Integral Calculus Essentials

Vidyamandir Classes Integral Calculus - 1
Indefinite Integration
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Section - 1
1.1 Definition
The indefinite integral of a function f (x) with respect to x is another function g (x)
whose derivative is f (x).
i.e g (x ) = f (x)  indefinite integral of f (x) is g (x).
In Mathematical Notation, we write :
 d 
 f ( x )dx  g ( x )  C if and only if g (x)  as dx [ g ( x)  C ]  g '( x ) 
 
where C is an arbitrary constant i.e., independent of x.
Here  is the integral sign, f (x) is the intergrand, x is the variable of integration, dx is the element of integra
-tion, g (x) is the integral of the function f (x) and the process is known as Indefinite Integration.
The indefinite integral of a function is also called as antiderivative of that function.
1.2 Properties of Integral Calculus - 1
(i)  k f ( x )dx  k  f ( x) dx
(ii)  [ f1 ( x)  f 2 ( x)  f3 ( x)  . . . . . . . .  f n ( x)]dx
=  f 1 ( x) dx   f 2 ( x) dx   f 3 ( x ) dx  . . . . . . .   f n ( x ) dx
f '( x)
(iii)  dx  ln | f ( x) |  C
f ( x)
n [ f ( x)]n  1
(iv)  [ f ( x)] f '( x) dx  n 1
C
1
(v)  f ( x) dx  g ( x), then  f (ax  b) dx  a g (ax  b)  C
1.3 Standard Results in Integration
As integration is the process of finding the anti-derivatives of various functions, we can derive integrals of
various basic functions by using the definition of their derivatives.
For Example :
d
(sin x )  cos x   cos x dx  sin x  C
dx
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Integral Calculus - 1 Vidyamandir Classes
d x
(e )  e x  x
dx  e x  C
dx e
d
tan x  sec 2 x  2
 sec x dx  tan x  C
dx
In this way we can derive the integrals of many basic functions and learn them as formulas which can readily
be used to find the integrals of various complicated functions.
So from our experience in differentiation, we can derive the following results and can learn them as standard
formulas.
1.3.1 Integrals of Basic Algebraic Functions

Use the expressions for derivatives of trigonometric functions, we have the following results :
1 1 1
(i)  x2 dx   x  C (ii)  x
dx  2 x  C
2 1 1
(iii)  x dx 
3
x x C (iii)  x p dx  ( p  1) x p 1  C ( p  1)
In each of these results, verify that the derivatives of R.H.S is equal to the function that we are integrating.
All these can also be derived as special cases of the following general results.
n xn  1 1
 x dx = n  1  C (n  1) For n = –1, we have :  x dx  log | x |  C
1.3.2 Integrals of Basic Trigonometric Functions
Using the expressions for derivatives of trigonometric functions, we have the following results :
(i)  sin x dx   cos x  C (ii)  cos x dx  sin x  C

2 2
(iii)  sec x dx  tan x  C (iv)  cosec x dx   cot x  C
(v)  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C (vi)  cosec x cot x dx   cosec x  C

1.3.3 Integrals of Basic Inverse Trigonometric and Exponential Functions
Similarly, recall the derivatives of inverse and exponential function to prove the following results :
dx dx 1
(i)   sin 1x  C ; | x |  1 (ii)  1  x 2  tan xC
1  x2
dx
 sec 1 | x |  C ; | x |  1 x ax
(iii)  (iv)  a dx   C ; a  1, a  0
x x2  1 log a
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x
(v) e dx  e x  C
1.4 Further Generalisation of Some Results using property 1.2 (v)

1
 f ( x ) dx  g ( x)  C   f (ax  b) dx  a g(ax  b)  C where a and b are constants.
Using the above property, we can extend our list of basic formulas through the following results :
n1 (ax  b)n  1 dx 1  1 
(i)  (ax  b) dx  a n  1  C (ii)  (ax  b)2  a  ax  b   C
dx 1 dx 1 1
(iii)   2 ax  b  C (iv)  (ax  b) p  a ( p  1) (ax  b) p  1  C ( p  1)
ax  b a
1 1 1
(v)  ax  b dx  a log ax  b  C (vi)  sin (ax  b) dx   a cos (ax  b)  C
1 2 1
(vii)  cos (ax  b) dx  a sin (ax  b)  C (viii)  sec ( ax  b) dx  tan ( ax  b)  C
a
2 1 1
(ix)  cosec ( ax  b) dx   cot ( ax  b)  C (x)  sec ( ax  b) tan ( ax  b) dx  sec ( ax  b)  C
a a
1
(xi)  cosec (ax  b) cot (ax  b) dx   a cosec (ax  b)  C
ax  b 1 ax  b
(xii) e dx  e C
a
1.5 Integrals of tan x, cot x, sec x, cosec x

All these integrals can be evaluated using the result :
f  ( x)
 dx  log| f ( x ) |  C [Also given in Section 1.2 (iii)]
f ( x)
derivative of denominator
i.e.  dx  log denominator  C
denominator
sec x tan x
(i)  tan x dx   sec x
dx
  tan x dx  log | sec x |  C

cos x
(ii)  cot x dx   sin x dx  log| sin x |  C

sec x (sec x  tan x) sec 2 x sec x  tan x

(iii)  sec x dx   sec x  tan x
dx  
sec x  tan x
dx
 x
  sec x dx  log | sec x  tan x |  C  log tan     C
4 2
cosec x (cosec x  cot x ) cosec 2 x  cosec x cot x

(iv)  cosec x dx   cosec x  cot x dx   cosec x  cot x dx
  cosec x dx  log | cosec x  cot x |  C  log tan x / 2  C
Illustrating the Concepts :

Evaluate the following Integrals :
2 sin (2  3 x) 2x  3
(i)  sec (2  3x ) dx (ii)  cos 2 ( 2  3x) dx (iii) e dx
1 dx
(iv)  sec (2  3x ) dx (v)  4x  1
dx (vi)
 (1  2 x)3
Hint : Express Integrals in terms of standard results.
(i) 2 1
 sec (2  3x ) dx  tan (2  3 x)  C
3
sin (2  3 x)
(ii)  cos2 ( 2  3x) dx =  sec (2  3x) tan (2  3x) dx
1
=  3 sec (2  3 x)  C
2x  3 1 2x  3
(iii) e dx  e C
2
(iv)  sec (2  3 x) dx
1
= log | sec (2  3 x)  tan (2  3 x ) |  C
3
1 1
(v)  4x  1 4

dx  2 4 x  1  C 
dx 1  1 
(vi)  (1  2 x)3  2  2 (1  2 x)2   C
 


x 1 x2  1 x x4  1
(i)  x  1 dx (ii)  x2  1 dx (iii)  (2 x  1) dx (iv)  x2  1 dx
x7 x3 ax  b
(v)  x  1 dx (vi)  ( x  1)2 dx (vii)  cx  d dx
Hint: Express numerator in terms of denominator.
x 1 x 1 2  2  dx
(i)  x  1 dx   dx    1   dx =  dx  2   x  2 log | x  1|  C
x 1  x  1 x 1
x2  1 x2  1 2dx
(ii)  x2  1 dx   dx   = x – 2tan–1 x + C
x2  1 x2  1
x 1 2x  1  1 1 dx 1 dx
(iii)  (2 x  1)2 dx  2  (2 x  1)2 dx  2  (2 x  1)  2  (2 x  1)2
11  1  1  1  
= 2  2 log | 2 x  1|   2  2  2 x  1    C
    
x4  1 x4  1 2 dx
(iv)  x2  1 dx   dx   dx   ( x 2  1) dx  2 = x3/3 – x + 2 tan–1 x + C
2 2 2
x 1 x 1 x 1
x7 x7  1 dx ( x  1) ( x 6  x5  x 4  x3  x 2  x  1)
(v) dx 
 x 1  x 1 dx  
 x 1  dx  log | x  1|
x 1
x7 x6 x5 x 4 x3 x 2
       x  log | x  1|  C
7 6 5 4 3 2
x3 x3  1 dx x2  x  1 dx
 ( x  1)2 dx   dx   dx  
(vi) 2 =  ( x  1)
( x  1) 2 ( x  1) ( x  1) 2
x2  x 1  2x dx
=  x  1 dx   x  1 dx  
( x  1) 2
x 1 3dx dx
=  xdx  2  x  1 dx   x  1   ( x  1)2
x2 1
=  2 x  3 log | x  1|  C
2 x 1

 bc   bc 
(cx  d )   d   d  
ax  b a  a  a a a
(vii)
 cx  d dx  c  dx   dx    dx
cx  d c c cx  d
ax  ad  bc 
  log | cx  d |  C
c  c 2 

( sin 1x)3 4 log n x

 dx
(i)
1  x2
(ii)  sec x tan x dx (iii)  x
dx
x 5
(iv)  ( x 2  1) dx (v)  sin x cos x dx
n [ f ( x ) n  1]
Hint : Use  [ f ( x )] f  ( x ) dx  C
n1
(sin 1x)3 1
(i)  dx  (sin 1 x) 4  C
1  x2 4
4 3
(ii)  sec x tan x dx =  sec x (sec x tan x ) dx
sec 4 x
= C
4
log n x log n  1 x
(iii)  dx  C
x n 1
x 1 1
(iv)  ( x 2  1) dx  2  ( x 2  1)3 2 x dx
1 ( x 2  1)2
= C
2 2
5 sin 6 x
(v)  sin x cos x dx  C
6


x3 e x  e x ex  1
(i)  1  x4 dx (ii)  e x  e x dx (iii)  e x  1 dx
x3 dx tan x  1
(iv)  ( x2  1)2 dx (v)  a  be x dx (vi)  tan x  1 dx
sec x x2  1 dx
(vii)  log (sec x  tan x ) dx (viii)  x ( x2  1) dx (ix) x x
x dx sin 2 x
(x)  ( x 4  1) tan1 x 2 dx (xi)  x log x log log x (xii)  1  sin2 x dx
e x  1  xe  1
(xiii)  dx
e x  xe
f '( x)
Hint : Use  dx  log | f ( x) |  C .
f ( x)
x3 1 4 x3 1
(i)  1  x4 dx   1  x 4 dx  log |1  x 4 |  C
4 4
e x  e x
(ii)  e x  e x dx  log | e
x
 e x |  C
 e x / 2  e  x / 2 
x x /2  x /2
e 1 e e
(iii)  e x  1 dx  e x / 2  e x / 2  2 2 e x /2
e x/ 2
dx  2 log | e x / 2  e x / 2 |  C
x3 x3  x xdx x x
(iv)  ( x 2  1)2 dx   dx    dx   dx
2 2 2 2 2
( x  1) ( x  1) x 1 ( x  1) 2
2
1 2x 1 2x 1 1 1 
=  dx   dx  log | x 2  1|  C.
2
2 x 1 2
2 ( x  1) 2 2 2  x 2  1 
dx e x 1  ae x
 a  be x  dx   dx =  1 log | ae  x  b |  C
(v)
ae  x  b a  ae x  b a
tan x  1 sin x  cos x

(vi)  tan x  1 dx   sin x  cos x dx  log |sin x  cos x |  C
sec x d
(vii)  log (sec x  tan x) dx  log | log (sec x  tan x) |  C Note :
dx
log (sec x  tan x)  sec x
1
2 1 2
x 1 x dx  log x  1  C
(viii)  dx  
2 1 x
x ( x  1) x
x
1
dx dx 2 x dx  2 log | x  1|  C
(ix)  x    2
x x  x  1  x  1
2x
x 1 1  x4 1 1 2
(x)  ( x 4  1) tan 1 x2 dx  2  tan 1 x 2 dx  2 log | tan x |  C
1
dx
(xi) dx x log x
 x log x log log x   log log x
 log | log log x |  C
sin 2 x 2
(xii)  1  sin 2 x dx  log |1  sin x|C
e x 1  x e 1 1 e x  exe 1 1
(xiii)  dx   dx  log | e x  x e |  C
e x  xe e e x  xe e
1.6 Integration of some trigonometric Functions using Standard Results

When the integrand is a trigonometrical function, we use the trigonometrical formulae to transform the given
function into standard integrands or their algebraic sum. Before proceeding further in this section your must
revise all the trigonometric formulae given in Module - 1.
Based on Trigonometric formulae, study the following examples.
Evaluate :
2 3 4 4
(i)  sin x dx (ii)  sin x dx (iii)  sin x dx (iv)  sin x cos 4 x dx
Hint : Reduce the degree of integrand to one by transforming it into multiple angles of sine and
cosine.
2 1  cos 2 x 1  sin 2 x 
(i)  sin x dx   dx   x  C
2 2 2 

3 3 sin x  sin 3 x
(ii)  sin x dx   dx
4
1
3sin x dx   sin 3x dx 
4 
= 
1 cos 3x 
=  3cos x  C
4 3 
3 1
= cos x  cos 3 x  C
4 12
2
4  1  cos 2 x 
(iii)  sin x dx    2  dx
1 1
=  (1  2 cos 2 x) dx   (cos 2 2 xdx)
4 4
x 1 1
=  sin 2 x   (1  cos 4 x) dx
4 4 8
x 1 x sin 4 x
=  sin 2 x   C
4 4 8 32
4 1
(iv)  sin x cos 4 x dx   sin 4 2 x
16
Now proceed on the pattern of  sin 4 x dx .

dx dx
Evaluate : (i)  1  sin x (ii)  1  cos x .
dx 1  sin x  x
(i)  1  sin x   dx tan   
2
cos x = 1 sec2    x  dx  1  4 2 C
2   4 2 2 1/ 2
=  sec2 x dx   sec x tan x dx
 x
= tan x – sec x + C =  tan   C
4 2
Alternative Method
dx 1  cos x
dx dx dx (ii)  1  cos x 
 1  sin x    

 x sin 2 x
1  cos   x  2 cos 2   
2   4 2 =  cosec2 x dx   cosec x cot x dx
= – cot x  cosec x  C

Alternative Method
dx dx 1 2 x
 1  cos x   2 cos2 x / 2  2  sec 2
dx
1 tan x / 2 x
=  C  tan  C
2 1/ 2 2
Evaluate the following integrals :

2
(i)  sin 2 x sin 3 x dx (ii)  sin 2 x cos 4 x cos 5 x dx (iii)  sin x cos 2 x dx
Hint : Apply trigonometric formulas to convert product form of sines and cosines into sum of sines
and consines of multiple angle.
1
(i)  sin 2 x sin 3 x dx  2  2 sin 2 x sin 3x dx
1 1 1
=  (cos x  cos 5 x ) dx  sin x  sin 5 x  C
2 2 10
1
(ii)  sin 2 x cos 4 x cos 5 x dx  2   2 sin 2 x cos 4 x  cos 5 x dx
1 1 1
=  (sin 6 x  sin 2 x ) cos 5 x dx   2 sin 6 x cos 5 x dx   2 sin 2 x cos 5 x dx
2 4 4
1 1
=  (sin 11x  sin x) dx   (sin 7 x  sin 3x ) dx
4 4
1 cos 11x 1 1 cos 7 x 1 cos 3 x
=  cos x   C
4 11 4 4 7 4 3
2 1 1 1  cos 4 x 1 sin 4 x 
(iii)  sin x cos 2 x dx   sin 2 2 x dx   dx   x  C
4 4 2 8 4 

Illustration - 1 dx 1
If :  a sin x  b cos x  k log cos ec( x  )  cot( x  )  C , then :
a b
(A) k  a 2  b 2 ,   tan 1   (B) k  a 2  b 2 ,   tan 1  
b a
a b
(C) k  a 2b2 ,   tan 1   (D) k  a 2  b 2 ,   tan 1  
b a
SOLUTION : (B)
dx 1 dx
 a sin x  b cos x  2  a b
a2  b sin x  cos x
a 2  b2 a 2  b2
1 dx

2  sin x cos   cos x sin  where  = tan–1 (b/a)
a2  b
1
  cosec ( x  ) dx
2 2
a b
1
 log | cosec ( x   )  cot ( x   ) |  C
2 2 where  = tan–1 (b/a)
a b
METHOD OF INTEGRATION
We have the following methods of Integration :

(a) Integration by Substitution (or change of independent variable)
(b) Integration by Parts
(c) Integration by Partial Fraction

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - A
Evaluate the following integrals.

