx
1. Evaluate 1
1 (x2 +1)(x 2 +4) using contour integration.
Solution.
R R z 2 dz
Let us consider c
f (z)dz = c (z 2 +1)(z 2 +4)
where c consist of the semi circle : |z| = R and the bounding di-
ameter [ R, R].
R RR R
Now, c f (z)dz = R f (x)dx + f (z)dz
The poles of f (z) are obtained by (z 2 + 1)(z 2 + 4) = 0
i.e., z = i, i, 2i, 2i.
where z = i, 2i are simple poles lie inside and z = I, 2i are simple
poles lie outside
R1 [f (z), i] = lim(z i)f (z)

z!i
z2
= lim(z i)
z!i (z + i)(z i)(z 2 + 4)
z2
= lim
z!i (z + i)(z 2 + 4)
i2
=
(i + i)(i2 + 4)
1
=
6i
SCE 74 Dept of S&H
R2 [f (z), 2i] = lim (z 2i)f (z)

z!2i
z2
= lim(z 2i)
z!i (z + 2i)(z 2i)(z 2 + 1)
z2
= lim
z!i (z + 2i)(z 2 + 1)
(2i)2
=
(2i + 2i)((2i)2 + 1)
1
=
3i
Hence by Cauchy’s Residue theorem,
Z
f (z)dz = 2⇡i[R1 + R2 ]
c

1 1
= 2⇡i +
6i 3i
✓ ◆
1
= 2⇡
6
⇡
=
3
RR R
i.e., R f (x)dx + f (z)dz = ⇡3 .
when R ! 1, the semi-circle becomes very large and the real and imagi-
nary parts of any point lying on the semi-circle becomes very large so that
|z| ! 1 R
) R R! 1 then f (z)dz ! 0.
1
i.e., 1 f (x)dx = ⇡3 .
R1 x2 ⇡
Hence 1 (x2 +1)(x 2 +4) dx = 3
R1 dx 3⇡
2. Show that 1 (x2 +1)3
= 8
.
Solution.
R R
Consider c f (z)dz = c (z2dz+1)3
where c is the upper half of the semi circle with the bounding diam-
eter [ R, R]. R R R
By Cauchys Residue Theorem we have, c f (z)dz = R Rf (x)dx + f (z)dz
The poles of f (z) are obtained by (z 2 + 1)3 = 0
i.e., z = i, i,. where z = i is a pole of order 3 which lies inside and z = i
SCE 75 Dept of S&H
is a pole of order 3 which lies outside .
1 d2
Res [f (z), i] = lim [(z i)3 f (z)]
z!i 2! dz 2

1 d2 1
= lim 2
(z i)3 3
z!i 2! dz (z + i) (z i)3
2

1 d 1
= lim 2
z!i 2 dz (z + i)3
1 12
= lim
z!i 2 (z + i)5
3
=
16i
Z
f (z)dz = 2⇡i [sum of residues]
Z c
f (z)dz = 2⇡i[R1 + R2 ]
c

3
= 2⇡i
16i
3⇡
=
8
RR R
i.e., R f (x)dx + f (z)dz = 3⇡ 8
.
when R ! 1, the semi-circle becomes very large and the real and
imaginary parts of any point lying on the semi-circle becomes very large so
that |z| ! 1 R
) R R! 1 then f (z)dz ! 0.
1
i.e., 1 f (x)dx = 3⇡ .
R1 8
Hence 1 (x2 +1)3 dx = 3⇡
dx
8

R1 dx
1. Evaluate 0 (x2 +a2 )(x2 +b2 )
,a > 0, b > 0.
R1 dx
2. Evaluate 0 x4 +10x2 +9
.
SCE 76 Dept of S&H
5.7.4 Type III

R1 cos(ax)
1. Evaluate 0 x2 +1
dx, a > 0.
Solution.
R1 R
1 1 cos(ax)
W.K.T 0 cos(ax)
2 dx = 1 x2 +1
dx
R 1 xcos(ax)
+1 2
To find 1 x2 +1 dx
consider
Z Z 1
1 cos(az)
f (z)dz = 2
dz
c 2 1 z +1
Z
eiaz
= R.P 2
dz
c z +1
Where c is the upper half of the semi-circle with the bounding diam-
eter [ R, R]
By Cauchy’sR residue theorem,
RR R
c
f (z)dz = R f (x)dx + f (z)dz
The poles of f (z) are obtained by (z 2 + 1) = 0
i.e., z = i, i,.
where z = i is a simple pole which lies inside and z = i is a simple
pole which lies outside
Res [f (z), i] = lim(z i)f (z)

