4.

0 INSTRUMENT

4.1 INSTRUMENT OF VERTICAL CONTROL (LEVELLING)

EQUIPMENT FUNCTION

Digital Precise Level  Use infrared detector to scan the bar-coded staff
 Scanned staff image is compared to actual staff
pattern stored in the instrument
 Provide staff reading and horizontal distance
 Levels are recorded automatically
 Processing software is available

Bar-coded staff  Use to measure vertical distances and an instrument

known as a level is required to define the horizontal
plane.
 Sectional and assembled by slotting onto one
another vertically.
 Made of aluminium alloy.

Tape  Observing an unknown distance between fixed

points.
 Laying out a known or required distance with only
the starting mark in place.
 Necessary in 2 peg test but optional in levelling
work

Tripod  A tripod provides stability against downward forces

and horizontal forces and movements about
horizontal axes.
 Used as a platform for supporting the weight and
maintaining the stability of some other object.
Bubble staff  Adjusting and centering an equipment.
 It will be attach to the leveling staff to make sure
the reading obtain is accurate.

Handles/Bipods
 To support precise staff
 For long observation period
 Stable (verticality)

Base/Chage Plate
 Staff are to be supported on turning points
 Made from mild steel
 Round head collars
 To reduce error during turning (for soft ground)

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4.2 INSTRUMENT OF HORIZONTAL CONTROL (TRAVERSING) AND DETAILING

EQUIPMENT FUNCTION

Total station  Combine three basic component of

electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM)
instrument, an electronic angle measurement
component and computer or micro processor.
 Average of multiple angle and distance
measurement.
 Correcting electronically measured distances for
prism constant, atmospheric pressure and
temperature.
 Making curvature and refractions corrections to
elevation determined by trigonometric leveling.

Prism  When laser enters at an angle to the face of the

prism, it is reflect.

Tripod  A tripod provides stability against downward

forces and horizontal forces and movements
about horizontal axes.
 Used as a platform for supporting the weight and
maintaining the stability of some other object.

Mini pole  As a base for mini prism

 Easily to move around
Mini prism
 To put the mini prism as a display be for put the
prism.
 When laser enters at an angle to the face of the
prism, it is reflect
 Small prism

Pegs  Used when certain points on the field require

more permanent marking.
 Size of the pegs (40 to 60 cm) depends on the
type of survey work they are used and the type
of soil they have to be driven in.
 The pegs should be driven vertically into the soil
the top should be clearly visible.

Tape  Observing an unknown distance between fixed

points.
 To find height of instruments and height of
target