FRESNEL FRAUHOFER DIFFRACTION

1. What is diffraction of light? Explain the essential difference between

interference and diffraction. Distinguish between Fresnel and Fraunhofer
class of diffraction.

2. Diffraction pattern of a single slit of width 0.5 cm is formed by a lens of

focal Length 40 cm. Calculate the distance between the first dark and
the next bright fringe from the axis. Wavelength of light used is 4890 Å.
3. A straight edge is illuminated by a plane wave of light with wavelength
6000 Å. Diffraction pattern is observed on screen kept at 50 cm from the
edge. Determine the position where most intense maximum occurs and the
distance between the above maximum and next minimum.

4. Explain the concept of rectilinear propagation of light based on Hygen-

Fresnel theory.

5. Distinguish between Fresnel’s and Fraunhofer’s diffraction.

6. Compare the diffraction phenomenon in case of circular hole and circular

obstacle.

7. Describe, with necessary theory, the Fresnel type of diffraction due to a

straight edge. Show the intensity distribution in the diffraction pattern and
comment on its features. How would you use it to determine the
wavelength of monochromatic light?

8. Diffraction pattern of a single slit of width 0.5 cm is formed by a lens of

focal Length 40 cm. Calculate the distance between the first dark and the
next bright fringe from the axis. Wavelength of light used is 4890 Å.
9. In an experiment with straight edge diffraction, the slit to edge distant is
1.00 m, and edge to screen distance is 2.00 m. If wavelength is 5000 Å,
deduce the separation of the first three bright fringes.

10.Explain Fraunhofer diffraction at single slit. Derive an expression for angular

separation between any two consecutive minima.

GRATING
1. A diffraction grating has 5000 lines/cm and the total ruled width is 5 cm.
Calculate for 6000 Å in second order. The dispersive power, (b) The resolving
power
11.Draw a diagram indicating the intensity distribution in the diffraction
pattern due to plane transmission grating where 3rd and 6th order maxima
are missing. What conclusion you draw about the nature of the ruling.

12. Explain the theory of plane transmission grating. Compare grating spectra
with prism spectra.

2. If grating element is changed, what will be the effect on ‘resolving power’

and ‘dispersive power’?

3.

RESOLVING POWER
4. What is resolving power of an optical instrument? Describe Rayleigh
criterion for resolution and determine the resolving power of telescope.

5. Show that resolving power of prism depends upon size of its base.

6. A microscope is used to resolve two self luminous objects, separated by a

distance of 4.00 X 10-5 cm. If wavelength of light be 5461 Ȧ, calculate
numerical aperture of the objective.

LASER
1. What is meant by population inversion in a lasing medium? Why is it called
a negative temperature state?

2. Explain any five applications of LASER.

3. Explain the role of resonator cavity in the production of laser beam.

4. Describe with suitable diagram the principle, construction and working of a

ruby laser. Write about any two applications of Laser.

5. A two A two -level pumping scheme can not be used for lasing. Explain.

6. The energy gap between two levels corresponds to wavelength λ = 5000 Ȧ.

Find the ratio of populations of the two states in thermal equilibrium at 27
oC.

POLARIZATION
7. Give the mathematical analysis of the superposition of two linearly
polarized waves at right angle to each other. State the condition when
 resultant waves will be (i) circularly polarized, (ii) elliptically polarized and
(iii) linearly polarized.

8. Define polarization. Unpolarized light falls on two polarizing sheets so

oriented that no light is transmitted from the combination. If a third
polarizing sheet is placed between them, can light be transmitted. Explain.

9. Explain method of producing polarization by reflection, refraction and

double refraction.

10.Explain the terms :- (a) uniaxial crystal.

a. (b) positive and negative crystal.

11. Explain production of linearly polarized light through Nicol prism

12. Calculate the thickness of the thinnest plate of quartz quarter wave plate for
sodium light of wavelength 583.0 nm, given that the index of refraction at a given
wavelength for quartz for ordinary and extra ordinary rays are 1.5442 and 1.5533
respectively.

MICHELSON

FABRY PAROT

1. Describe the construction and adjustment of Fabry Perot interferometer.

State superiority of Fabry Perot over Michelson interferometer.

2. Explain in detail the modified Michelson interferometer to measure

standard meter in terms of wavelength.

3. In a Michelson interferometer circular fringes are observed with sodium

yellow light (λ1 = 5890 Å,   λ 2 = 5890 Å ). Describe and explain what
changes are observed as the ‘separation’ of mirrors is increased from 0.1
mm to 2.4 mm.

4. Discuss the types of fringes we come across in Michelson interferometer.

5. Two Fabry-Perot interferometers have equal plate separation but the

coefficients of reflection are 0.8 and 0.9. Deduce the relative widths of the
maxima in the two cases.Explain how Michelson’s interferometer is used to
determine The wavelength of monochromatic light

(b) The wavelength difference of two very close spectral lines

(c) The thickness of thin transparent film.

6. Describe the construction, principle of action and production of
interference fringes with Fabry-Perot interferometer. Discuss the intensity
distribution of the fringes.

7. Sodium light consists of two wavelengths 5890 Å and 5896 Å, with

intensity ration 2:1. By how much should one mirror be moved to pass from
one position of minimum contrast between fringes to another same
position. Also calculate visibility of fringes at this position.

8. Compare the circular fringes observed in Michelson interferometer to that

of observed in Newton’s rings.

9. The spectrum line 5000 Å is a doublet. When used with a Fabry Perot
Interferometer, it is found that near the center of the interference
pattern, the two sets of rings coincide when the plates are very near and
again when the distance is increased by 1.7 cm. Find the difference of
wavelength of the doublet lie.