z!i
eiaz
= lim(z i)
z!i z2 + 1
(z i)(ia)eiaz + eiaz
= lim
z!i 2z
a
e
=
2i
SCE 77 Dept of S&H
Z
f (z)dz = R.P 2⇡i [sum of residues]
c
e a
= R.P 2⇡i
2i
a
= R.P ⇡e
Z R Z
) i.e., f (z)dz = ⇡e a
f (x)dx +
R
Z
If R ! 1, then f (z)dz ! 0
Z 1
f (x)dx = ⇡e a
Z 1 1
cos(ax) ⇡
2
dx = e a .
0 x +1 2
R1 sin x ⇡
2. Show that 0 x
dx = 2
Solution.
R1 R1
W.K.T 0 sin(x)
x
dx = 12 1 sin(x)
x
dx
R1
To find 1 sin(x)
x
consider
Z Z
sin(z)
f (z)dz = dz
c c z
Z iz
e
= I.P dz
c z
Where c is theR upper half of the

R R semi circle R with the bounding diameter
[ R, R]. i.e., c f (z)dz = I.P R
f (x)dx + f (z)dz
The poles of f (z) are obtained by z = 0
SCE 78 Dept of S&H
z = 0 is a simple pole lies on the real axis inside .
Res [f (z), 0] = lim (z)f (z)

z!0
eiz
= lim (z)
z!0 z
= lim eiz
z!0
=1
Hence by Residue theorem
Z
f (z)dz = 2⇡i(0) + ⇡i(1)
c
Z 1 ix
e
I.P dx = I.P ⇡i
1 x
Z 1
sin x
dx = ⇡
1 x
Z 1
sin x ⇡
i.e., dx =
0 x 2

R1 cos(ax)
1. Show that 0 (x2 +b2 )2
dx = 4b⇡3 [e ab (1 + ab)]
R 1 log(1+x2 )
2. Prove that 0 1+x2
dx = ⇡ log2
5.8 Applications:
Blasius Theorem.
The following figure shows a cross-section of a cylinder (not necessarily cir-
cular), whose boundary is C,placed in a steady non-viscous flow of an ideal
fluid; the flow takes place in planes parallel to the xy plane. The cylinder
is out of the plane of the paper. The flow of the fluid exerts forces and
turning moments upon the cylinder. Let X, Y be the components, in the x
and y directions respectively, of the force on the cylinder and let M be the
anticlockwise moment (on the cylinder) about the origin.
SCE 79 Dept of S&H
R R
Blasius theorem states that X iY = 12 i⇢ c ( dw
dz
)2 dz and M = 21 ⇢ c z( dw
dz
)2 dz.
where Re denotes the real part, ⇢ is the (constant) density of the fluid and
w = u + iv is the complex potential for the flow both of which are presumed
known. We shall find X, Y and M if the cylinder has a circular cross-section
and the boundary is specified by |z| = a. Let the flow be a uniform stream
with speed U.
Now, using a standard result, the complex potential describing this
situation is:
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
a2 dw a2
w=U z+ so that =U 1
z dz z2
✓ ◆2 ✓ ◆
dw 2 2a2 a4
=U 1 + 4
dz z2 z
Z Z ✓ ◆
1 dw 2 1 2 2a2 a4
Now X iY = i⇢ ( ) dz = i⇢U 1 + 4 dz = 0.
2 c dz 2 c z2 z
✓ ◆2 ✓ ◆
dw 2a2 a4
Hence X = Y = 0. Also z = U2 z + 3
dz z z
2 2
The only term to contribute to M is 2az U
Again using the Key Point above this leads to 4⇡a2 U 2 i and this has zero real
part. Hence M = 0, also. The implication is that no net force or moment
acts on the cylinder. This is not so in practice. The discrepancy arises from
neglecting the viscosity of the fluid.
SCE 80 Dept of S&H
MATHEMATICS-II
UNIT-I VECTOR CALCULUS
Part-A
1. If = + .Evaluate ∫ . d along the curve ‘C’ in the XY plane y= from the