2
 1  x3  3 x 2  4
(i)   x  x  dx (ii)  x
dx
dx x3  3x 2  2 x  1
(iii)  ax  b  ax  c (iv)  x 1
dx
3 2
(v)  cos x dx (vi)  (tan x  cot x) dx
 e 
a log x
(vii)  sin x 1  cos 2 x dx (viii)  e x log a dx
(ix)  cos x cos 2 x cos3x dx (x)  (1  x) 1  x dx
2x  3 sin x  cos x
(xi)  dx (xii)  dx
2x  1 1  sin 2 x
sin 2 x
(xiii)  sin x cos x ( sin2 x  cos 2 x ) dx (xiv)  (1  cos x)2 dx
1 1
(xv)  1  sin xdx (xvi)  1  cosxdx

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION Section - 2

2.1 Introduction
If g (x) is a continuous and differentiable function, then to evaluate the integral of the form  f [ g ( x)] g  ( x ) dx,
we substitute g (x) = t and g (x) dx = dt.
The substitution reduces the integral  f [ g ( x )] g  ( x) dx to the form  f (t ) dt i.e.

We have changed the variable of integration form x to t. This substitution process can reduce the integrand
to the form where we can evaluate the integral by using the standard results or it can reduce the complexity
of the integrand. After evaluating this integral we substitute back the value of t.
Illustration - 2
x
e ( x  1) cos ( x e x ) dx 
(A) sin( xe x ) (B) cos( xe x ) (C) e x sin x (D) e x cos x

SOLUTION : (A)
The given integral is in terms of the variable x, we The given integral =  cos ( xe x ) [e x ( x  1) dx ]
can simplify the integral by connecting it in the terms
of another variable t using substitution. =  cos t dt  sin t  C
Here let us put xex = t = sin (x ex ) + C
and hence xex dx + exdx = dt Note : The final result of the problem must be in terms
 ex (x + 1) dx = dt of x.

x2 dx x2
Evaluate : (i)  1  x6 dx (ii) x 3 x
(iii)  dx
1 x
(i) Let x3 = t  3x2 dx = dt 3 3
 log | t 2  1|  C  log | x 2/3  1|  C
x 2dx 1 3x 2dx 1 dt 2 2
  1  x6 3  1  x6  3  1  t 2
 (iii) Let 1+x=t 2
 dx = 2t dt
1 1 1 1 3 (t 2  1)2 4 2
= tan t  C  tan x  C
3 3
  t 2t dt  2  (t  2t  1) dt
3 x indicates that we should try x = t3
(ii) t5 4t 3
= 2  2t  C
 dx = 3t2 dt 5 3
dx 3t 2 dt tdt 3 2t dt 2 4
(1  x)5/ 2  2 1  x  (1  x )3/ 2  C
x3x  3  =

t3  t t2  1 2  t2  1 3 3


1 x
a x  tan a
x
Evaluate : (i)  dx (ii)  sin  cos3  d  (iii)  dx
a2 x  1 1  x3
(i) The given integral can be written as : (ii) L et sin  = t2  cos  d = 2t dt

1 x 
a x a tan a
 dx
a2 x  1  sin  cos3  d    sin  (1  sin 2 ) cos  d 
Let tan–1 ax = t =  t (1  t 4 ) 2t dt
1
a x log a dx  dt

1 a 2x 2t 3 2t 7 2 2
=   C  (sin )3/2  (sin )7/ 2  C
3 7 3 7
1 x
a tan a a x log a dx at dt (iii) The given integral is
 I  
log a (1  a 2 x ) log a
x dx
I 
1 at 1  x3
 I C
log a log a
x appears in the derivative of x3/2
1 x hence, let x3/2 = t  3/2 x dx = dt
a tan a
 I C 3
(log a )2  I  2 2 x dx  2 dt

3 1  x3 
3 1  t2
2 2
 sin 1 t  C  sin 1 x3/ 2  C
3 3
Evaluate the following integrals :
2 3 4 4
(i)  tan x dx (ii)  tan x dx (iii)  tan x dx (iv)  sec x dx
2
(i)  tan x dx   (sec 2 x  1) dx  tan x  x  C
2
3 2 =  tan x sec2 x dx   tan 2 x dx
(ii)  tan x dx   tan x (sec x  1) dx
2
tan 3 x
  tan x sec x dx   tan x dx =  tan x  x  C [from (i)]
3
4
tan 2 x (iv)  sec x dx   sec 2 sec2 x dx
  log | sec x |  C
2
=  (1  tan 2 x ) sec2 x dx
4 2 2
(iii)  tan x dx  tan x (sec c  1) dx

=  (1  t 2 ) dt  t  t 3 / 3  C
tan 3 x
= tan x  C
3
General Procedure :
When the integrand is of the form tannx secnx, the following cases arise :
(a) When m is even positive integer, substitute tanx = z.
(b) When n is odd positive integer, substitute secx = z.
When the integrand is of the form cot n x cosec m x, the following cases arise :
(a) When m is even positive integer, substitute cotx = z.
(b) When n is odd positive integer, substitute cosec = z.
Evaluate : (i)  sin 3 x cos 4 x dx (ii)  sin

5
x dx
3
(i)  sin x cos 4 x dx   sin 2 x cos 4 x (sin x dx)
=   (1  cos 2 x)2 ( sin x dx)
   (1  t 2 ) t 4 dt where t = cos x
   (1  t 2 )2 dt where t = cos x
7 5 7 5
t t cos x cos x
  C   C t 5 2t 3
7 5 7 5    (1  t 4  2t 2 ) dt   t   C
5 3
5
(ii)  sin x dx   sin 4 x sin x dx
cos5 x 2
  cos x   cos3 x  C
5 3
General Procedure :
When the integrand is of the form sinmx cosnx, the following cases arise :
(a) When m is odd positive integer, substitute cosx = z.
(b) When n is odd positive integer, substitute sinx = z.

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - B
Evaluate the following Integrals.

dx
(i)  e x  e x
x5
(ii)  (1  x3 )2 dx
x3
(iii)  dx
8
x 1
2 x tan 1 x 2
(iv)  dx
1  x4
sin x  cos x
(v)  (sin x  cos x)3 dx
x dx
(vi)  (ax 2  b) p
cos3 x
(vii)  sin x dx
3
(viii)  cos x tan x dx
6
(ix)  tan x sec x dx
3 5
(x)  tan x sec x dx
dx
(xi)  x cos2 (log x)
x3dx
(xii)  ( x 2  a 2 )3/2

2.2 Some Important Substitutions

Following are some important substitutions useful in evaluating integrals.
Expression Substitution
a2 + x2 x = a tan or x = a cot
a2 – x2 x = a sin or x = a cos
x2 – a2 x = a sec or x = a cosec
ax ax
or x = a cos2
ax ax
x
or ( x  ) (  x) x =  cos2 +  sin2
 x
2.3 Some standard results derived using substitution method

dx 1 1 x
 a2  x2  a tan a
C [use x = a tan  or x = a cot  to derive the result]
dx 1 xa
 x2  a 2  2a log xa
C [use x = a sec or x = cosec to derive the result]
dx 1 ax
 a 2  x2  2a og ax
C [use x = a cos or x = a sin to derive the result]
dx
  log x  x 2  a 2  C
[use x = a tan or x = cot to derive the result]
x2  a2
dx
  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 2 [use x = a sec or x = a cosec to derive the result]
x a
dx  x
  sin 1    C
a [use = x a sin  or x = a cos  to derive the result]
a 2  x2
dx 1 x
  sec1 C
a a [use x = a sec or x = a cosec  to derive the result]
x x2  a2
x a2
 a 2  x 2 dx  a 2  x2  log x  a 2  x 2  C [Use x = tan  or x = cot  to drive the result]
2 2

x 2 a2
 x 2  a 2 dx  x  a2  log x  x 2  a 2  C [Use x = sec  or x = cosec  to derive the result]
2 2
x 2 a2 x
 a 2  x 2 dx  a  x2  sin 1  C [Use x = sin  or x = cos  to derive the result]
2 2 a
2.4 Evaluation of Integrals of various types based on the formulas given in section 2.3
2.4.1 Type-I
1 1
Integrals of the type  ax2  bx  cdx,  dx,  ax 2  bx  c dx .
2
ax bx  c
To evaluate this type of integrals we express quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square
and then apply the formulas given in section 2.3.
dx
TYPE :  ax2  bx  2
dx dx dx
Evaluate : (i)  x2  x  1 (ii)  1  4 x  2 x2 (iii)  x2  6 x  1
dx dx
(i)  x2  x  1   dx 1 dx
1 3 1 (ii)   
x2  2 x   1  4x  2x 2 2 1 / 2  ( x 2  2 x)
2 4 4
1 dx
dx =  2
2  3 / 2   ( x  1) 2
=  2  2
 1 3
a     
1 1 3/2  x 1
 2  2 
= 2 log C
2 3/ 2 3 / 2 ( x  1)
1  x  1/ 2 
= tan 1  C dx dx
3/2  3/2  (iii)  x2  6 x  1   x 2  6 x  9  8
2  2x 1 
= tan 1  C
dx
3  3  =  ( x  3)2  (2 2)2
1 x 3 2 2
 log C
2(2 2) x32 2

dx
TYPE : 
ax 2  bx  C
dx dx
Evaluate : (i) I   (ii) I 
2 
1 x  x 2x2  6x  2
dx
dx (ii) Let I= 
(i) Let I 
2 2 x2  6 x  2
1 x  x
Now 2x2 + 6x + 2 = 2 (x2 + 3x + 1)
Treat 1 – x – x2 as 1 – (x + x2)  2
6x 9 9  3  5
= 5/4 – (x2 + x + 1/4) = 5/4 – (x + 1/2)2 = 2  x 2     1   2  x    
 2 4 4   2  4
dx  x  1/ 2  
 I   sin 1   This is in the form x2 – a2.
2  5/2 
5  1
 x    I 1 dx
4  2 
2 ( x  3 / 2)2  5 / 4
1  2 x  1 
= sin  C 1 3
 5   log x   ( x  3 / 2) 2  5 / 4  C
2 2
TYPE :  ax 2  bx  c dx
Illustration - 3 2x  5 2 5
If I   x 2  5 x  1 dx  x  5 x  1  A log x   x 2  5 x  1  C , then A =
4 2
21 21 21 21
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 4 8 8
SOLUTION : (D)
Let I=  x 2  5 x  1 dx   ( x  5 / 2)2  21/ 4 dx

x5/ 2 2 21
 x  5 x  1  log x  5 / 2  ( x  5 / 2) 2  21 / 4  C
2 8
2x  5 2 21
 x  5 x  1  log x  5 / 2  x 2  5 x  1  C
4 8

2.4.2 Type-II
Integrals of the type :
px  q px  q p ( x)
(a)  ax2  bx  c dx, (b)  dx, (c)  ax2 bx  c dx
ax 2  bx  c
where p (x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 2.
To evaluate the integrals of type (a) and (b) we express the linear factor in the numerator as :
px + q = m (derivative of quadratic expression in the denominator) + n
(where m and n are unknown constant to be determined by equating the coefficients of x and constant
terms on both sides)
 px + q = m (2 ax + b) + n
 2am = p . . . (i) and mb + n = q . . . (ii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we get m = p/2a and n = q - bp/2a
Consider type (a)
px  q p 2ax  b  bp  1
 ax2  bx  c dx  2a  ax2  bx  c dx   q  2a  ax 2  bx  c dx
P  bp  dx
 log ax 2  bx  c   q   
2a  2
2a  ax  bx  c
The other integral on RHS can be evaluated with the help of methods discussed in section 2.41
Consider type (b)
px  q p 2ax  b  bp  1
 dx   dx   q    dx
ax 2  bx  c 2a ax 2 bx  c  2a  ax 2  bx  c
px  q p  bp  1
  dx  ax 2  bx  c   q    dx
ax 2  bx  c a  2a  ax 2  bx  c
The other integral on RHS can be evaluated with the help of methods discussed in section 2.4.1.
Consider type (c)
In this case divide the numerator by the denominator and express the integrand as :
R ( x)
Q ( x)  , where R (x) is a linear function of x.
2
ax  bx  c
P ( x) R ( x)
Therefore  ax2  bx  c dx   Q ( x)dx   ax2  bx  c dx
Now to evaluate the integral on RHS apply the method discussed in part (a).

