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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
A Comparative Study B/W Black Cotton Soil and Alluvial Soil for
Economical Pavement Design by Lime & Fly-Ash Stabilization
Kunal Anand, Awanish Kumar Shukla, Sidharth Sharma
(PGP ACM, National Institute of Construction Management & Research (NICMAR), Pune)
ABSTRACT
As we know the road development is one of the major parts of growing infrastructure & Pune, which is
expanding at a very fast rate, the construction of roads is of major concern. Fly Ash is one of the abundant forms
of Solid Waste produced at thermal power plants. Its disposal is a big problem keeping both these concerns in
mind it was tried to come out with a project which will integrate Road development and Fly ash disposal. Thus,
in this project we intend to use Fly ash & Lime in roads which will help us in following manner:
High volumes of Fly ash will be used which will save the dumping sites to be used for better purposes.
The use of fly ash will reduce the consumption of high volumes of fertile soil that can be used for cultivation
purposes.
Due to binding properties of lime & Fly ash, the pavement designed will be of higher strength.
Overall thickness of the pavement can be reduced.
Two types of soils were used in this project, namely Alluvial Soil and Black Soil taken from nearby Pune.
Keywords – Fly Ash, Lime, Pavements, Alluvial Soil, Black Cotton Soil, Solid waste
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
2. The proportions of lime; fly ash and soil in the 7. Either the unconfined compression or the CBR test
total mixture expressed in parts by dry weight. may be employed for the determination of strength
3. Thus if the ratio : L : FA is 1 : 4 : the designation of the compacted soil lime fly ash mix depending
by parts may be on the design requirement15. In the case of the
i. Lime : 3 parts former test, specimens of the mix compacted at
ii. Fly ash : 12 parts OMC anal with the same amount of compaction
iii. Soil : 85 parts effort shall be prepared, cured for 28 days at a
iv. Total (cm dry wt. basis) =100 temperature ranging from 30°C to 38CC and
4. Experience suggests that lime-fly ash ratios of 1:3 maintaining constant moulding moisture, and
to 1:4 give optimum strength for various soil finally tested for unconfined compressive strength
types suitable for lime-fly ash soil stabilization. as per IS: 2720 (Part X). The specimen size may be
Further increase in lime content does not indicate 50 mm dia x 100 mm height in the case of fine
a proportionate increase in strength. Lime plus fly grained and sandy materials or 100 mm diameter x
ash content ranging between 10 and 30 per cent 200 mm height for larger particle size mixtures
by weight of the total dry mixture has been found (prepared after rejecting the par tides larger than 20
to be suitable. Lime fly ash requirements, in fact, mm in size). Alternatively, the CBR test shall be
depend upon the percentage of fines in the total carried out in the same way by curing samples for 7
mix. Fine cohesive silts require a higher days or 28 days, with 4 days soaking as the case
percentage of (lime-f fly ash) compared to well- may be in accordance with the provisions of
graded soils. Strength development calls for suffi- IS:2720 (Part XVI-1965). The results of tests shall
cient matrix material (fines) to fill the voids in then be plotted using the compressive strength or
coarse materials. CBR and the lime fly ash soil ratios as the two
4. The exact proportions of the ingredients viz. lime, axes. The ratio corresponding to the Minimum
fly ash and soil, to be adopted at a particular Strength Requirement as specified will be adopted
location should be based on the laboratory mix and the one which suggests minimum quantity of
design depending upon the strength requirement. lime or the one which, according to detailed cost
The minimum unconfined compressive strength analysis, works out to be the most economical shall
and CBR values after 28 days curing and 4 days finally be selected. Specimen samples using the
soaking should be 7.5 kg/cm2 and 25 per cent same proportions, prepared in the same manner will
respectively. In terms of seven days curing and be tested for compressive strength or CBR for
four days soaking, the minimum unconfined verification and confirmation. The maximum dry
compressive strength and CBR values should be density (corresponding to heavy compaction effect)
3 kg/cm2 and 10 per cent respectively. The curing at which the soil- lime-fly ash mixture is finally
maybe done at a temperature ranging from 30°C prepared to be remoulded shall be called 'Control
to 38°C. Density'.