point (0,0) and (1,1).
2. Prove that = + +
3. Is the position vector =x + +z is irrotational?Justify.
4. Find the constants a,b,c so that =(x+2y+az) +(bx-3y-z) +(4x+cy+2z) may be
irrotational
5. If are irrotational, prove that × is solenoidal.
6. Find ‘a’ such that (3x-2y+z) +(4x+ay-z) +(x-y+2z) is solenoidal.
7. Prove that Gradient of a constant is zero.
8. Find grad(r”) where =x + +z and r=| |
9. Find a unit normal to the surface x2y+2xz2=8 at the point (1,0,2).
10. Prove that div = 3 =0
11. Find the gradient of Ø where Ø=xy+yz+zx at (1,1,1).
12. If =x2+y2+z2,find div and curl
13. Prove that Curl (Curl )=grad(div )-∇
14. If is a constant vector prove that (i) ∇.( × )= 0 (ii) ∇ ×( × )= 2 .
15. State the physical interpretation of the line integral ∫
16. Statement Green’s, Stoke’s and Gauss divergence theorem.
17. Prove by Green’s theorem that the area bounded by a simple closed C curve is
∫ ( − )
PART-B
1.Show that = ( − + 3 − 2 ) + (3 + 2 ) +(3xy − 2xz + 2z) is

conservative vector field. Find (i) the scalar potential (ii) the work down by in
moving a particle from (1,0,1) to (2,1,3).
2.Find the Directional Derivative 0f Ø=x2yz+4xz2 at (1,-2,-1) in the direction of
2 − −2
3. Find the angle between the normal’s to the surface xy = z 2 at the points (1,4,2) and
(-3,-3,3)
4. Find the angle between the normal’s to the surface xy3 z2= 4 at the points (-1,-1,2) and
(4,1,-1)
5. Prove that =(2x+yz) +(4y+zx) - (6z-xy) is solenoidal as well as irrotational. Also
find the scalar potential of .
6. Prove that is irrotational. Also find the scalar
potential.
SCE 1 Dept of S&H

7.Prove that curl( × ) = ( . ∇) − ( . ∇) + −

8. Prove that ∇ ( ) = ( + 1) . If r = | | and find ∇ .
9. Verify the Green’s theorem in the plane for ∫(3 − 8 ) + (4 − 6 ) where
C is the boundary of the region given by x=0,y=0,x+y=1.
10. Verify Green’s theorem for =( + ) −2 taken around the rectangle
bounded by the lines x=± , = 0 =
11. Verify the Green’s theorem in the XY plane for ∫( + ) + where C is the
closed curve of the region bounded by y=x and y= .
12. Verify the Green’s theorem in the plane for ∫(3 − 8 ) + (4 − 6 ) where
C is the boundary of the region defined by y= and x= .
13. Verify the stoke’s theorem for a vector field defined by = ( − ) + 2 in the
rectangular region in the XOY plane bounded by the line x=0,x=a,y=0 and y=b.
14. Verify the stoke’s theorem for a vector field defined by = xy − 2 − zx in the
rectangular parallelepiped formed by the planes the line x=0,x=1,y=0,y=2 and z=3
above the XY line.
15. Verify the stoke’s theorem for = ( − ) + − where S is the surface
bounded by the plane in the rectangular region in the XOY plane bounded by the line
x=0,x=a,y=0 and y=b.
16. Evaluate ∫ − + )by using Stoke’s theorem,where C is the
boundary of the rectangle defined by 0≤ ≤ , 0 ≤ ≤ 1, = 3
17. Verify Stoke’s theorem when = (2 − ) − ( − ) nd C is the boundary of
the region enclosed by the parabolas y2=x and x2=y
18. Evaluate ∫ ( + ) +( + ) where C is the square bounded by the lines
x=0,x=1 and y=0,y=1.
19. Verify the G.D.T for =4xz − +yz over the cube bounded by
x=0,x=1,y=0,y=1,z=0 and z=1
20. Verify the G.D.T for =(x3-yz) -2x2 y + 2k over the cube bounded by x=0,y=0,z=0
and x=a, y=a, z=a
21. Verify the G.D.T for =x2 + +z where S is the surface of the cuboid formed
by the planes x=0,x=a,y=0,y=b,z=0 and z=c
SCE 1 Dept of S&H

UNIT-II ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Part-A
1. Find the particular integral of (D2- 4D+4)y = 2x