Illustration - 4
3x  1
If   A x 2  4 x  1  B log x  2  x 2  4 x  1  C , then :
2
x  4x 1
(A) A = 3, B = 5 (B) A  3, B  5 (C) A  3, B  5 (D) A  3, B  5
SOLUTION : (C)
The linear expression in the numerator can be
expressed as : Let I1  3  2 x  4 3 dt
 
2 x2  4x 1 2 t
 d 
3 x  1  l  ( x 2  4 x  1)   m
 dx  (where t = x2 + 4x + 1)
 3 x  1  l (2 x  4)  m
 3 t  C  3 x2  4 x  1  C
Comparing the coefficient of x and x0,
3 = 2l and l = 4l + m dx dx
Let I 2  5  5
 l = 3/2 and m=–5
x2  4 x 1  x  2 2  3
3x  1 3 / 2 (2 x  4)  5
 I=   dx
2 2
x  4x 1 x  4x 1 = 5 log | x  2  ( x  2) 2  3 |  C
3 2 x  4 dx dx  I = I1 – I2
   5
2 x2  4x 1 x2  4 x  1
= 3 x 2  4 x  1  5log x  2  x 2  4 x  1  C
Illustration - 5 x2  x  1 x  4x 1 
If  2 x2  x  2 dx  2  A log 2 x
2
 x  2  B tan 1    C , then :
 15 
3 3 3 3
(A) A  ,B  (B) A  ,B 
8 4 15 8 4 15
3 3 3 3
(C) A ,B  (D) A ,B 
8 4 15 8 4 15
SOLUTION : (C)
Express numerator in terms of denominator and its 1 / 2 (2 x 2  x  2)  3 / 8 (4 x  1)  3 / 8
derivative. =  dx
2 x2  x  2
Let x2 – x + 1 = l (2x2 + x + 2) + m (4x + 1) + n
1 3 4x 1 3 dx
 1 = 2l, – 1 = l + 4m, 1 = 2l + m + n,   dx   dx  
2 2
8 2x  x  2 2
8 2x  x  2
   1 / 2, m  3 / 8, n  3 / 8
x 3 3
2
x  x 1 =  log | 2 x 2  x  2 |  I1
2 8 8
 I=  2 x2  x  2 dx

dx
where I1 =  2x2  x  2
1 dx 1 dx
   
2 x  1/ 2 x  1 / 16  1 / 16  1 2 ( x  1 / 14) 2  15 / 16
2
1 1  x  1/ 4  2  4x 1 
 tan 1   C  tan 1  C
2 15 / 4  15 / 4  15  15 
 I  x  8 log | 2 x 2  x  2 |  3 tan 1  4 x  1   C
2 3 4 15  15 
2.4.3 Type-III
Integrals of the type
dx dx dx
 a sin 2 x  b cos2 x ,  a  b sin 2 x ,  a  b cos x, ,
dx f (tan x ) dx
 (a sin x  b cos x)2 ,  a b sin 2 x  cos2 x  d sin x cos x where f (tanx) is a polynomial
in tan x.
To evaluate this type of integrals we proceed in the following manner :
STEP - I Divide numerator and denominator both by cos2x.
STEP - II Put tanx = t, sec2 x dx = dt.
This substitution will convert the trigonometric integral into algebraic integral.
f (t )dt
After employing these steps the integral will reduce to the form  ,
2
At  B  C
where f (t) is a polynomial in t.
This integral can be evaluated by methods discussed in section 2.41 and 2.42.
Illustration - 6 dx
 3 sin2 x  4 cos 2 x 
1  tan x  1  tan x 
(A) tan 1   (B) tan 1  
2/ 3 2/ 3 6/ 3  2/ 3 
1  tan x  1  tan x 
(C) tan 1   (D) tan 1  
2/ 3  6/ 3  6/ 3 6/ 3

SOLUTION : (B)
dx sec 2 x
 3sin 2 x  4 cos 2 x =  3 tan 2 x  4 dx
1 dt 1 1  t 
= 3 2  tan 1  C where tan x = t
t  (2 3)2 3 2 3 2 3
1  3 
= tan 1  tan x   C
2 3  2 
2.4.4 Type-IV
 x
dx dx dx f  tan  dx
Integrals of the type  a sin x  b cos x ,  a  b sin x ,  a  b cos x ,  2
 a sin x  b cos x  c
where f (tan x/2) is a polynomial in tan x/2.
x x
2 tan 1  tan 2
2 and cos  2
STEP - I Put sin x = x x
1  tan 2 1  tan 2
2 2
STEP - II Replace 1 + tan2 x/2 in the numerator by sec2x/2.
1 2x
STEP - III Put tan x /2 = t and sec dx  dt
2 2
After performing these three steps the integral reduces to the form  f (t ) dt where f (t) is a polyno
At 2  BT  C
-mial in t. This integral can be evaluated by methods discussed in section 2.41 and 2.42.
dx dx
Evaluate : (i)  4  5 sin x (ii) where a, b > 0.
 a  b cos x
dx
(i) Let I=  4  5sin x
1 t2 2t 2dt
 cos x  ; sin x  ; dx 
x
t 1 t2 1 t2 1 t2
Put tan  x = 2 tan–1 t
2

2dt Case 1 : Let a = b

 I  1 t2 
2dt
2 2dt 2t 2 x
 2t  4t  10t  4  I    tan  C
4  5 2 ab ab ab 2
1 t 
Case 2 : Let a > b
1 dt
=  2  1 2dt
2 t  5t / 2  1 I 
a  b a  b  t2
1 dt ab
= 
2 (t  5 / 4) 2  9 / 16 2 a b 1  a  b 
= a b a b tan  t   C
1 1
log
t 5/ 43/ 4
C  ab 
=
2 23 / 4 t 5/ 43/ 4 
2 x ab 
 tan 1  tan   C
x 2
a b 2  2 a  b 
1 4t  2 1 1 2 tan
 log  C  log 2 C
x Case 3 : Let a < b
3 4t  8 3 2 tan  4
2 2dt 2 dt
I   
( a  b)  (b  a )t 2 ba b  a 2
dx t
(ii)  a  b coc x where a, b > 0. ba
ba
Let tan x/2 = t t
2 ba ba
2dt = log C
ba 2 ba ba
dx 1 t2 t
 I=  a  b cos x   1 t 2 
ba
a b  x
1 t2  b  a  b  a tan
  1 2 C
= log
2dt 2 2 x
b a b  a  b  a tan
  ( a  b )  ( a  b) t 2 2
2.4.5 Type-V
a sin x  b cos x
Integrals of the type  c sin x  d cos x dx .
To evaluate this type of integrals express numerator as follows :
Numerator = m (Derivative of Denominator) + n (denominator)
 (a sinx + b cosx) = m (c cosx – d sinx) + n (c sinx + d cosx)
where m and n are constants to be determined by comparing the coefficients of sinx and cosx on both
sides.
Therefore,
a sin x  b cos x m (c cos x  d sin x)  n (c sin x  d cos x )
 c sin x  d cos x dx =  c sin x  d cos x
dx

d
(c sin x  d cos x )
 m  dx dx  n  dx
c sin x  d cos x
 mln | c sin x  d cos x |  nx  C
Illustration - 7
2 sin x  3 cos x
If  dx  ax  blog sin x  4 cos x  C , then a  b 
sin x  4 cos x
9 9 19 19
(A) (B) (C) (D)
17 17 17 17
SOLUTION : (A)
Let 2 sin x + 3 cos x = l (sin x + 4 cos x ) 2sin x  3cos x
 I  dx
+ m (cos x – 4 sin x) sin x  4 cos x
Comparing coefficients of sin x and cos x :
 I  14 sin x  4 cos x dx  5 cos x  4 sin x dx
2 = l – 4 m, 3 = 4l + m 17  sin x  4 cos x 17  sin x  4 cos x
 l = 14/17 m = – 5/17
14 5
 I x log | sin x  4 cos x |  C
17 17
2.4.6 Type - VI
Integrals of the type a sin x  b cos x  c

 p sin x  q cos x  r dx .
Numerator = l (Derivative of Denominator) + m (denominator) + n
 a sinx + b cosx + c = l (c cosx – d sinx) + m (c sinx + d cosx) + n
where l, m and n are constants to be determined by comparing the coefficients of sinx, cos x and constant
terms on both sides.
Therefore,
a sin x  b cos x  c l ( p cos x  q sin x  r )  m ( p sin x  q cos x  r )  n
 p sin x  q cos x  r dx   p sin x  q cos x  r
dx
d
( p sin x  q cos x  r )
dx
 l  dx dx  m  dx  n 
p sin x  q cos x  r p sin x  q cos x  r
dx
 l ln | p sin x  q cos x  r |  nx  n  C
p sin x  q cos x  r
The last integral on RHS can be evaluated by the methods given in Section. 2.44.

2.5 Special Type of Integrals

The following examples cover special type of algebraic integrals in which denominator is quadratic in x2.
x2  1 x2  1
Evaluate : (i)  x2  1 dx (ii)  x4  1 dx
(i) Let (ii) Let

1
2 1
1 2
1
1 2
1
I2  
x 1
dx   x 2 dx
2
I1  
x 1
dx   x dx  x dx x4  1  2 1 
4
x 1 2 1  1
2 x  2 
 x 
x 2  
x x  2
 x
1
dt 1 1 2
 where t = x  x
t2  2 x = 
2
dx
 1
x  2
 2   x
1 1  1  1 1 x  1
 tan    C  tan  C
2  2 2  x 2 
  dt 1
Let I2 =  t2  2 where t = x +
x
1 t 2
= log C
2 2 t 2
1 x2  x 2  1
= log C
2 2 x2  x 2  1
Illustration - 8
x2  1 1  x2 1 
If  dx  f   C , then f ( x) 
( x 2  1) x 4  1 2  x 2 
(A) sin 1 x (B) tan 1 x (C) sec1 x (D) log x

SOLUTION : (C)
The given integral is
1 1
1 2 1 2
x x dt
I  dx   dx   1
x2  1 x4  1  1 2 1 t t2  2 where x  = t.
x  x  2 x
x x2  x x

2
1 t 1 1 x  1
 I sec1 C sec C
2 2 2 x 2
IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - C

x
(i)  x2  x  1dx
(ii)  (3x  2) x2  4 x  1 dx
(iii)  ( x  1) x 2  x  1 dx
(iv) x2  x  1
 2 x2  4 x  1dx
(v) dx
 4 sin2 x  4 sin x cos x  5 cos 2 x
dx
(vi)  4  5 cos x
3 sin x  2 cos x
(vii)  3cos x  2sin x dx
2  3 cos x
(viii)  sin x  2 cos x  3 dx
dx dx
(ix) (x)  cos x ( sin x  2 cos x)
 (2 sin x  3 cos x)2
x2 dx
(xi)  x4  1dx (xii)
 x4  1
(xiii)  tan x dx (xiv)  cot x dx
dx
(xv)  sin4 x  cos 4 x

INTEGRATION BY PARTS Section - 3
When integrand involves more than one type of functions we may solve them by the use of a rule which is
known as integration by Parts. The rule, its derivation and uses are given below :
3.1 Derivation of the result

d dv du
We known that  uv   u  v
dx dx dx
 d (uv) = udv + vdu   d (uv)   udv   vdu   udv  uv   vdu
If we take u as part 1 and dv as part 2, then the above result can be written as :
 (part 1) (part 2) = (part 1) [integral of part 2] –  [integral of part 2] [differential of part 1]
3.2 Proper choice of first and second functions

Integration with the help of above rule is called Integration by Parts. In the above rule there are two terms on
RHS and in both in terms integral on the second function is involved. Therefore in the product of two
functions if one of the two functions is not directly integrable (e.g. log x, sin–1x, cos–1, tan–1x etc.) we take it
as the first function and the remaining function is taken as the second function. If there is no other function,
then unity is taken as the second function. If in the integrand both the functions are easily integrable, then the
first function is chosen in such a way that the derivative of the function is a simple function and the function
thus obtained under the integral sign is easily integrable than the original function.
Usually, the following order is useful in deciding the first part. The function on the left is taken as the first
part and the function on right is taken as second part.
Inverse, logarithmic, algebraic, trigonometric exponents
The above rule to decide between first and second part is known as I L A T E rule.
Illustration - 9
 x cos x dx 
(A) x sin x  cos x (B) x cos x  sin x (C) x(sin x  cos x) (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (A)
x cos x dx
I   x  cos x dx    cos x dx  dx
part1 part 2
 I = x sin x –  sin x dx  x sin x  cos x  C


Study the following examples carefully .
2 1 1 x
(i)  x sec x dx (ii)  sin x dx (iii)  tan x dx (iv)  xe dx (v)  log x dx
2
(vi) x sin x dx
2
(i)  x sec x dx = x  sec2 x dx   tan x dx (iii) 1
x dx = tan 1 x  dx  
x
 tan 1  x2
dx
= x tan x  log | sec x |  C
1
(ii) 1 x tan 1 x  log |1  x 2 |  C
 sin x dx 2
x dx
 sin 1 x  dx   (iv)  xe
x
dx = x  e x dx   e x dx  xe x  e x  C
2
1 x
1
 x sin x  
1 2x
1
dx
(v)  log x dx  log x  dx   x x dx  x log x  x  C
2 1 x
2
1 dt (vi) x sin x dx  x 2  sin x dx   ( cos x ) 2 x dx
= x sin–1 x +  where 1 – x2 = t
2 t   x 2 cos x  2  x cos x dx
1 1 2
= x sin–1 x + 2 t  C  x sin x  1  x  C
2   x 2 cos x  2  x  cos x dx   sin x dx 
 
=  x 2 cos x  2 x sin x  2 cos x  C
Illustration - 10 2 x2  1 x
1
If  x sin x dx  4
f ( x)  g ( x )  C , then :
4
1
(A) f ( x)  sin 1 x, g ( x)  (B) f ( x )  sin 1 x, g ( x)  1  x 2
2
1 x
1
(C) f ( x )  tan 1 x, g ( x )  (D) f ( x )  tan 1 x, g ( x)  1  x 2
2
1 x

SOLUTION : (B)
1 1 x 2dx x2 1 1 1  x2  1
 sin x x dx = sin x  x dx    sin x   dx
2 1  x2 2 2 1  x2
x2 1 1 2 1 dx
= 2 sin x  2  1  x dx  2 
1  x2
x2 1 x 1  1
= sin 1 x   1  x 2  sin 1 x   sin 1 x  C
2 2 2 2  2
2 x 2  1 1 x
 sin x  1  x2  C
4 4
3.3 Integrals of the Type  e ax sin bx dx, e ax cos bx dx
Let I   eax sin bx dx

Integrate by parts taking eax as the first part, we get
eax cos bx   cos bx 
I   aeax   dx
b  b 
On integrating the second term by parts again, we get
1 ax a 1 a 
I  e cos bx   eax sin bx   eax sin bx dx 
b b b b 
1 a ax a2  a2  e ax
 I   e ax cos bx  e sin x  I  1 

 I (a sin bx  b cos bx )
b b2 b2  b 2  b2
e ax
 I ( a sin bx  b cos bx)
a 2  b2
eax
Similarly show that  e ax cos bx  (a cos bx + b sin bx)
a2  b2
Illustration - 11 x
e sin x dx 
ex ex
(A) (sin x  cos x ) (B) (sin x  cos x )
2 2
ex ex
(C) (cos x  sin x) (D) ( cos x  sin x )
2 2

SOLUTION : (B)
Let I =  e x sin x dx I  e x (sin x  cos x)   e x sin x dx
 I   sin x e x dx  sin x  e x dx   e x cos x dx  I  e x (sin x  cos x )  I

I  I  e x (sin x  cos x)
 I  e x sin x   cos x e x dx
I  e x / 2 (sin x  cos x )  C
I  e sin x  cos x  e x dx   e x ( sin x dx ) 
x
 
Illustration - 12 3
 sec x dx 
1
(A) sec x tan x  log sec x  tan x (B) sec x tan  log sec x  tan x 
2
1 2
(C) sec 2 x tan x  log sec x  tan x (D) sec x tan  log sec x  tan x 
2 
SOLUTION : (B)
Let I   sec3 x dx   sec x sec 2 x dx = sec x tan x  I  log | sec x  tan x |
 I = sec x tan x  I  log | sec x  tan x |
2
= sec x  sec x dx   tan x (sec x tan x ) dx
 I  1 / 2 sec x tan x  log | sec x  tan x |  C
 I = sec x tan x   sec x (sec 2 x  1) dx
3.4 Integrals of the Type  e x [ f ( x)  f '( x)] dx
Let I   e x  f ( x )  f  ( x ) dx  I   e x f ( x ) dx   e x f  ( x ) dx
Integrate the first integral on the RHS by parts taking ex as the second function get
I = ex f (x) –  e x f ( x ) dx   e x f ( x) dx  I = ex f (x)
Thus to evaluate the integrals of the type  e x g ( x ) dx, we first try to express g (x) as the sum of a function
and its derivative i.e. g ( x)  f ( x ) f  ( x) and then we use the result derived above.