5. Trial mixes using (lime-fly ash) ratios of 1:2, 1:3,
1:4, are initially prepared. The following overall V. CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
proportions may accordingly be used for 5.1 Preparation of Sub grade
preparing the mixtures for laboratory tests : All irregularities beyond the permitted
a. Ratio Overall proportions by parts tolerance should be rectified. The road bed shall be
(L: FA: Soil) prepared by removing all vegetation and other
b. 1:2 2.5 : 5 : 92.5 extraneous matter, lightly sprinkled with water if
c. 1:3 2.5 :7.5 : 90 necessary and rolled with 8-10 tone smooth wheeled
i. 4 : 12 : 84 rollers. Soft and yielding spots and ruts, if present,
ii. 5 : 15 : 80 should be corrected and rolled until firm.
d. 1:4 2 : 8 : 90
i. 3 : 12 : 85 5.2 Weather Limitations
ii. 4 : 16: 80 Lime-fly ash-soil stabilization should not be
e. Additional trials may be made if done when the air temperature in the shade is less than
required. Amounts of lime quantity 10°C.
smaller than two per cent are
generally not amenable to proper 5.3 Batching and Mixing
mixing and hence not recommended. Volume batching may be permitted only
6. 7.5. Each of the mixes suggested above shall be when it is unavoidable. The materials before being
subjected to laboratory compaction tests in mixed together shall be thoroughly pulverized.
accordance with the procedure laid down in IS: Pulverization may be done either by making use of
2720 (Part VIII) using Heavy Compaction effort. mechanical plants or manually by means of rotary
The values of the maximum Dry Density and tillers, disc harrows, crow bars, pick axes, bullock
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC)13 shall be drawn ploughs, etc.
scaled out from the plot in each case.
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
5.8 Rolling
Immediately after spreading, grading and
leveling of the mixed material, compaction shall be
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
1.8
11.25 1.8
1.6 13.8 1.845
Alluvial Soil
1.4 17.125 1.865
5 15 25 21.25 1.79
Water Content
Alluvial Soil + 5% lime + 30% Flyash
2
Dry Density
Alluvial Soil + 5% lime + 10% Fly ash 1.8
Water Content Dry Density 1.6
12.69 1.6 1.4 Alluvial Soil
14.58 1.7 5 15 25
18.04 1.79
Water Content
22.5 1.73
20 1.615
25 1.645
1.4 Alluvial Soil 30.95 1.66
5 25 36.5 1.59
Water Content
19 1.625
23.61 1.657
1.4 Alluvial Soil
28.57 1.69
5 25
33.33 1.63
Water Content
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
1.7 0 0 33.33
Differential Free
Black Soil + 5% Lime + 20% Fly Ash
20
Swell %
0 Alluvial Soil
Water Content Dry Density
0 20 40 Black Soil
18.34 1.63
Soil Lime Flyash Content
21.25 1.685
25 1.75
Black Cotton Soil
29.165 1.68
Percentage Shrinkage Limit
0 12.3
Black Soil + 5% Lime + 20% Fly Ash
10 13.9
Dry Density
1.7 20 17.7
1.5 30 21.28
Black Soil
5 25
Water Content Shrinkage Test
25
Shrinkage Limit Ws (%)
20
Black Soil + 5% Lime + 30% Fly Ash
15
10
Water Content Dry Density
5 Black Soil
15.475 1.68 0
18.335 1.76 0 20 40
21.25 1.8 Soil Lime Flyash Content
25 1.75
Alluvial Soil
1.7 10 19.7
20 21.4
1.5 Black Soil
30 22.1
5 25
Water Content
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
Alluvial Soil
Shrinkage Test
Percentage Plastic Limit
30
Shrinkage Limit Ws (%)
0 24.01
20
10 25.5
10
0 Alluvial Soil 20 26.83
0 20 40 30 27.47
Plastic Limit
20
Percentage Liquid Limit
10
0 57.7 Alluvial
10 51.2 0 Soil
0 20 40
20 45.5
30 40.8 Soil Lime Flyash Content
60
0 5.19
40