2. Find the particular integral of (D-1)2y = ex sinx
3. Find the P.I of (D2- 4)y = cosh2x
4. Find the P.I of (D2+1)y = sinx
5. Find the P.I of (D2+2D+1)y = e-x cosx
6. Find the P.I of (D2+4)y = sin2x
7. Find the P.I of (D+1)2y = e-x cosx
8. Find the P.I of (D2-2D+2)y = ex cosx
9. Solve: (D2-6D+13)y = 0
10. Transform the equation (2x+3)2 − 2(2 + 3) − 12 = 6
coefficients
11. Transform the equation x2y”+xy ‘= x

coefficients
12. Reduce the equation (x2D2 +xD +1)y = logx into an ordinary differential equation with
constant coefficients
Part-B
1. Solve the equation (D +5D+4)y = e-x sin2x
2
2. Solve (D2-4D+3)y = ex cos2x

3. Solve: (D2-3D+2)y = 2cos(2x+3)+ 2ex
4. Solve (D2+5D+4)y = e –x sin2x
5. Solve (D2+4)y = x2 cos2x
6. Solve (D2+16)y = cos3x
7. Solve: (D2+4D+3)y = e-x sinx
8. Solve (D2+a2)y = Secax by the method of variation of parameters
9. Solve + = by the method of variation of parameters
10. Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve (D2+4)y = cot2x

11. Solve by the method of variation of parameters to solve (D2+a2)y = tanax
12. Solve + 4 = 2 by the method of variation of parameters
13. Solve: (x2D2 +3xD +5)y = x cos(logx)
14. Solve: (x2D2 - xD +4)y = x2 sin(logx)
15. Solve (x2D2-3xD+4)y = x2 cos(logx)
16. Solve: (x2D2 - 2xD -4)y = x2 + 2logx
SCE 1 Dept of S&H

17. Solve (1+x)2 + (1 + ) + = 2sin[log(1 + )]
18. Solve (1+x)2 + (1 + ) + = 4cos [log(1 + )]
19. Solve + = , − =
20. Solve the equation + =
21. Solve the simultaneous differential equations +2 = 2 , −2 = 2
22. Solve: − = , + = given x(0)=y(0)=2
23. Solve: + = , + = given x=2 and y=0 at t=0
24. Solve +2 = − , −2 = given x=1 and y=0 at t=0
25. Solve +2 +3 =2 , + 3 + 2 = 0.
UNIT – III LAPLACE TRANSFORM
PART-A
1. Find L
2. Is the linearity property applicable to L ? Reason out.
3. Find the Laplace transform of
4. Find the Laplace transform of 2
5. State the conditions under which Laplace transform of ( ) exists
6. Find L[ ]
7. State the first shifting theorem on Laplace transforms.
0, <
8. Find the Laplace transform of ( ) =
cos − , >
9. Find the Laplace transform of unit step function.
10. Find the inverse Laplace transform of
11. Find [ ]
SCE 1 Dept of S&H

14. Find the inverse Laplace transform of ( )( )

∞
15. Evaluate ∫ 3 .
16. What in the Laplace Transform of Periodic function f(s) of period T?
∞
17. If L = them find ∫
18. State the convolution theorem
19. State and prove initial value theorem.
20. State and prove final value theorem
21. Verify the initial and final value theorems for f(t) = 3
22. Verify initial value theorem for 1 + ( + ).
PART-B
1. Find the Laplace transform of 3

2. Find L
3. Find
( )( )
4. Find
∫ .
6. Solve by using Laplace transform +9 = 2 given that (0) = 1, = −1.
7. Solve the differential equation + = 2 with y (0) = 0 and (0) = 0 by using
Laplace transforms method.
8. Using Laplace Transform solve the differential equation −3 −4 =2
with (0) = 1 = (0)
9. Using Laplace Transform solve the differential equation −3 +2 =4
with (0) = −3 , (0) = 5
10. Solve −3 + 2 = 2 given x= 0 and = 5 at t = 0 using Laplace transform.
11. Solve +4 +4 = if =0 =2 = 0 using Laplace transforms.
12. Solve the differential equation −3 +2 = with (0) = 1 = (0) using
Laplace transforms.
13. Find the inverse Laplace transform of( )( )
using convolution theorem.
14. Using convolution theorem, find ( )( )
15. Find ( )
using convolution theorem.
16. Apply convolution theorem to evaluate
( )
17. Using convolution theorem ( )( )