Evaluate the following :
x  2  sin 2 x  xe x e x ( x 2  1)  1 
(i)
 e 1  cos2 x  dx (ii)  (1  x)2 dx (iii)  ( x  1)2
dx (iv)  log (log x)  log x  dx

 2  sin 2 x 
(i) I   ex   dx
 1  cos 2 x 
 2 sin 2 x 
 I   ex    dx
1  cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x 
 2 2 sin x cos x 
 I   ex    dx
2
 2 cos x 2 cos 2 x 
=  e x [sec2  tan x] dx
 I   e x [tan x  sec2 x] dx  e x tan x  C
x ex (1  x  1) x
(ii) I  dx   e dx
2
(1  x) (1  x)2
1 1   1 
 I   e x    dx  e x  C
2
1  x (1  x)  1 x 
e x ( x 2  1)  x2  1 2 
(iii) I  dx   e x    dx
( x  1)2  ( x  1)
2
( x  1)2 
 x 1 2 
 I   ex   dx
2
 x  1 ( x  1) 
We now say that
d  x  1  ( x  1)  ( x  1) 2
  
dx  x  1  ( x  1) 2 ( x  1) 2
 x 1
I  ex  C
 x  1 
 1 
(iv) I    log (log x)  dx
 log x 
Substitute
log x = t  x = et and dx = ct dt
 1 t
 dt  et log t  C
  log t  t  e
 elog x log log x  C  x log log x  C

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - D

(i)  x log ( x  1) dx
log x
(ii)  dx
x2
x
(iii)  1  sin xdx
(iv)  cos (log x) dx
(v)  log  x  
x 2  a 2 dx
log x
(vi)  (1  log x)2 dx
2
x 1 x 
(vii)  e  1  x2  dx
x  1  sin x 
(viii) e   dx
 1  cos x 
(ix)  x (log x)2 dx

2 x
(x) x a dx
(xi)  log ( 1  x 1  x ) dx
 x
(xii)  cos x log  tan 2  dx

INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS Section - 4
The integrals of rational functions can be evaluated by splitting them into partial fractions. An expression
containing a polynomial in numerator and another polynomial in denominator is called a rational function.
polynomial N (x)
 Rational Function f (x) = polynomial D (x)
Case-I :
It the degree of numerator is less than the degree of denominator, we can split the rational functions into
simpler fractions according to the factors of denominator.
For example :
x x 1 3
Let f (x) =  f (x) =  
2 x2  5x  3 ( x  1) (2 x  3) x  1 2 x  3
1 3
and are known as partial fractions of f (x).
x 1 2x  3
The integral of f (x) can now be evaluated as the sum of the integrals of its partial fractions.
  f ( x) dx   log | x  1|  3 / 2 log | 2 x  3 |  C
Case-II :
If the degree of N (x) is greater than or equal to the degree of D (x), we divide N (x) by D (x) so that the
R ( x)
rational functional N ( x) is expressed in the form Q (x) + where degree of R (x) less than the
D( x) D ( x)
degree of D (x).
R ( x)
Now as Q (x) is a polynomial, it can be easily integrated and to integrate D ( x ) we make use of partial
fractions as we have done in Case - I.

R ( x)
The resolution of D ( x) into partial fractions depends upon the nature of the factors of denominator D (x)
as discussed below.
4.1 When denominator g (x) is expressible as the product of non-repeating linear factors
Let D (x) = (x – a1) (x – a2) . . . . . . . (x – an).
Then we assume that
R ( x) A A2 An
 1   ..... 
D ( x) x  a1 x  a 2 x  an

where A1, A2, . . . . . An are constants and can be determined by equating the numerator on RHS to the
numerator on LHS and the substitute x = a1, x = a2, . . . . . . , x = an respectively.
Illustration - 13 x 2 dx x
If  ( x  1) (2 x  3)  2  A log x  1  B log 2 x  3  C , then :
1 9 1 9
(A) A ,B  (B) A ,B 
5 20 5 20
1 9 1 9
(C) A ,B  (D) A ,B 
5 20 5 20
SOLUTION : (C)
x 2 dx Method 2 :
Let I   In 3 – x = A (2x + 3) + B (x – 1), put x = 1, – 3/2
( x  1) (2 x  3)
x=1  3 – 1 = 5A
The degree of numerator is not less than the degree  A = 2/5
of denominator. Hence we devided N by D. x = – 3/2  3 + 3/2 = B (– 3/2 – 1)
 B = – 9/5
x2 remainder
= quotient + Hence finally we have :
( x  1) (2 x  3) ( x  1) (2 x  3)
2 9
1 3 
 x f ( x) 5  5  I   1  1 f ( x )  dx
1
=  2 2 11 3 x x 1 2x  3
  2 2 
2 ( x  1) (2 x  3) 2 2 ( x  1) (2 x  3) 2 9

3 x  I  x  1 5 dx  1 5 dx
We now split ( x  1) (2 x  3) in two partial frac- 2 2  x 1 2  2x  3
tions. x 1 9
 I   log | x  1|  log | 2 x  3 |  C
3 x A B 2 5 20
Let f (x) ( x  1) (2 x  3) =  Note : If the denominator contains only linear factors,
x 1 2x  3
where A and B are constants. the constants A and B can be calculated by the follow-
Equating the numerators on both sides : ing method also.
3 – x = A (2x + 3) + B (x – 1) 3 x A B
Now there are two ways to calculate A & B. F (x) = ( x  1) (2 x  3) = 
x 1 2x  3
1. Comparing the coefficients of like terms.
2. Substituting the appropriate values of x. A = Value obtained by substituting x = 1 in f (x)
Method 1 : after removing (x – 1) from denominator
Comparing the coefficients of x and x0, we get : 3 x  3 1 2
 A=  = 
– 1 = 2 A + B and 3=3A–B 2x  3x  1 2  3 5
On solving, we have a = 2/5 B = – 9/5

3
Value obtained by substituting x   in f (x) after removing (2x + 3) from denomainator..
2
3
3 x 3
2 9
 B = x  1  x   3 = 3 =–
2 1 5
2
Illustration - 14
( x  1) dx
If  (2 x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3)  A log 2 x  1  B log x  2  C log x  3  D, then :
3 1 2 3 1 2
(A) A , B  ,C  (B) A , B  ,C 
35 5 7 35 5 7
3 1 2 3 1 2
(C) A , B  ,C  (D) A , B  ,C 
35 5 7 35 5 7
SOLUTION : (A)
x 1
Let f (x) =  (2 x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3) C
x 1  2
 (2 x  1) ( x  2)  x  3  7
A B C
=  
2x 1 x  2 x  3 6 dx 1 dx 2 dx
x 1  6
  f ( x)dx  35  2 x  1  5  x  2  7  x  3
 A  =
( x  2) ( x  3)  x   1 35 3 1 2
2  log | 2 x  1|  log | x  2|  log | x  3 |  C
35 5 7
x 1  1
 B = 
(2 x  1) ( x  3)  x  2 5
4.2 When denominator g (x) is expressible as the product of linear factors such that some of
them are repeating
Let D (x) = (x – a)k (x – a1) (x – a2) . . . . . . . . . (x – an ).
Then we assume that
R ( x) A A2 A3 Ak B1 B2 Bn
 1   .......  +   . . . . . . ..
D ( x) x  a ( x  a )2 ( x  a )3 ( x  a )k x  a1 x  a2 x  an
i.e. corresponding to the non-repeating factors we assume as in Section 4.1 and for each repeating factors
of the type (x – a)k, we assume partial fractions of the type :

A1 A2 A3 Ak
  ......... where A1, A2, . . . . . . An are constants.
2 3
x  a ( x  a) ( x  a) ( x  a) k
Now to determine constants we equate numerators on both sides. Then from the resulting identity we can
find all constants by substituting the various values of x as we have done in Section 4.1.
Illustration - 15
(cos   1) sin  cos   1
 (cos   1)2 (cos   3) d   log cos   3  f ()  C , then f ( ) 
1 1 1 1
(A) (B)  (C) (D) 
sin   1 sin   1 cos   1 cos   1
SOLUTION : (D)
Let cos  = x  – sin  d = dx Comparing the coefficient of x2, we get,
x 1 0=A+C  0=A+1  A=–1
 I  dx
( x  1)2 ( x  3)  I    f ( x) dx
Let f (x) =  1 
1 1
x 1 A B C =   dx   dx   dx 
 x  1 ( x  1)2 x  3 
 ( x  1)2 ( x  3)  x  1  ( x  1) 2  x  3
1
Equating numerator on both sides,  I  log | x  1|   log | x  3 |  C
x 1
 x+1 x 1 1
= A (x – 1) (x – 3) + B (x – 3) + C (x – 1)2  I  log  C
x  3 x 1
By taking x = 1, we get B = – 1.
By taking x = 3, we get C = 1.  I  log cos   1  1
C
cos   3 cos   1
4.3 When some of the factors of denominator D (x) are quadratic (which can not be factorised
ruther) but not repeating.
Corresponding to each quadratic factor of the type ax2 + bx + c, we assume partial fractions of the type
Ax  B
2 , where A and B are constants to be determined comparing coefficients of similar power of x
ax  bx  c
in the numerator of both sides. (The constants can also be determined using methods which we have used in
Sections 4.1 and 4.2).

Illustration - 16
d x 1  2 x 1 
If  x3  1  A log  B tan 1    C , then :
2  3 
x  x 1
1 1 1 1
(A) A ,B  (B) A  ,B 
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
(C) A ,B  (D) A ,B 
3 3 3 3
SOLUTION : (B)
1 1
Let f (x) = 3 
x  1 ( x  1) ( x 2  x  1)
1 A Bx  C
 f (x) =  
( x  1) ( x 2  x  1) x 1 x2  x 1
 1 = a (x2 – x + 1) + (Bx + C) (x + 1)
Comparing the coefficients of x2, x, x0.
0 = A + B, 0=–A+B+C 1=A+C
 A = 1/3, C = 2/3, B = – 1/3
1 x 2
 
 f (x) = 3  3 3
x  1 x2  x 1
1 dx 1
Let I1 =   log | x  1|  C1
3 x 1 3
1 2
 x
Let I2 =  3 3 dx  1 2 x
 dx
x2  x 1 3 x2  x 1
Express the numerator in terms of derivative of denominator.
1 2x  4
 I2    dx
2
6 x  x 1
1 2 x 1 1 dx
 I2    dx  
2
6 x  x 1 2
2 x  x 1

1 1 dx
 I2   log| x 2  x  1|   2
6 2  1 3
 x   
 2 4
 1
 x 
1 2 2 C
 I 2   log | x 2  x  1|  tan 1   2
6 2 3  3 
 2 
1 1  2x 1 
 I2   log | x 2  x  1|  tan 1    C2
6 3  3 
dx 1 1 1  2x 1 
  x3  1   f ( x) dx  I1  I 2  log| x  1|  log | x 2  x  1|  tan 1  C
3 6 3  3 
1 x 1 1  2x 1 
 log  tan 1  C
3 x2  x  1 3  3 
4.4 When some of the factors of denominator D (x) are quadratic (which can into be factorised
further) and repeating
For every quadratic factor of the type (ax2 + bx + c), we assuming partial fractions of the type :
A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2 An x  Bn
  ....... 
2 2 2
ax  bx  c (ax  bx  c ) (ax  bx  C )n
2
The constants are determined using method which we have already discussed Sections 4.1 and 4.2.
4.5 When integrand contains only even powers of x

The integral in which the integral contains only the even powers of x can be evaluated through the follow-
ing steps :
Step – I : Consider integrand and put x2 = t in it.
Step – II : Make partial fractions of the resulting rational expression in t.
Step – III : Put t = x2 again in the partial fraction and then integrate both sides.

Illustration - 17 x 2 dx x 1 1
If  x4  1  A log x  1  B tan x  C , then :
1 1 1 1
(A) A , B (B) A , B
2 2 4 2
1 1 1 1
(C) A , B (D) A , B
2 4 4 4
SOLUTION : (B)
x 2 dx x 2 dx
 x4  1  Put t = ± 1 to get A = 1/2, B = 1/2.
( x 2  1) ( x 2  1)
1 1
t
As the function contains terms of x2 only, substitute   2  2
(t  1) (t  1) t  1 t  1
x2 = t and then make partial fractions.
t A B Covert t = x2 again before integrating.
 