20 10 13.9
0 Black Soil
20 9.77
0 20 40
30 5.83
Soil Lime Flyash Content
0 29.2 10
10 39.04 5
Alluvial
20 36.6 0 Soil
30 33.3 0 20 40
Soil Lime Flyash Content
Liquid Limit
50 Black Cotton Soil
Liquid Limit Wl (%)
40
30 Percentage Plastic Limit
20 0 45.21
10 Alluvial Soil
0 10 41.83
0 20 40 20 37.14
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
40 350
20
0 250
Load (Kg)
Black Soil
0 20 40 150
Unsoaked
Soil Lime Flyash Content 50
Soaked
-50
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Black Soil Penetration (mm)
Percentage Plasticity Index
0 12.49
C.B.R for Alluvial Soil
10 9.37
Penetration Load (Unsoaked) Load (Soaked)
20 8.36
0.0 0 0
30 7.99
0.5 25 20
1.0 50 38
Plasticity Index 1.5 72 55
30 2.0 90 70
Plasticity Index Ip (%)
25
2.5 106 84
20
15 3.0 118 94
10 3.5 128 102
5 Black Soil
4.0 136 108
0
0 20 40 5.0 150 116
7.5 175 135
Soil Lime Flyash Content
10.0 195 150
12.5 205 160
C.B.R for Alluvial Soil + 5% Lime + 30% Fly ash
Penetration Load (Unsoaked) Load (Soaked)
0.0 0 0 C.B.R for Alluvial Soil
0.5 37 30
300
Load (Kg)
1.0 75 60
200
1.5 110 87
100 Unsoaked
2.0 135 110
0 Soaked
2.5 160 132
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
3.0 180 150
3.5 195 165 Penetration (mm)
4.0 205 177
5.0 222 194
7.5 250 227
10.0 270 245
12.5 285 255
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
Load (Kg)
0.5 30 20 150
Unsoaked
1.0 52 40
-50 Soaked
1.5 75 60 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
2.0 96 78 Penetration (mm)
2.5 114 94
3.0 128 106
CBR Value for 2.5mm Penetration
3.5 138 116 Percentage CBR (Unsoaked) CBR
4.0 146 124 (Soaked)
0 7.73 6.13
5.0 158 136 10 8.32 6.86
7.5 182 158 20 9.78 7.73
30 11.67 9.63
10.0 200 174
12.5 214 188
CBR Value for 2.5mm Penetration
15
CBR Value
9
2.0 114 88
2.5 134 106 4
3.0 152 122 -1
3.5 168 134 0 10 20 30 40
4.0 182 144 Soil Lime Flyash Content
5.0 198 156
7.5 212 174
10.0 222 186
12.5 232 194
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
Load (Kg)
1.0 30 22 150
Unsoaked
1.5 45 34 50
Soaked
2.0 62 46 -50
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
2.5 76 56
Penetration (mm)
3.0 86 62
3.5 94 68
C.B.R for Black Soil + 5% Lime + 20% Fly ash
4.0 100 72
5.0 108 80 Penetration Load (Unsoaked) Load (Soaked)
7.5 118 90 0.0 0 0
10.0 124 96 0.5 24 15
12.5 128 102 1.0 42 28
1.5 60 42
C.B.R for Black Soil 2.0 78 55
2.5 94 66
350
3.0 106 75
250
Load (Kg)
3.5 116 82
150
Unsoaked 4.0 123 88
50 5.0 132 96
Soaked
-50 7.5 144 106
0.0 10.0 20.0
10.0 152 115
Penetration (mm)
12.5 158 120
1.0 36 24
1.5 52 36 150 Unsoaked
2.0 68 48 50 Soaked
2.5 81 60
3.0 92 70 -50 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
3.5 100 76 Penetration (mm)
4.0 108 80
5.0 116 84
7.5 126 90
10.0 132 96
12.5 140 102
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
C.B.R for Black Soil + 5% Lime + 30% Flyash CBR Value for 5mm Penetration
Penetration Load (Unsoaked) Load (Soaked) Percentage CBR (Unsoaked) CBR (Soaked)
0.0 0 0
0.5 25 16 0 5.25 3.89
1.0 48 32
10 5.64 4.08
1.5 72 48
2.0 95 64 20 6.42 4.67
2.5 120 80
3.0 134 92 30 7.59 5.45
3.5 142 100
4.0 148 106
5.0 156 112
CBR Value for 5mm Penetration
7.5 172 120
10.0 184 128 10
12.5 192 134 8
CBR Value
6
CBR
C.B.R for Black Soil + 5% Lime + 30% 4 (Unsoaked)
Flyash 2 CBR (Soaked)
350 0
0 20 40
250
Load (Kg)
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1609-1620
5.25% to 7.59% for 5 mm penetration in un- [6] Tenzaghi, K & peck, R.B. (1967) Soil
soaked condition. Mechanics in Engineering Practice.