18. Using convolution theorem find the inverse Laplace transform of ( )( )
SCE 1 Dept of S&H

19. Find the Laplace transform of square wave function defined by

( )= 1 0< <
with period 2
−1 < <2
20. Find the Laplace transform of the following triangular wave function given by
, 0≤ ≤
( )= ( + 2 ) = ( ).
2 − , ≤ ≤2
,0 < < 1
21. Find the Laplace transform of ( ) = ( + 2) = ( ) > 0.
0 ,1 < < 2
23. Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function
,0 ≤ ≤
( )= ( +2 )= ( )
2 − ,0 < ≤ 2
24. Verify initial and final value theorem for the function ( ) = 1 + ( + ).
∈ ,0 ≤ ≤
25. Find the Laplace transform of ( ) = ( + 2 ) = ( ) for all
−∈ ,0 < ≤ 2
26. Find the Laplace transform of square wave function given by
0≤ ≤
( )= 2 ( + )= ( )
− ≤ ≤
2
27. Find the Laplace transform of the Half wave
,0 < <
rectifier ( ) = + = ( )
0 , < <
∞
28. Evaluate ∫ using Laplace transform
Part-A
1. Show that the function f(z)= ̅

2. Find the map of the circle | | = 3 under the transformation w=2z
3. Prove that a bilinear transformation has atmost two fixed points
4. State the basic difference between the limit of a function of a real variable and that of a
complex variable
5. Show that an analytic function with constant imaginary part is constant
6. Find the invariant points of the transformation w=
7. Show that u=2x-x3+3xy2 is harmonic
3 2 2 2
8. Verify whether the function u=x -3xy +3x -3y +1 is harmonic
9. Find the constants a,b,c if f(z)=x + ay + i(bx+cy) is analytic
10. Find the invariant points of the transformation w =
SCE 1 Dept of S&H

11. State the Cauchy-Riemann equation in polar coordinates satisfied by an analytic

function
12. Verify whether f(z)= ̅ is analytic function or not
PART-B
1. Determine the analytic function whose real part is
2. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points z= ∞, , 0 =

0, , ∞
3. Find the image of the hyperbola - =1 =
4. Prove that the transformation w = the upper half of z-plane onto the
upper half of w-plane. what is the image of | | = 1
5. Prove that every analytic function w = u+iv can be expressed as a function z alone,
not as a function of ̅
6. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points z = 0,1, ∞ =
, 1, −
7. Show that the image of the hyperbola x2-y2=1 under the transformation =
2
is the lemniscates r =cos2
8. If f(z) is an analytic function of z, prove that + | ( )| = 0
9. Find the analytic function w=u+iv when = ( 2 + 2 ) and find u
10. Show that the map = maps the totality of circles and straight lines as circles or
straight lines
11. Prove that the transformation = maps the family of circles and straight lines
into the family of circles or straight lines
12. If u(x,y) and v(x,y) are harmonic functions in a region R, Prove that the function
− + + is an analytic function of z = x+iy
13. If w=f(z) is analytic, prove that = =−

14. Show that = log( + ) is harmonic. Determine its analytic function. Find
also its conjugate.
15. If f(z) is an analytic function prove that + | ( )|²= 4| ( )|²
16. Find the image of = 2 under the mapping (i) w = z+3+2i, (ii) w = 3z
17. Find the bilinear transformation that maps the points z = 0, − , −1 =
, 1,0
18. If f(z) is a regular function of z, prove that + | ( )|²= 4| ( )|²
SCE 1 Dept of S&H

19. Find the image of the half plane x > c, when c > 0 under the transformation =
Show the regions graphically. Also find the fixed point of w.
20. Find the analytic function f(z) = P+iQ, if P-Q =
21. When the function f(z) = u+iv is analytic, prove that the curves u=constant and
v=constant are orthogonal
22. Find the image of the circle | − 1| in the complex plane under the mapping =
23. Verify that the families of curves u = c1 and v = c2 cut orthogonally, when u+iv=z3
2 2
24. Find the analytic function u+iv, if u = (x-y)(x +4xy=y ). Also find the conjugate
harmonic function v.
2 2
25. Prove that u = x -y and = are harmonic but u+iv is not regular.
26. Find the bilinear transformation that transforms 1,i,-1 of the z-plane onto 0,1, ∞ of
the w-plane. Also show that the transformation maps interior of the unit circle of the
z-plane onto upper half of the w-plane
27. Prove that = ( − ) is harmonic and hence find the analytic
function f(z)=u+iv
UNIT-V COMPLEX INTEGRATION
PART-A
1. Evaluate ∫ ( )( )
, C is the circle | | =
2. If f(z) = − 2[1 + ( − 1) + ( − 1) + ], ( ) =1
3. Define Singular point
4. Find the residue of ( ) = ( )
at a simple pole
5. Find the residue of at Z=0