(t  1) (t  1) t  1 t  1 x 2 dx 1/ 2 1/ 2
 I   dx   dx
2 2 2
 t = A (t + 1) + B (t – 1) ( x  1) ( x  1) x 1 x2  1
11 x 1 1
 log  tan 1 x  C
22 x 1 2
IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - E

dx 3x  5 x
(i)  x3  1 (ii)  x3  x 2  x  1 dx (iii)  (1  x) (1  x 2 ) dx
x 1 dx x4
(iv)  ( x  1) ( x 2  1) dx (v)  ( x  1) ( x2  1) (vi)  ( x  1) ( x 2  1) dx
x x2  1 1  x  x2
(vii)  ( x 2  a2 ) ( x2  b2 ) dx (viii)  ( x2  2) (2 x2  1) dx (ix)  x3 (1  x) dx

INTEGRATION OF IRRATIONAL ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS Section - 5
dx
5.1 Integrals of the type :  linear linear
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute linear  t . This substitution will reduce the integral to
one of the known forms.
Illustration - 18 dx
If  ( x  1)  log f ( x )  C , then f ( x ) 
x2
x  1 1 x 1 1
(A) (B)
x 1 1 x  1 1
x  2 1 x  2 1
(C) (D)
x  2 1 x  2 1
SOLUTION : (C)
ax
Let I   dx 2t dt dt
( x  1) x  2   x 1  2
x 2  t 2  1 t2
2
t 1
Substitute : x + 2 = t2  dx = 2t dt
2 t 1 x  2 1
= 2 log t  1  C  log C
x  2 1
dx
5.2 Integral of the type :  quadratic linear
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute linear  t . This substitution will reduce the integral to
one of the known forms.
Illustration - 19
x x  1 1
If  ( x2  3 x  2) dx  2 log  f ( x )  C , then f ( x ) 
x 1 x 1  1
1 1 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1

SOLUTION : (C)
dt dt
Let x – 1 = t2  dx = 2t dt = 4 2  2
t 1 t2
(t 2  1) 2t dt
 I  4 t 1 2
(t 2  1)2  3 (t 2  1)  2 t 2  I  log  C
2 t 1 t
(t 2  1) dt x 1 1 2
= 2 4 2  I  2 log  C
t t x 1 1 x 1
t2 1  2 1
 I  2 dt      dt
t 2
 2
t 1   t 1 t 2 
2
dx
5.3 Integral of the type : 
(ax 2  b) cx 2  d
1
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute x = . This substitution will reduce the integral to one of the
t
known forms.
Illustration - 20
dx
If    tan 1 ( f ( x ))  C , then f ( x) 
( x 2  1) x 2  2
1 2
1 1
(A) x2  1 (B)
x 2 (C) x2  2 (D)
x2
SOLUTION : (D)
dx
Let I   Let 1 + 2 t2 = z2  4 t dt = 2 z dz
2 2
( x  1) x  2 
1 1 1 zdz  dz
Substitute : x =  dx = 2 dt I     tan 1 z  C
t t 2  z 2 1  2 2
z 1
1   z
1  2 
 2 dt 
t tdt
 I  
1
 1
 2  2
 1
 2 1  t 2 1  2t 2    I   tan 1 1  2t 2  C   tan 1 1 
2
C
t  t x2

dx
5.4 Integral of the type :  linear quadratic
1
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute Linear = . The substitution will reduce the integral to
t
one of the know forms.
Illustration - 21 dx
If   sin 1( f ( x))  C , then f ( x ) 
2
( x  2) x  6 x  7
1 1 x 1 x 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2( x  1) 2( x  2) 2( x  2) 2( x  1)
SOLUTION : (D)
dx
Let I  
1
( x  2) x 2  6 x  7  2 dt
t dt
Substitute :  I   
1 1 1 1  2t  t 2 1  2t  t 2
x+2=
t
 dx = – 2
t
t t2
 x2 + 6x + 7
 x 1 
1 
2
1  1  2t  t 2  I  sin 1  C
=   2  6  2  7   ( x  2) 2 
t  t  t2
m1 / n1
5.5 Integral of the type :  f ( x, (ax  b) , (ax  b)m2 / n2 ,.......)dx
where f is a irrational function and m1, n1, m2, n2 are integers.
To evaluate this type of integral we transform it into an integral of rational function by substituting ax + b = ts,
where s is the least common multiple of the numbers n1, n2, . . . . . .
Illustration - 22
dx  (1  x)1/ 2 (1  x)1/3 1/6 1/6

If  3 x  1  x  1  3  2  (1  x)  log (1  x)  1
 k   C , then k :

 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 6

SOLUTION :
dx
Let I    I  6  t 2  t  1  1  dt
3
x 1  x 1  1 t 
dx  t2 t2 
 I   I  6    t  log (t  1)   C
( x  1)1/3  ( x  1)1/ 2 3 2 
 
The least common multiple of 2 and 3 is 6.
On Substituting t = (1 + x)1/6, we get
So substitute x + 1 = t6  dx = 6t5 dt
 (1  x)1/ 2 (1  x)1/3
6t dt 5
t dt 3 I 6    (1  x )1/6  log
 3 2
 I   2 2  6 
t t 1 t

 log ( x  1)1/6  1  C
5.6 Integral of the type :  x m (a  bx n ) p dx,

where m, n and p are rational numbers.
To evaluate this type of integral observe the following steps :
(i) If p is an integer, the integral reduces to the integral of a rational function by means of the substitution
x = ts, where s is least common multiple of the denominator of the fractions m and n.
(ii) If (m + 1)/n is an integer, the integral can be rationalised by the substitution a + bxn = ts, where s is
the denominator of the fraction p.
(iii) If (m + 1)/n + p is an integer, substitute ax–n + b = ts, where s is the denominator of the fraction p.
Illustration - 23 1/ 2  (1  x5/ 2 )7/ 2 (1  x5/ 2 )3/ 2 2(1  x 5/ 2 )5/ 2 

 x 1  x 
13/2 5/ 2
If dx  k      C , then k 
 7 3 5 
 
(A) 2/5 (B) 4/5 (C) 5/ 2 (D) 5/ 4
SOLUTION :
1/2
Let I   x13/2 1  x5/ 2  dx  (m + 1)/n is an integer. So this integral belongs
Comparing with integral of type 5.6, we see that to type 5.6 (ii).
p = 1/2 which is not an integer. To solve this integral, substitute 1 + x5/2 = t2
So this integral does not belong to type 5.6 (i).  5 / 2 x3/ 2 dx  2t dt
Check the sign of (m + 1)/n 2 2
 I (t  1) 2 (t 2 )1/ 2 2t dt
13
1 5
m 1 2 15 4 2 2
  3 2
n 5 5  I   t (t  1) dt
5
2

4 6 2
 I  t  t  2t 4 dt
5
4  t 7 t3 t5 
 I    2  C
5  7 3 5 
On substituting t = (1 + x5/2)1/2, we get
4  (1  x5/2 )7/ 2 (1  x5/ 2 )3/2 2 (1  x5/ 2 )5/ 2 

I    C
5  7 3 5 

5.7 Integration of irrational algebraic functions by trigonometric substitutions

Those Irrational functions which in involve either of a 2  x 2 , a 2  x 2 , x 2  a 2 . . . . . . . terms and
no other radical, can be integrated by a suitable trigonometric substitution. The trigonometric substitutions
are similar to those given in Section 2.2.
dx x2  1
Evaluate : (i) (ii)  dx .
(2ax  x 2 )3/ 2 x4
(i) Let : dx
I 
(2ax  x 2 )3/ 2 x 2 1
(ii) Let I  dx
dx x4
 I 
3/ 2 Put x = tan   dx = sec2 d 
( x  a)2  a 2 
On substituting x and dx in I, we gets
Put x + a = a sec dx = a sec tan d
On substituting in I, we get tan 2   1 sec3  d 
I  sec2  d   
a sec  tan d  a sec  tan  tan 4  tan 4 
I  
(a 2 sec2   a 2 )3/ 2 a3 tan 3  cos  d (sin ) d 
 I  d  
4
1 2 1 cos  sin  sin 4 
 I
a2
 sec  cot d   a2  sin 2  d  1
 I  C
 I
1 d (sin ) 1 3sin 3 
 d   C
a 2 sin 2  a 2 sin  On substituting value of sin  in terms of x, we
get
1 xa
 I  2 C
a 2
x  2ax 1 (1  x 2 )3/ 2
I  C
3 x3

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - F

x 2  3x x2  2
(i)  ( x  3) x  1 dx (ii) (iii)  ( x 2  2 x  2) dx
 x 1  x dx x 1
dx x2  2 x  3 dx
(iv)  ( x  1)3/2 ( x  1)1/ 2 (v)  dx (vi) 
( x  1) x 2  1 (1  x)2 2  x 2
x 1  x2 x2
(vii)  dx (viii)  dx (ix)  (4  x 2 )3/2 dx
( x 2  4) x 2  9 x
(x) 1  x2 (xi) 1  x1/ 2 (xii) x

x 1  x2
dx  1  x1/3 dx  (1  x) (2  x) (3  x) dx
REDUCTION FORMULA Section - 6

6.1 Introduction
Some functions occur whose integrals are not immediately reducible to one or other of the standard form
and whose integrals are not directly obtainable In such cases we find out a formula (called reduction for-
mula) which connects one integral with another in which the intergrand is of the same type but is of lower
degree or order and hence easier to integrate.
The following examples will illustrate you the concept of deriving the reduction formulas for various func-
tions :
Illustration - 24
 cos x sin n 1 x
If I n   sin n x dx, then I n   f (n) I n  2 , for f (n) 
n
n 1 n n2 n
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n n 1 n n2
SOLUTION : (A)
Let I n   sin n x dx   sin n  1x  sin x dx
Apply by parts taking sinn – 1 x as first part and sin x as second part.

 I n  sin n  1 x  ( cos x)   ( n  1) sin n  2 x cos 2 x dx
  cos x sin n  1 x   n  1  sin n  2 x (1  sin 2 x ) dx
  cos x sin n  1 x  (n  1)  sin n  2 x dx  (n  1)  sin n x dx
 I n   cos x sin n  1 x  (n  1) I n  2  (n  1) I n
n 1 cos x sin n  1 x n  1
 nI n   cos x sin x  (n  1) I n  2 ; In    In  2
n n
Illustration - 25
If I n   tan n x dx, then (n  1) ( I n  I n  2 ) 
(A) tan n  2 x (B) tan n 1 x (C) tan n x (D) tan n 1 x

SOLUTION : (B)
Here In =  tan n x dx   tan n  2 x tan 2 x dx tan n  1 x
 In  I n  2 
n 1
  tan n  2 x (sec2 x  1) dx
Hence (n – 1) (In + In – 2) = tann – 1 x.
  tan n  2 x sec 2 x dx  I n  2
Illustration - 26
sec n  2 x tan x
If  sec n x dx   f (n)  secn  2 x dx, then f (n) 
n 1
n n 1 n2 n 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n 1 n n 1 n2
SOLUTION : (C)
Let I n   secn x  In =  secn  2 x sec2 x dx

Apply by parts taking secn – 2 x as the first part and sec2x as the second part.
d 
 I n  sec n  2 x  sec 2 x dx     sec n  2 x   sec2 x dx  dx
 dx 
 I n  secn  2 x tan x   (n  2) sec n  3 x sec x tan x tan x dx
 I n  secn  2 x tan x  (n  2)  secn  2 x (sec2 x  1) dx

 I n  secn  2 x tan x  (n  2)  sec n x dx  (n  2)  sec n  2 x dx
 I n  (n  2) I n  sec n  2 x tan x  (n  2)  sec n  2 x dx.
 (n  1) I n  sec n  2 x tan x  (n  2) I n  2
sec n  2 x tan x n  2
Hence  secn x dx   secn  2 x dx.
n 1 n 1 
Illustration - 27  f ( x)  n 1 n(n  1)
If I n   eax cos n x dx, then I n  e ax  2  cos x  I n  2 for f ( x ) 
 a  n2  a 2  n2
(A) a cos x  n sin x (B) a sin x  n cos x
(C) a 2 cos x  n2 sin x (D) a 2 sin x  n 2 cos x
SOLUTION : (A)
Let I n   eax cos n x dx
Apply by part taking cosnx as the first part and eax as the second part.
d
 I n  cos n x  e ax dx    cos n x   eax dx  dx
 dx 
 e ax n n 1 eax
In  cos x   n cos x ( sin x ) dx
a a
1 ax n
 In 
a a

e cos n x   cos n  1 x sin x eax dx 
Apply by parts again taking cosn – 1 x sin x as first part and eax as second part.
1 ax n n d 
 In  e cos n x   cos n  1 x sin x   e ax     cos n  1 x sin x   e ax dx  dx
a a a  dx 
1 ax n n n 1 ex n  n2 2 n 1  e ax
 I n  e cos x  cos x sin x   (n  1) cos x sin x  cos x cos x dx
a a a a   a
1 ax n ax n (n  1) ax n
 In  e cosn x  e cosn  1 x sin x   e cosn  2 x (1  cos 2 x) dx  eax cosn x dx
a 2 2 2
a a a
1 ax n ax n  n  1 n2
 In  e cos n x  e cos n  1 x sin x  In  2  In
a a2 a2 a2

 n2  1 ax n (n  1)
 In  1   In  e (a cos x  n sin x) cos n  1 x  In  2
 a2  a 2
a 2
 
 a cos x  n sin x n 1 n (n  1) ax
Hence e
ax
cosn x dx  eax   cos x 2 2 
e cosn  2 x dx
 a2  n2  a n
This is the required reduction formula.
Illustration - 28
m cosm x cos x
If I m, n   cos x sin nx dx  f (m, n) I m 1,n 1  , then f (m, n) 
mn
m n m 1 n 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
mn mn mn mn
SOLUTION : (A)
Let Im, n   cos m x sin nx dx
Apply by parts taking cosm x as the first part and sin nx as the second part.
m  cos nx  m 1  cos nx 
 Im, n = cos x      m cos x ( sin x)    dx
 n   n 
cosm x cos nx m
 I m, n     cos m  1x (sin x cos nx ) dx
n n
Now sin (n – 1) x = sin nx cos x – cos nx sin x
 cos nx sin x = sin nx cos x – sin (n – 1) x.
cosm x cos nx m
 I m, n     cos m 1x sin nx cos x  sin (n  1) x  dx
n n
cosm x cos nx m m
 I m, n     cos m x sin nx dx   cosm  1 x sin (n  1) x dx
n n n
 m cos m x cos nx m
 1  I
 n  m, n    I m  1, n  1
  n n
m cosm x cos nx
 I m, n  I m  1, n  1 
mn mn

IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - G
1. Find the reduction formulas for the following functions.

n n n
(i)  cos x dx (ii)  cot x dx (iii)  cosec x dx
cos m x sin nx m
2. If I m, n   cos m x cos nx dx, then show that : I m, n   I m  1, n  1
mn mn
3. Find the formula for  eax sinn x dx .
Evaluate the following :

1
4.  [ tan x  cot x ] dx 5.  1  3 sin2 x dx
d 1
6.  ( sin   2 cos ) (2 sin   cos ) 7.  p  q tan x dx
1 2  sin x
8.  sin2 x  sin 2 x dx 9.  2 cos x  3 dx
1 ex
10.  1  cot x dx 11.  e x  e x dx
ax 1
12.  ax
dx 13.  sin ( x  a ) sin ( x  b) dx
3x  5 x
14.  x3  x 2  x  1 dx 15.  (1  x) (1  x 2 ) dx
1 a2  x2
16.  sin x (5  4 cos x) dx 17. x a2  x2
dx
sin 1x 1/ 2
18.  (1  x 2 )3/2 dx 19.  [1  2 tan x (tan x  sec x)] dx
2
20.  log (1  x ) dx 21.  sin x log ( sec x  tan x ) dx
cos x 1
22.  cos ( x  a) dx 23.  cos ( x  a) cos ( x  b) dx

1 1 x sin 2 x
24.  tan 1 x
dx 25.  sin4 x  cos 4 x dx
x  sin x log x
26.  1  cos x dx 27.  x3
dx
1 1
28.  dx 29.  log x x [(log x) 2  3 log x  10] dx
( x  a)  x  b
x
dx x a2  x2
30.  31.  dx
xa  xb a2  x 2
1  1 
32.  ( x  2) x 1
dx 33.  log log x  (log x)2  dx
 
1 3  4 sin x  2 cos x
34.  x2  2 x cos   1 dx 35.  3  2 sin x  cos x
dx
1 e2 x
36.  1  3e x  2e2 x dx 37.  (e x  1)1/ 4 dx
1
38.  x2 ( x4  1)3/ 4 dx 39.  sec
2
x cosec 2 x dx
1 x
dx a 2  x2
40.  41.  dx
1 x x8
1 1
42. x x 1
dx 43.  (a  b cos x)2 dx, a  b
x3  x 2  x  2 x 4  2 x3  3 x 2  x  3
44.  dx 45.  dx
x 4  3x 2  2 x3  2 x 2  3x
x sin x
46.  sec x  1 dx 47.  sin ( x  a) dx
1 1
  dx
48.  sin x  sec x  dx 49.
sin3 x sin ( x  a )
cos 2 x e x ( x3  x  2)
50.  dx 51.  dx
sin x (1  x 2 ) 2

x 1
 dx  1  1 2a  x 
52. 3 2 53.  x sin   dx
( x  1) x  x  x 2 a 
x 1 x2
 dx
54. ( x  1)3 ( x  2)  5 1/ 4 55.  ( x sin x  cos x)2 dx
sin ( x  )
dx x 2  1 (log ( x 2  1)  2 log x )
56.  sin ( x  ) 57.  dx
x4
sin x (cos x  sin x )
58.  sin 4 x dx 59.  7  9 sin 2 x
dx
1
60.  cos ( x  a) cos ( x  b) dx
NOW ATTEMPT OBJECTIVE WORKSHEET TO COMPLETE THIS EBOOK
THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. Properties of Integration :
(i)  k f ( x )dx  k  f ( x) dx
(ii)  [ f1 ( x)  f 2 ( x)  f3 ( x)  . . . . . . . .  f n ( x)]dx
=  f 1 ( x) dx   f 2 ( x) dx   f 3 ( x ) dx  . . . . . . .   f n ( x ) dx
f '( x)
(iii)  dx  ln | f ( x) |  C
f ( x)
n [ f ( x )]n  1
(iv)  [ f ( x)] f '( x) dx  n  1  C
1
(v)  f ( x) dx  g ( x), then  f (ax  b) dx  a g (ax  b)  C
2. Integrals of Basic Trigonometric Functions
(i)  sin x dx   cos x  C (ii)  cos x dx  sin x  C
2 2
(iii)  sec x dx  tan x  C (iv)  cosec x dx   cot x  C
(v)  sec x tan x dx   sec x  C (vi)  cosec x cot x dx   cosec x  C
52 Things to Remember Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support
3. Integrals of Basic Inverse and Exponential Functions

dx dx
(i)   sin 1x  C ; | x |  1 (ii)  1  x 2  tan
1
xC
2
1 x
dx
 sec 1 | x |  C ; | x |  1 x ax
(iii)  (iv)
 a dx  log a  C ; a  1, a  0
x x2  1
x
(v) e dx  e x  C
4. Further Generalisation of Some Results using property 1.2 (v)
n 1 (ax  b)n  1 dx 1  1 
(i)  (ax  b) dx  a n 1
C (ii)  (ax  b)2  a  ax  b   C
dx 1 dx 1 1
(iii)   2 ax  b  C (iv)  (ax  b) p  a ( p  1) (ax  b) p  1
ax  b a
1 1 1
(v)  ax  b dx  a log ax  b  C (vi)  sin (ax  b) dx   a cos (ax  b)  C
1 2 1
(vii)  cos (ax  b) dx   a sin (ax  b)  C (viii)  sec ( ax  b) dx  tan ( ax  b)  C
a
2 1
(ix)  cosec ( ax  b) dx  
cot ( ax  b)  C
a
1
(x)  sec (ax  b) tan (ax  b) dx  a sec (ax  b)  C
1
(xi)  cosec (ax  b) cot (ax  b) dx   a cosec (ax  b)  C
ax  b 1 ax  b
(xii)  e dx  a e C
5. Integrals of tan x, cot x, sec x, cosec x

f  ( x)
 dx  log| f ( x ) |  C [Also given in Section 1.2 (iii)]
f ( x)
derivative of denominator
i.e.  dx  log denominator  C
denominator
6. If g (x) is a continuous and differentiable function, then to evaluate the integral of the form
 f [ g ( x)] g  ( x) dx, we substitute g (x) = t and g (x) dx = dt.

The substitution reduces the integral  f [ g ( x )] g  ( x) dx to the form  f (t ) dt i.e.
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Things to Remember 53
7. When the integrand is of the form tannx secnx, the following cases arise :
(a) When m is even positive integer, substitute tanx = z.
(b) When n is odd positive integer, substitute secx = z.
8. When the integrand is of the form cotnx cosecmx, the folliwng cases arise :
(a) When m is even positive integer, substitute cotx = z.
(b) When n is odd positive integer, substitute cosec = z.
9. When the integrand is of the form sinmx cosnx, the following cases arise :
(a) When m is odd positive integer, substitute cosx = z.
(b) When n is odd positive integer, substitute sinx = z.
10. Important Substitutions
Expression Substitution
a2 + x2 x = a tan or x = a cot
a2 – x2 x = a sin or x = a cos
x 2 – a2 x = a sec or x = a cosec
ax ax
or x = a cos2
ax ax
x
or ( x  ) (  x) x =  cos2 +  sin2
 x
11. Some standard results derived using substitution method

dx 1 1 x
 a2  x2  a tan a
C [use x = tan or x = cot to derive the result]
dx 1 xa
 x2  a 2  2a log xa
C [use x = a sec or x = cosec to derive the result]
dx 1 ax
 a 2  x2  2a og ax
C [use x = a cos or x = a sin to derive the result]
dx
  log x  x 2  a 2  C
[use x = a tan or x = cot to derive the result]
x2  a 2
dx
  log x  x 2  a 2  C
2 2 [use x = a sec or x = a cosec to derive the result]
x a
dx  x
  sin 1    C
a [use = x a sin  or x = a cos  to derive the result]
a 2  x2
dx 1 x
  sec1 C
a a [use x = a sec or x = a cosec  to derive the result]
x x2  a2
2 x
2 2 2 a2
 a  x dx  a x  log x  a 2  x 2  C [Use x = tan  or x = cot  to drive the result]
2 2
x 2 a2
 x 2  a 2 dx  x  a2  log x  x 2  a 2  C [Use x = sec  or x = cosec  to derive the result]
2 2
x 2 a2 x

2
a  x dx  2 2
a x  sin 1  C [Use x = sin  or x = cos  to derive the result]
2 2 a
1 1
12. Integrals of the type  ax2  bx  cdx,  dx,  ax 2  bx  c dx .
2
ax bx  c
To evaluate this type of integrals we express quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c in the form of perfect square
and then apply the formulas given in section 2.3.
13. Integrals of the type :

px  q px  q p ( x)
(a)  ax2  bx  c dx, (b)  dx, (c)  ax2 bx  c dx
ax 2  bx  c
where p (x) is a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 2.
To evaluate the integrals of type (a) and (b) we express the linear factor in the numerator as :
px + q = m (derivative of quadratic expression in the denominator) + n
(where m and n are unknown constant to be determined by equating the coefficients of x and constant terms
on both sides)
14. Integrals of the type

dx dx dx
 a sin 2 x  b cos2 x ,  a  b sin 2 x ,  a  b cos x, ,
dx f (tan x ) dx
 (a sin x  b cos x)2 ,  a b sin 2 x  cos2 x  d sin x cos x where f (tanx) is a polynomial in
tanx.
STEP - I Divide numerator and denominator both by cos2x.
STEP - II Put tanx = t, sec2 x dx = dt.

This substiution will convert the trigonometric integral into algebric integral.
f (t )dt
After employing these steps the integral will reduce to the form  , where f (t) is a polynomial
2
At  B  C
in t.
This integral can be evaluated by methods discussed in section 2.41 and 2.42.
 x
dx dx dx f  tan  dx
15. Integrals of the type  , , ,  2
a sin x  b cos x a  b sin x a  b cos x  a sin x  b cos x  c
where f (tan x/2) is a polynomial in tan x/2.
x x
2 tan 1  tan 2
STEP - I Put sin x = 2 and cos  2
x x
1  tan 2 1  tan 2
2 2
STEP - II Replace 1 + tan2 x/2 in the numerator by sec2x/2.
1 2x
STEP - III Put tan x /2 = t and sec dx  dt
2 2
f (t ) dt
After performing these three steps the integral reduces to the form  where f (t) is a polyno-
At 2  BT  C
mial in t. This integral can be evaluated by methods discussed in section 2.41 and 2.42.
a sin x  b cos x
16. Integrals of the type  c sin x  d cos x dx .
Numerator = m (Derivative of Denominator) + n (denominator)
 (a sinx + b cosx) = m (c cosx – d sinx) + n (c sinx + d cosx)
where m and n are constants to be determined by comparing the coefficients of sinx and cosx on both sides.
Therefore,
a sin x  b cos x m (c cos x  d sin x )  n (c sin x  d cos x )
 c sin x  d cos x dx =  c sin x  d cos x
dx
d
(c sin x  d cos x )
 m  dx dx  n  dx
c sin x  d cos x
a sin x  b cos x  c
17. Integrals of the type  p sin x  q cos x  r dx .
Numerator = l (Derivative of Denominator) + m (denominator) + n
 a sinx + b cosx + c = l (c cosx – q sinx) + m (p sinx + q cosx + r) + n
where l, m and n are constants to be determined by comparing the coefficients of sinx, cosx and constant
terms on both sides.
Therefore,
a sin x  b cos x  c l ( p sin x  q cos x  r )  m ( p sin x  q cos  r )  n
 p sin x  q cos x  r dx   p sin x  q cos x  r
dx
d
( p sin x  q cos x  r )
dx dx
l dx  m  dx  n 
p sin x  q cos x  r p sin x  q cos x  r
dx
 l ln | p sin x  q cos x  r | mx  n  C
p sin x  q cos x  r
The last integral on RHS can be evaluated by the methods given in Section. 2.44.
18. If we take u as part 1 and dv as part 2, then the above result can be written as :
 (part 1) (part 2) = (part 1) [integral of part 2] –  [integral of part 2] [differential of part 1]
19. Integrals of the Type  e x  f ( x)  f  ( x ) dx
Let I   e x  f ( x )  f  ( x ) dx  I   e x f ( x ) dx   e x f  ( x ) dx
dx
20. Integrals of the type :  linear linear
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute linear  t . This subsitution will reduce the integral to one of
the known forms.
dx
21. Integral of the type :  quadratic linear
To evaluate these type of integrals we subsitute linear  t . This substitution will reduce the integral to one
of the known forms.
dx
22. Integral of the type : 
(ax 2  b) cx 2  d
1
To evaluate these type of integrals we substitute x = . This substitution will reduce the intergral to one of the
t
known forms.
dx
23. Integral of the type :  linear quadratic
1
To evluate these type of integrals we subtitute Linear = . The substitution will reduce the integral to one of
t
the know forms.
m1 / n1
24. Integral of the type :  f ( x, (ax  b) , (ax  b)m2 / n2 , . . . . . . ) dx
where f is a irrational function and m1, n1, m2, n2 are integers.
To evaluate this type of integral we transform it into an integral of rational function by substituting
ax + b = ts, where s is the least common multiple of the numbers n1, n2, . . . . . .
25. Integral of the type :  x m (a  bx n ) p dx,

where m, n and p are rational numbers.
To evaluate this type of integral observe the following steps :
(i) If p is an integer, the integral reduces to the integral of a rational function by means of the substitution
x = ts, where s is least common multiple of the denominator of the fractions m and n.
(ii) If (m + 1)/n is an integer, the integral can be rationlised by the substitution a + bxn = ts, where s is
the denominator of the fraction p.
(iii) If (m + 1)/n + p is an integer, substitute ax–n + b = ts, where s is the denominator of the fraction p.
26. Integration of irrational algebraic functions by trigonometric substitutions