6. Find the residue of ( ) = ( )
at its pole
7. Calculate the residue of f(z) =( )

at its pole
8. Find the singular point of ( )
and hence find its residue.
9. Identify the type of singularities of the following function f(z) =

10. Determine the residue at the simple pole of ( ) ( )
11. Expand f(z)=sinz in a Taylor series about origin
12. Expand f(z)=sinz in a Taylor series about Z=
13. Evaluate ∫ | |=2
14. Evaluate ∫ , where C is | | =
SCE 1 Dept of S&H

15. Evaluate ∮ where C is the circle | | = 2 in the Z-plane.

16. Using Cauchy’s integral formula, evaluate ∫ , where C is the circle | − 2| =
17. Evaluate ∫ if C is | | = 2
18. Evaluate ∫ ( )( )
where C is | | = 3⁄2.
19. State Cauchy’s integral theorem

20. Use Cauchy’s integral formula to evaluate ∫ , where C is the circle with centre 1
and radius=1. [AU 2000]
21. Obtain the expansion of log(1 + ) when | | < 1
PART-B
1. Evaluate ∮ where C is the circle | | = 3.5

( )
2. Evaluate ∮ where C is the circle
| + 1 + | = 2,
3. Find the residues of f(x) = at its isolated singularities using Laurent’s
( ) ( )
series expansions. Also state the valid region
4. Evaluate ∫ .
5. Evaluate the integral ∫
6. Evaluate the integral ∫ , a>b>0

7. Evaluate ∫
( )( )
where C is | − 2| = by using Cauchy’s integral formula.
( )
8. Using Cauchy’s Integral formula, evaluate ∮ , where C is the circle
( )( )
| |=
∞
9. Evaluate ∫ , >0
∞
10. Evaluate ∫ ,
( )
11. Evaluate ∮ where C is the circle
( ) ( )
| − | = 2,
12. Evaluate f(z) =
( )( )
Laurent’s series valid for the region | | > 3 and
1<| | < 3
13. Evaluate ∮ ( )( )
where C is the circle
| − 2| = ,
14. Obtain Taylor’s series to represent the function in the region | | < 2.
( )( )
SCE 1 Dept of S&H

15. Obtain Laurent’s series to represent the function f(z) = in the region
( )( )
2 < | | < 3.
( )
16. Evaluate ∮ where C is
( ) ( )
| | = 3,
∞
17. Using contour integration, evaluate ∫ ∞( )( )
∞
18. Using contour integration, evaluate ∫ ∞( )
19. Evaluate ∫ by contour integration

∞( )
20. Evaluate ∫ by contour integration
( )( )
1 < | + 1| < 3.
22. Evaluate ∫ , (0 < < 1)
∞
23. Prove that ∫ ∞(
= , > >0
)( )
( )( )
| |>3 1 < | | < 3.
∞
25. Show that ∫ = [ (1 + )]
( )
∞
26. ∫ ( )
, >0
∞
27. Evaluate ∫ ∞( )( )
,
28. Obtain Laurent’s expansion for ( ) = Valid in the regions.

( )( )
(i) | − 1| < 1 (ii)1 < | | < 2
SCE 1 Dept of S&H

B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATION, MAY/JUNE 2009
Second Semester
Civil Engineering
MA2161 – MATHEMATICS – II
(Common to all branches of B.E./B.Tech. )
(Regulation 2008)
Time : Three hours Maximum : 100 marks
Answer ALL questions
PART A – (10 x 2 = 20 marks)
1. Find the particular integral of D2 2D 1 y e x cos x .
2. Solve the equation x 2y xy y 0.
3. Find the values of a ,b c, so that the vector F x y az i bx 2 y z j

x cy 2z k may be irrotational.
4. State Green’s theorem in a plane.
5. State the Cauchy-Riemann equation in polar coordinates satisfied by an analytic function.
2z 6
6. Find the invariant points of the transformation w .
z 7
7. Evaluate tan where C is z 2.

c
8. Find the Taylor series for f (z ) sin z about z .