Those Irrational functions which in involve either of a 2  x 2 , a 2  x 2 , x 2  a 2 . . . . . . . terms and no
other radical, can be integrated by a suitable trigonometric substitution. The trigonometric substitutions are
similar to those given in Section 2.2.
SOLUTIONS TO IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - A
2
 1   1  1 x2
(i)   x   dx  x 
  x   2 dx  xdx  dx
x   2 dx   nx  2 x  C
x 2
x3  3x 2  4 5/ 2 3/ 2 1 / 2 x7 / 2 x5 / 2 4 x1/ 2
(ii)  dx   x dx   3x dx   4 x  3. dx 
 C
x 7/ 2 5/ 2 1/ 2
3/ 2 3/ 2 
dx ax  b  ax  c 1  2  ax  b  2  ax  c 
 C
(iii)  ax  b  ax  c

bc
dx 
 
b  c  3 a

3 a 

x3  3x 2  2 x  1 7 x3 4 x2
(iv)  x 1

dx   x 2  4 x  6 dx    x 1
dx 
3

2
 6 x  7 log | x  1 |  C
3 cos 3x  3 cos x 1 1 
(v)  cos xdx   dx   sin 3 x  3 sin x   c
4 4 3 
(vi)   tan x  cot x 
2
  
dx   tan 2 x  cot 2 x  2 dx   sec 2 x  cos ec 2 x dx  tan x  cot x  C 
2 1 sin 2 x 
(vii)  sin x 1  cos 2 xdx   sin x . 2  sin x  dx  2  sin xdx  2   x   C
2 2 
x a 1 ax
 e  dx    x  dx  a  1  log a  C
a log x x log a a x
(viii) e a
1 1 2
(ix)  cos x .cos 2 x.cos 3x dx   2  cos 3x  cos x  cos 3xdx  2   cos 3 xdx   cos x cos 3xdx 

1 1 sin 6 x sin 4 x sin 2 x 

   1  cos 6 x  dx   cos 4 xdx   cos 2 xdx    x    C
4   4 6 4 2 
3/ 2
(x)  1  x  1  x dx     1  x  1  x dx     2  1  x  1  x dx   2 1  x dx   1  x  dx
4 2
 1  x 3 / 2  1  x 5 / 2  C
3 5
2x  3 1 / 2  2 x  13 / 2  2 x  11/ 2
(xi)  dx   2 x  1  4   2 x  1 dx  4 C
2x 1 3 1
.2 .2
2 2
sin x  cos x sin x  cos x sin x  cos x
(xii)  dx   dx   dx
1  sin 2 x 2 | sin x  cos x |
 sin x  cos x 
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Solutions 59

   3 
 x  C  x   2n  4 , 2n  4 
  

=  3 7 
 x  C  x  2n  , 2n   
  4 4 
1 2 1 1 sin 4 x cos  x 
(xiii) sin x cos x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  dx  sin 2 x dx  sin 4 x dx  x   C
 2
 4
 
4 4 4 
x x x
sin 2 x 4 sin 2 cos 2 x x tan
2 
2 dx  tan 2 dx  sec 2  1 dx   2  x C
(xiv)  1  cos x 2 dx   x  2
 
2 

1/ 2
  4 cos 4 
2
1 1  sin x 2
(xv)
 1  sin x dx   cos 2 x dx   sec x dx   sec x tan x dx = tanx + secx + C
1 1  cos x 2
(xvi)  1  cos x dx   sin2 x dx   cos ec xdx   cos ecx .cot x dx  C = –cotx – cosecx + C
SOLUTIONS TO IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - B
dx e x dx
(i)  e x  e x   e 2 x  1 ; Let ex = t ex dx = dt
dt
  tan 1 t  c  tan1 e x  C
2
t 1
(ii) Let 1 – x3 = t  –3x2 dx = dt
x5dx
 1  t  .dt  1  t  1 1 1
2       dt  n |t|  C
1  x3  t2  3 3t 2 3 3t
1 1
 n | 1  x3 |  C
3 3 1  x3  
x3
(iii)  dx Let x4 = t 4x3 dx = dt
8
x 1
1 dt 1
   n x 4  1  x8  C
4 1 t2 4
60 Solutions Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

2 x tan 1 x 2 t2  1 2 2x 
(iv)  dx   tdt  C  Put tan x  t  dx  dt 
1  x4 2  1  x4 
2

 tan 1 x 2 
C
2
sin x  cos x dt 1
(v)  3
dx  
3

2t 2
 C [Put sin x – cos x = t (cos x + sin x) dx = dt]
 sin x  cos x  t
1
 C
2
2  sin x  cos x 
xdx 1 dt 1 1 1 p
 p
  
2a t p 2a  p  1 t p 1
 c 
2a
1  p  1
ax 2
 b  
(vi)
 ax 2  b  +C
[Put ax2 + b = t  2ax dx = dt]
cos 3 x
(vii)  dx Let sin x = t2  cos x dx = 2t dt
sin x

1  t 4  . 2tdt  2t  2t5  c  2 sin x 
2
 sin x 5 / 2  c
t 5 5
3
(viii)  cos x . tan x dx Let cos x = t – sin xdx = dt
=  sin x .
sin 2 x
dx   
1  t 2  dt  1  t  c  sec x  cos x  c
cos 2 x t2 t
6 5 t6 sec6 x
(ix)  tan x .sec x dx   t dt = c c [Let secx = t  secx. tanxdx = dt]
6 6
(x)  tan
3

x.sec5 x dx   t 2  1 .t 4 dt [Let secx = t  secx. tanxdx = dt]
t 7 t5 sec 7 x sec5 x
=   t  t  dt    c =
6 4
 c
7 5 7 5
dx dt 2 1
(xi)  x cos 2  log x    cos 2 t   sec t dt [Let logx = t  . dx = dt]
x
= tant + c = tan(log x) + c
x3dx

t 2  a2  .tdt
(xii)  3/ 2
t3 [Let x2 – a2 = t2  2xdx = 2tdt]
 2
x a 2

 a2  a2 2 2 a2
= 1 
  t2 
  dt  t   c  x  a  c
  t x 2
 a 2

SOLUTIONS TO IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - C
(i), (ii), (iii) - Similar to illustration - 17 ; (iv) Similar to illustration - 18

(v) Similar to illustration - 19 ; (vi) Similar to illustration - 20 (ii)
(vii) Similar to illustration - 21
(viii) 2 + 3cosx = (sinx + 2cosx + 3) + m(cosx – 2sinx) + n
Comparing coefficients of sinx, cosx and const. term,we get :
3 6 8
2 = 3 + n ; 3 = 2 + m ;  – 2m = 0 ;   ; n 
 m
5 5 5
3 cos x  2 6 3 cos x  2 sin x 8 dx
  sin x  2 cos x  3 dx  5  dx  5  sin x  2 cos x  3 dx  5  sin x  2 cos x  3
6 3 8 dx
= 5 x  5 log |sin x  2 cos x  3 |  5  sin x  2 cos x  3
dx
Let I1   sin x  2 cos x  3
2 tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
Put sin x  ; cos x  and Let tanx/2 = t
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
dx sec 2 x / 2 dx sec 2 x / 2 dx
    
sin x  2 cos x  3  2 tan x  2  2 tan 2 x  3  3 tan 2 x / 2  tan2 x  2 tan x  5
2 2 2 2
x 2 x  1  tan x / 2 
Substitute tan  t  sec dx  2dt  I1  tan 1  c
2 2  2 
(ix) dx dx [Proceed similar to (v)]

  
 2 sin x  3 cos x  2
 4 sin 2 2
x  9 cos x  12 sin x cos x 
dx dx
(x)  cos x  sin x  2 cos x    cos x sin x  2 cos 2 x [Proceed similar to (v)]
x 2 dx 1 2 x 2dx 1 x 2  1 1 x2 1
 x 4 1   dx  dx
(xi) 2  1 x4 2  1  x 4 2  1 x4 [Proceed as in Illustration - 22]
dx 1 2dx 1 1  x2 1 1 x2
 
 x4 1 2  1  x 4 2  1  x4 dx  dx
(xii) 2  1  x4 [Proceed as in Illustration - 22]

tan x .sec 2 x t . 2t
(xiii)  tan x dx   dx   1 t 4 dt [Put tanx = t2  sec2x . dx = 2tdt]
1  tan 2 x
t 2 1 t 2 1
=  1 t4 dt   t 4 1 dt [Proceed as in Illustrations - 22]
(xiv) Substitute cot x= t 2 and solve.
dx sec 4 xdx 1  tan 2 x  sec 2 x

(xv)  sin4 x  cos 4 x   1  tan4 x   1  tan4 x dx [Put tanx = t  sec2xdx = dt]
 
1  t 2  .dt
=  1 t 4
[Proceed as in Illustrations - 22]
SOLUTIONS TO IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - D
(i) Apply By-parts taking log(1 + x) as first part.

x2 1 x x2
 x log  x  1 dx  2
log  x  1  log  x  1  
2 2 4
c
log x log x 1
(ii) Apply By-parts taking logx as first part.  2 dx    c
x x x
x x 1  sin x  2
(iii)  1  sin x dx   cos 2 x dx   x sec xdx   x tan x sec xdx
Apply By - parts taking ‘x’ as the first part in both the integrations.
 x tan x  n | sec x |   x sec x  n | sec x  tan x |  c
(iv) Apply By - parts taking cos(logx) as first part and dx as second part.
x
  cos  log x  dx  2  cos  log x   sin log x  
 2 2
(v) Apply By - parts taking log  x  x  a  as first part and dx as second part.
 
(vi) Put logx = t  x = et  dx = et . dt
t .et  1 
I 
log x
dx  dt  e t 1
  dt et x
  2  2  1  t 1  t  2 = c c
1  log x  1  t    t  1 1  log x
2    
2
 1  x   1  x  2 x   1 2 x  ex
I   ex   dx   e x   dx   e x    dx  c
(vii) Misprinting :  1 x2  2 2 2 2
  
 1  x2 
  
 1 x
  1 x 2 

1  x

 2
x  1  sin x  x cos ec x / 2 x x
(viii) e dx
  1  cos x     e   cot  dx   e x cot  c
 2 2  2
 e x  f  x   f   x   dx  e x f  x   c 
  
2 2 2 3/ 2 1 2
(ix)  x  log x  dx   log x   x   2 log x   x3 / 2 dx
3 x 3
2 3/ 2 4 2 1 2
 x  log x 2   log x  x3 / 2    x3 / 2 dx 
3 3 3 x 3 
2 3/ 2 8 16 3/ 2
 x  log x 2  x3 / 2 log x  x  c
3 9 27
(x) Apply by - parts taking x2 as first part.
(xi) Apply by - parts taking log  

1  x  1  x as first part and dx as second part.
x 1  x 1 x
 log  
1  x  1  x dx  x log  1 x  1 x   
2 2 2
1  x 2  sin 1 
2 2
 x
(xii) Apply by - parts taking log  tan  as first part.
 2
 x  x
 cos x log  tan 2  dx  sin x log  tan 2   x  c

SOLUTIONS - IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - E
(i) Similar to illustration - 33
(ii)  3x  5 dx 3x  5 A B C Find A, B, C and integrate.

    
 x 12  x  1 2
 x 1  x  1 x 1  x  1 2  x  1
x A Bx  C
(iii)   , Find A, B, C, and integrate.
1  x  1  x 2
 1 x 1 x 2
 x 1 dx  x 1  x   1  x  dx  x dx  dx
2
1
 x  1 x 2 1  x  1 x2  1
(iv)
        x2  1  1 x = 2
log | x 2  1|  log|1  x |  c
1 A Bx  C
(v)   . Find A, B, C and integrate
 x  1  x2 1  x 1 x2  1
x4  1  1  x 2  1  x 2  1 dx
(vi)  x  1 x2  1 dx   x  1 x2  1 dx   x  1 x2  1
        
dx
=   x  1 dx  
 x  1  x 2 1 
x2
=  x  I1 where I1 is same as (v)th part.
2
x 1  1 1  1 x2  a 2
(vii)  dx  2 x 
  x 2  a2 x2  b2 
  dx  ln c
 x 2  a2   x2  b2 
a  b2   2 a 2
 b 2 x 2
 b 2

(viii) Put x2 = t and then make partial fractions.
 t  1  A  B t 1 1 t 1 1
B  ; A 
 t  2  2t  1 t  2 2t  1 ; 2t  1 t   2 3 t  2 t 1 3
2
x2  1 1 1 1 
  2  2 

  
x 2  2 2 x 2  1 3  x  2 2 x  1
1 1 x 1
Integrate both sides  I . tan 1  2 tan 1 2 x  c
3 2 2 6
1 x  x2 1 dx 1 1 1  1
(ix)  x3 1 x  dx   x3   x  x  1   2 x2    x  x 1  dx   2 x 2  log| x|  log| x  1 |  c

SOLUTIONS - IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - F
x
dx 
 x  3  3 dx 
dx
 3
dx
 2 x  1  3I1
(i)   x  3 x 1   x  3
x 1  x 1  x  3 x  1
To solve I1, substitute x + 1 = t 2
dx 2dt 6 t 2 3 x 1  2
 3 3  log  c  log c
 x  3 x  1 t2  4 4 t 2 2 x 1  2
2 x dx 2dt
(ii) I  dx  3  2  3  2  1 x  c [Substitute x + 1 = t2]
x 1 x x 1 x t 2 1
 x2  2x  2  2x  dx
2
xdx
 2 x  1  2 I1 ;
(iii)  x2  2x  2 x  1 
  x 1 2

x  2x  2  x 1
xdx
I1  
x 2
 2x  2  x 1
Let x – 1 = t2  dx = 2tdt
t 2  1  2tdt  
 2 4
t 2  1 dt
 2 2  t  4t 2  5
 t  1  2  t  1  2   t 
2
 
 1  2  1  2
1 
 5
 t  5

 1 
 5

 t  5

 
=  dt   dt
4 2
t  4t  5 t  4t 2  5
4
 5  5
 1  2  dt  1  2  dt
 1   1 
 t   t 
 1    1 
5 
2  2
 5  5  5
t 
t
  42 5 t 
t

  2 54   
   
5  5 5  5
substitute t  z  1   dt  dz ; substitute t   y   1   dt  dy
t  t 2  t 
 t 2 
dx
  x 1 2  x  1   x  1 dx  2tdt tdt x 1
(iv)  x  1 2 x 1  Let x  1  t      c
x 1    x  12 t x 1
I
x2  2 x  3
dx 
 x2  2x 1  2 dx  dx

xdx

2dx
(v)     
 x  1 x2  1  x 1 x2  1 x 2 1 x2  1  x 1 x2  1

 
2 2 2dx
log x  x  1  x 1   I 
 x 1 x 2 1 1 
   
1
To solve I1, substitute x  1 
t
1
(vi) Substitute x  1 
t
1 2dt
(vii) Substitute x2 + 9 = t2  I 
2 t2  5
1  x2
(viii)  xdx Let 1 + x2 = t2  xdx = tdt
x.x
t  tdt 
 1  1 t 1
 t 2  1   t 2 1  dt  t  2 n t  1  c
  1 
 
 
x2 4  x2  4 dx  dx 
I  dx   dx    4   I1 
(ix) 3/ 2 3/ 2
4 x 
2
4  x 2 x2  4
 
 x2  4 x2  4  

1
To solve I1, substitute x 
t
(x) Substitute x2 = cos2
Substitute x = t6  I 
1 t3  6t 5  dt  6 t 5  t8
(xi)  1 t 2
 1 t 2 dt
 6 4 3 2 t 1 
On dividing Numerator and Denominator, we get : I  
 t  t  t  t  t  1   dt
2
 t  1 
(xii) Substitute x = t2  dx = 2tdt
2t 2 .dt 2t 2 A B C
I  ;   

1 t 2  2  t 2 3  t 2  1 t 2  2  t 2 3  t 2  1 t 2 2  t2 3 t2
Find A, B, C and integrate.