4
1 cos t
9. Find the Laplace transform of .
t
1 k
10. Find the inverse Laplace transform of cot .
s
PART B – (5 x 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) (i) Solve the equation D2 4 y x 2 cos 2 x .
(ii) Solve the equation D2 a2 y tan ax by the method of variation of
parameters.
Or
(b) (i) Solve the equation x 2D 2

3 xD 5 y x cos log x .
dx dy
(ii) Solve y sin t , x cos t given that x 2 and y 0 at t 0.
dt dt
12. (a) (i) Find the angle between the normals to the surface xy 3z 2
4 at the points
1, 1, 2 and 4,1, 1 .
(ii) Verity Stoke’s theorem for F xyi 2 yzj zxk where S is the open surface of the
rectangular parallelepiped formed by the planes x 0, x 1, y 0, y 2 and z 3 above the
XY plane.
Or
(b) (i) Find the directional derivative of 2xy z 2 at the point 1, 1, 3 in the direction
of i 2j 2k .
(ii) Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F x 2i y 2j z 2k where S is the surface of

the cuboid formed by the planes x 0, x a,y 0, y b,z 0 and z c.
sin 2 x
13. (a) (i) Find the analytic function f (z ) P iQ , if P Q .
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
(ii) Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z 0, i , 1 into
w i ,1,0 respectively.
Or
2 2
2 2
(b) (i) If f ( z ) is a regular function of z , prove that 2 2
f (z ) 4 f (z) .
x y
1
(ii) Find the image of the half plane x c , when c 0 under the transformation w .
z
Show the regions graphically.
zdz 1
14. (a) (i) Evaluate 2
where c is the circle z 2 using Cauchy’s integral
c z 1 z 2 2
formula.
2
d
(ii) Evaluate , 0 x 1 , using contour integration.
0
1 2 x sin x2
Or
z2 1
(b) (i) Find the Laurent’s series of f (z) valid in the region 2 z 3.
z 2 5z 6
x 2dx
(ii) Evaluate , using contour integration, where a b 0.
x2 a2 x2 b2
2t
15. (a) (i) Find the Laplace transform of te cos 3t .
1
(ii) Find the inverse Laplace transform of .
s 1 s2 4
(iii) Solve the equation y 9y cos 2t , y(0) 1 and y 1 using Laplace

2
transform. Or
t, in 0 t a
(b) (i) Find the Laplace transform of f ( t ) and f (t 2a ) f (t ) .
2a t , in a t 2a
t
4t
(ii) Find the Laplace transform of e t sin 3t dt .
0
B.E./B.Tech. DEGREE EXAMINATIONS, MAY/JUNE 2010
Regulations 2008
Second Semester
Common to all branches
MA2161 – Mathematics II
Time: Three Hours Maximum: 100 Marks
Answer ALL Questions
PART A – (10 x 2 = 20 Marks)
1. Transform the equation x 2y xy x into a linear differential equation with constant

coefficients.
2. Find the particular integral of D2 1 y sin x .
3. Is the position vector r xi yj zk irrotational? Justify.
4. State Gauss divergence theorem.
5. Verify whether the function u x3 3 xy 2 3x2 3 y 2 1 is harmonic.
6. Find the constants a ,b c, if f (z ) x ay i (bx cy ) is analytic.
3z 2 7z 1 1
7. What is the value of the integral dz where C is z ?
c
z 1 2
1
8. If f (z ) 2 1 ( z 1) ( z 1) 2 ... , find the residue of f ( z ) at z 1 .
z 1
9. Find the Laplace transform of unit step function.
10. Find L 1 cot 1 ( s ) .
PART B – (5 x 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) (i) Solve the equation D2 4D 3 y e x sin x .
(ii) Solve the equation D2 1 y x sin x by the method of variation of
parameters.
OR
(b) (i) Solve x 2D 2

2 xD 4 y x2 2log x .
(ii) Solve
dx
2 x 3 y 2e 2 t ,
dt
dy
3 x 2 y 0.
dt
12. (a) (i) Prove that F 6 xy z 3 i 3 x2 z j 3 xz 2 y k is irrotational vector and

find the scalar potential such that F .
(ii) Verity Green’s theorem for 3 x 2 8 y 2 dx 4 y 6 xy dy where C is the