SOLUTIONS - IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - G
1. (i) Similar to Illustration - 43. (ii) Similar to Illustration - 44

2. Similar to Illustration - 46 3. Similar to Illustration - 45
2tdt  1  2tdt t2  1
4. Put tan x = t2  x = tan–1 t2  dx =  I = t   = 2 4 dt, then
1  t4  t  1 t4 t 1
use Illustration - 22(i)
5. Divide N r and D r by cos2x and then put tan x = t
sec 2  d
6.  (tan  2) (2tan   1) (  Divide N and D by cos2)
Let tan  = t and then solve by partial fractions.

dx cos x dx
7.  p  qtanx =  p cos x  q sin x . Express cos x = l (p cos x + q sin x) + m (– p sin x + q cos x).
dx sec 2 xdx dt
8. I =  sin x ( sin x  2cos x) =  =  t (t  2) . Use partial fractions.
tan x (tan x  2)
x
sec 2
2dx sin x 2 dx 1
9.  2cos x  3 –  2 cos x  3 dx = 2  2 1  tan2 x   3 1  tan2 x  + 2 ln | 2 cos x + 3 | + c
   
 2  2
x
Substitute tan  t in first integral and solve further..
2
sin x 1  sin x  cos x    sin x  cos x 
10.   sin x  cos x  dx  2  dx = x  1 n | sin x  cos x |  c
 sin x  cos x  2 2
e 2 x dx 1
11.  e2 x  1 = 2
ln | e2x + 1| + c
a xdx x
12. I =  2 2 dx +  2 2 = a sin–1 – a 2  x 2 + c.
a x a x a
dx 1 sin ( x  a  x  b)
13.  sin ( x  a) sin ( x  b) = sin (b  a)  sin ( x  a) sin ( x  b)
1 sin(x  a ) cos ( x  b)  cos ( x  a) sin ( x  b)
= sin (b  a )  sin ( x  a) sin ( x  b)

1 1 sin ( x  b)
= sin (b  a )  [cot ( x  b)  cot ( x  a )] dx = sin (b  a ) ln sin ( x  a) + c
14. [ See INE - E (ii) ]
15. Use partial fractions.
dx sin xdx dt
16.  sin x (5  4 cos x) =  (1  cos 2 x) (5  4 cos x) ; Let cos x = t  I = – 
(1  t 2 ) (5  4t )
.
Use partial fractions.
a2  x2
dx 

x a2  x2  dx
17. x a2  x2

a4  x 4
Let x2 = t  2xdx = dt
1 
a2  t
dt 
a2 dt

1 tdt
2  a4  t 2 2  2 2  2
a2   t2  a2   t2
a2  t  1 a2  x2  1
 sin 1    a4  t 2  sin 1    a4  x4  c
2  a2  2 2  a2  2
 
 cos  d
18. Put x = sin   I =  =   sec 2  d . Apply by parts.
cos3 
2 1/ 2 1/ 2
19. x  2 tan x sec x  dx =  ( sec x  tan x) 2  dx =
 1  2 tan  sec x dx +  tan x dx
  
2
20. Apply by parts taking log (1 + x ) as I part and dx as second part.
21. Apply by-parts taking log (sec x + tan x) as I part and sin x as second part.
cos ( x  a  a) cos ( x  a) cos a  sin ( x  a ) sin a
22.  cos ( x  a ) dx =  cos ( x  a ) dx =  cos a  tan ( x  a ) sin a  dx
1 sin (b  a) dx 1 sin ( x  a  x  b) 1
23. sin (b  a)  cos ( x  a) cos ( x  b) = sin (b  a)  cos ( x  a) cos ( x  b) = sin (b  a)
 tan ( x  a)  tan ( x  b)  dx

24. Put x = cos  I = –  2 sin  d . Apply by parts.
2 tan x sec 2 xdx dt
25. Divide N and D by cos x . I 4
 =  1  t2  tan 1 t  c [Substitute t = tan2x]
4
1  tan x
xdx
26.
x  sin x  sin x 1 x
 1 cos x dx = 2 sin 2 x –  1  cos x dx = 2  x cos ec2 2 dx – ln | 1– cos x | + c.
2
For the first integral, apply by parts and proceed further.

1
27. Let log x = t  x dx = dt  I =  e2t t dt . Apply by parts.
1 xa  xb
28.    dx [Use rationalisation]
xa  xb ab
1 dx dt dt
29.  x log x (log x)2  3 log x  10 . Put log x = t I=  t (t 2  3t  10) =  t (t  5) (t  2)
 
Use partial Fractions.
1  x ( x  a) dx  x x  b dx 
30. Rationalise to get : I = a  b    
2 2
Put x  a  t Put x  b  t
 2a 2 
t 2 dt 2 dt
31. Substitute a2 – x2 = t2  I = –  2 2 =   1  2 2  dt  t  2a  2
2a  t 2 a  t
  t2   2a 
32. Substitute x – 1 = t2.
1  1  1 1 1
33. Let log x = t  dx = dt  I =   log t  2  et dt =   log t    2  et dt
x  t   t t t 
t 1 t 1 1    1  1 
 I =  e  log t   dt +  e    2  dt = et  log t     = x log log x  + c.
 t  t t    t   log x 
dx 1  x  cos  
34.   tan 1  c
 x  cos  2  sin2  sin   sin  
2  3  2 sin x  cos x   3 dx
35.  dx = 2 x  3 
3  2 sin x  cos x 3  2 sin x  cos x
x
dx sec 2
= 2x  3 2
 x x x
3  3 tan2  4 tan  1  tan 2
2 2 2
1 x
sec 2 dx x dt
= 2x  3  2 2 Let tan  t  2 x  3
x x
tan 2  2 tan  2
2  t  12  1
2 2
1  x
= 2 x  3 tan  1  tan   c
 2
e x dx dt dt
36.  e x (1  3e x  2e2 x ) =  t (1 3t  2t 2 ) =  t (t  1) (2t  1) . Apply partial fractions.

37. x 4 x
Let e + 1 = t  e dx = 4 t dt  I = 3
t 4  1 4 t3dt
 t
dx 1
4
38. I=  . Substitute 1 + 4 =t .
3/ 4 x
 1 
x5 1  4 
 x 
2 2 4
 2

  cot 2 x   c
39.  sec x cos ec xdx =  sin2 2 x dx 4  cos ec 2 xdx 4
2

40. [Substitute x = cos2   I = – 2  tan cos  sin  d = 2  cos  ( cos   1) d
2
a2 dx a2
41.  1 . [Substitute – 1 = t2]
x2 x3 x2
2t dt
42. 2
Substitute x + 1 = t  dx = 2t dt  I=  2
t  1 t
x
dx sec 4 dx x
43. I= = 2 . [Substitute (a – b) tan2
 2  2 2
  2 x   2 x
  1  tan 2  (a  b)  (a  b) tan 2 
a  b  x 
  1  tan2 
  2 
= (a + b) tan2
x
  a  b  sec 2 dx = 2 ( a  b) sec 2  d
2
 2 x 2 x  a  b 2  a b 2
1  tan  sec dx 1  a  b tan   a  b sec  d
 2 2  
 I=  2
=2 
 2 x (a  b)2 sec 4 
 a  b  (a  b) tan 2 
2
2
 I=  [(a  b) cos   (a  b) sin 2 ] d
(a  b 2 )3/ 2
2
2 a b  sin 2  ab  sin 2  

 I=  2       +c
(a  b )2 2 3/ 2
  2  2  2  
2 b  2  b tan  
 I= 2 a  sin 2  a   +c
(a  b 2 )3/ 2  2  = (a 2  b 2 )3/ 2 1  tan 2  
 
( a  b) x
Substitute tan2 = (a  b) tan2 and simplify..
2

x ( x 2  1)  ( x 2  2) x dx
44. I=  ( x   1) ( x 2  2)
dx =  x  2 dx +  x  1
3 x 3 x A Bx  C
45. I =  xdx +  x ( x2  2 x  3) dx. Use partial fraction : x ( x 2  2 x  3)
=
x
+ 2
x  2x  3
x x 2
46.  sec x 1 dx =  tan2 x (sec x – 1) dx =  x (cos ec x cot x  cot x) dx .
2
=  x cos ec x cot x dx   x cos ec x dx +  xdx (Use by parts)
sin ( x  a  a) sin( x  a) cos a  cos ( x  a ) sin a
47.  sin ( x  a ) dx =  sin ( x  a)
dx = cos a  dx  sin a  cot ( x  a ) dx
48. We have sin2 x = (sin x + cos x)2 – 1 and sin2 x = 1 – (sin x – cos x)2
2 cos x dx (cos x  sin x) dx (cos x  sin x) dx
I =  sin 2 x  2 =  + sin 2 x  2
sin 2 x  2
(cos x  sin x)dx (cos x  sin x) dx
=  3  (sin x  cos x)2 +  ( sin x  cos x)2  1
dt dz
=  3  t 2 +  z 2 1
cos ec 2 xdx cos ec 2 x dx 1 dt
49.  =  cos a  cot x sin a
=
sin a
 t
where t = cos a + cot x sin a
sin ( x  a)
sin x
 2 cos 2 x  1 
cos 2 x  sin x 
50.  dx   sin x  dx Put cosx = t
sin x  sin x  1  cos 2 x 
 
2t 2  1   dt  2t 2  1
   dt
1  t2 t 2
1  2
2t  1
1 dt
 2 dt  
2t 2  1 t 2  1 2t 2  1
51. Write x3 – x + 2 = (x2 + 1) (x + 1) – x2 – 2x + 1
 2 
x ( x  1) ( x  1) 1  x  2 x
 e x ( x  1)
 I =  e    dx = +c
2 2
 ( x  1) ( x 2  1)2  x2  1
f (x) f (x)
t2  1 2tdt (t 2  1) 2dt
52. 2
Let x = t  I =  = 
(t 2  1) t 6  t 4  t 2 (t 2  1) t 4  t 2  1

 1
 1  2  dt
 t 

 I = 2  1  2 1 . Now put z = t +
1
t  t  t 1 2 t
  t
dz 1
 I = 2  = 2 sec–1 | z | = 2 sec–1 x .
x
z z2  1
1  1 2a  x 
53. Apply By parts taking sin  2 
a  as Ist part and x as IInd part.

x  1 dx x 1
   dx
3/ 4 5/ 4 3/ 4
 x  1  x  2  x  1
54.
 x  2  x  2 2
 
x 1  x  2    x  1 2t 4  1
 t4  dx  4t 3dt and x 
x 2  x  22 1  t4
 3t 4  2 
 
 1 t4  
3 t4  1  1 3  1 1 

 t3
 4t 3dt 
   1  t4
dt = 3t  2



  t 2 1 t 2  1 dt

x x cos x
55. I =  cos x dx . Use by parts.
( x sin x  cos x) 2
x x cos x dx 1  cos x  x sin x 
=  ( x sin x  cos x)2 –  ( x sin x  cos x)   dx
cos x cos 2 x 
x  1   d 
=   + tan x + C.  Note that ( x sin x  cos x )  x cos x 
cos x  ( x sin x  cos x)   dx 
sin ( x   ) dx sin x cos  dx cos x sin 
56. I=  = –  dx
sin ( x   ) sin ( x  a ) 2
cos   cos x2 2 2
sin x  sin 
(Substitute t  cos x ) Substitute z  sin x 
57. [Similar to Q. 7 in OSE]
dx cos x dx dt
58. I =  4 cos x cos 2 x =  =  4 (1  t 2 ) (1  2t 2 ) .
4 (1  sin 2 x) (1  2 sin 2 x )
59. Take cosx + sinx = t and then solve.
60. [Similar to Q. 23]

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Integral Calculus Essentials

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Vidyamandir Classes Integral Calculus - 1

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION Section - 1

1.2 Properties of Integral Calculus - 1

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 1

1.3.1 Integrals of Basic Algebraic Functions

(i)  sin x dx   cos x  C (ii)  cos x dx  sin x  C

(v)  sec x tan x dx  sec x  C (vi)  cosec x cot x dx   cosec x  C

2 Section 1 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

1.4 Further Generalisation of Some Results using property 1.2 (v)

1.5 Integrals of tan x, cot x, sec x, cosec x

  tan x dx  log | sec x |  C

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 3

sec x (sec x  tan x) sec 2 x sec x  tan x

cosec x (cosec x  cot x ) cosec 2 x  cosec x cot x

Illustrating the Concepts :

4 Section 1 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Illustrating the Concepts :

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 5

Illustrating the Concepts :

( sin 1x)3 4 log n x

6 Section 1 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Illustrating the Concepts :

tan x  1 sin x  cos x

1.6 Integration of some trigonometric Functions using Standard Results

8 Section 1 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Now proceed on the pattern of  sin 4 x dx .

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 9

Illustrating the Concepts :

Evaluate the following integrals :

10 Section 1 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

We have the following methods of Integration :

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 1 11

Evaluate the following integrals.

(ix)  cos x cos 2 x cos3x dx (x)  (1  x) 1  x dx

12 Section 1 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION Section - 2

The substitution reduces the integral  f [ g ( x )] g  ( x) dx to the form  f (t ) dt i.e.

(A) sin( xe x ) (B) cos( xe x ) (C) e x sin x (D) e x cos x

Illustrating the Concepts :

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 13

Illustrating the Concepts :

(i) The given integral can be written as : (ii) L et sin  = t2  cos  d = 2t dt

14 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Illustrating the Concepts :

Evaluate : (i)  sin 3 x cos 4 x dx (ii)  sin

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 15

Evaluate the following Integrals.

16 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

2.2 Some Important Substitutions

2.3 Some standard results derived using substitution method

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 17

18 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Illustrating the Concepts :

Let I=  x 2  5 x  1 dx   ( x  5 / 2)2  21/ 4 dx

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 19

20 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 21

22 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support

Illustrating the Concepts :

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 2 23

2dt Case 1 : Let a = b

24 Section 2 Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support