C
boundary of the region defined by x y2 , y x2 .
OR
(b) Verify Gauss – divergence theorem for the vector function

f x3 yz i 2 x 2yj 2k over the cube bounded by x 0, y 0, z 0 and
x a,y a,z a.
13. (a) (i) Prove that every analytic function w u iv can be expressed as a function z alone,
not as a function of z .
(ii) Find the bilinear transformation which maps the points z 0,1, into
w i ,1, i respectively.
OR
1
(b) (i) find the image of the hyperbola x 2 y2 1 under the transformation w .
z
z
(ii) Prove that the transformation w maps the upper half of z - plane on to the
1 z
upper half of w - plane. What is the image of z 1 under this transformation?
7z 2
14. (a) (i) Find the Laurent’s series of f ( z ) in 1 z 1 3.
z (z 1)( z 2)
4 3z
(ii) Using Cauchy’s integral formula, evaluate dz , Where ‘ C ’ is the circle
C
z (z 1)( z 2)
3
z .
2
OR
x2 x 2
(b) (i) Evaluate dx using contour integration.
x4 10 x 2 9
2
d
(ii) Evaluate using contour integration.
0
2 cos
1 s
15. (a) (i) Apply convolution theorem to evaluate L 2
s2 a2
(ii) Find the Laplace transform of the following triangular wave function given by
t, 0 t
f (t ) and f (t 2 ) f (t ) .
2 t, t 2
OR
(b) (i) Verify initial and final value theorems for the function f (t ) 1 e t (sin t cos t ) .
(ii) Using Laplace transform solve the differential equation y 3y 4y 2e t with

y(0) 1 y (0) .

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MA6251 MATHEMATICS-II

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO

UNIT-1 VECTOR CALCULUS

1.1 Gradient-Directional Derivative 1

1.2. Divergence And Curl –Irrotational And Solenoidal Vector 4

1.3 Vector Integration 7

1.4 Green’s Theorem In A Plane;(Excluding proof) 9

1.5 Gauss Divergence Theorem:(Excluding proof) 10

1.6 Stoke’s Theorem(Excluding proof) 12

UNIT –II ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

2.1 Higher Order Linear Differential Equations With 14

2.2 Method of Variation of Parameters 22

2.3 Differential Equations for the Variable Coefficients 24

2.4 Simultaneous First Order Linear Equations with Constant Coefficients 26

3.1 Laplace transformation-Conditions and existence 28

3.2 Transforms of Elementary functions-Basic Properties 29

3.3 (a) Transforms of derivatives 31

(b)Derivatives and integrals of Transforms

3.4 Transforms of the unit step functions and impulse function 34

3.5 Transforms of periodic functions 35

3.6 Inverse Laplace Transform 36

3.7 Convolution theorem 42

3.8 Initial and final value theorems 45

3.9 Solution of linear ODE of Second Order with constant coefficients 47

UNIT-IV ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS

4.1 Introduction –Function of A Complex Variable 49

4.2 Analytic Functions(C-R Equations) 49

4.3 Harmonic and Orthogonal Properties Of Analytic Functions 51

4.4 Construction of Analytic Functions 56

4.5 Conformal Mapping 58

4.6 Bilinear Transformation 61

UNIT V- COMPLEX INTEGRATION

5.3 Cauchy’s Theorem 62

5.4 Taylor’s and Laurent’s Series Expansion. 64

5.7 Evaluation of real definite Integrals as contour integrals 72

UNIT I VECTOR CALCULUS 9+3

UNIT II ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 9+3

UNIT III LAPLACE TRANSFORM 9+3

UNIT IV ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 9+3

UNIT V COMPLEX INTEGRATION 9+3

2. Grewal. B.S, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, 41 (2011). Edition, Khanna Publications,

1.1(a) The Vector Differential Operator

1.1(b) The Gradient (Or Slope Of A Scalar Point Function)

Note: 1.1.1 ∇ is a vector differential operator and also it is a vector.

SCE 1 Dept of S&H

1.1.2. Directional Derivative

Unit Tangent vector=

Unit tangent vector= =

1.1.4 Normal Derivative

Normal derivative =|∇ |

1. What is the greatest rate of increase of = (1,0,3)

SCE 2 Dept of S&H

∴ Greatest rate of increase = | ∇ |

1. Find a unit vector normal to the surface + − = 10. (1,1,1)

1.1.6Angle Between The Surfaces

SCE 3 Dept of S&H

Equating the coefficients of , , ,we get

Integrating (1) p.w.r.to ‘x’ we get

1.2 Divergence And Curl –Irotational And Solenoidal Vector Fields:

1.2.1 Divergence and curl

1. If = + + then find = ∇. and ∇ ×

SCE 4 Dept of S&H

3. Prove that ( )=0