CBR values for Black Soil in soaked condition for [7] Jamil Ahamad - M.Sc. Engg. (Civil) Theses
96 hours ranges from 4.08% to 5.83% for 2.5 mm on "Study and behaviour and Strength
penetration and 3.89% to 5.45% for 5 mm Characteristic of soils in and around
penetration. Muzaffarpur with special reference to flyash
Mixture.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS [8] Dr. S.K. Khanna & Dr. C.E.G., Justo
With the use of Fly Ash and Lime in Alluvial "Highway Engineering".
soil & Black Cotton Soil, there is a great change in [9] E.J. Yoder "Principal of Pavement Design"
Index properties. It further leads towards stabilization [10] IS 2720 Part III 1980 "Specific gravity"
of soil. With the help of this stabilization of soil, [11] IS 2720 Part II 1973 "Water content"
pavements can be designed economically such that [12] I.S. 2720 Part IV 1985 "Grain size Analysis"
sub-base thickness can be reduced with varying [13] I.S. 2720 Part VII 1980 "Water content dry
percentage of Fly Ash and Lime. density relation using light compaction"
[14] I.S. 2720 Part V 1986 "Determination of
IX. SUGGESTIONS / liquid limit and plastic limit"
RECOMMENDATIONS [15] I.S. 2720 Part XVI 1987 "Laboratory
1. Based on the above conclusions it can be determination of CBR"
suggested that the natural soil of Pune should be
stabilized with Fly ash & Lime on the commercial ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
basis. Authors of this paper have deep sense of
2. The lime & fly ash together act as a better gratitude towards Shri U.K. Guru Vittal (Scientist)
stabilizing material. CRRI New Delhi; Dr. K.N. Prasad (Associate
3. Since the more percentage reduction in pavement Professor) B.C.E Bhagalpur and Prof. V.S. Sohoni
thickness has been achieved, by mixing Fly ash & (HOD Civil Engineering Department, Bharati
Lime but use of it in highways and rural roads will Vidyapeeth, Pune) for their consistent support in this
certainly yield in terms of economy because a project. We are extremely thankful to Mr. Umesh
large amount of fly ash can be shifted from Vibhute (Amogh Associates-Pune) for sponsoring this
thermal power plants and a great problem of its project.
disposal as well as environmental pollution would
be solved. ABOUT THE AUTHOR
4. The sites used for dumping fly ash can be used for Kunal Anand completed his B-Tech. in
better purposes. Civil Engineering from Bharati Vidyapeeth
College of Engineering, Pune. He has a
X. SCOPE OF FUTURE work experience of 2 Years at Neilsoft Ltd.
INVESTIGATION Pune in structural designing. He is currently pursuing
1. Effects of Fly ash to contamination of PGP in Advanced Construction Management at
underground water. National Institute of Construction Management And
2. Natural soil has been stabilized with fly ash and Research (NICMAR), Pune.
lime. Percentage of mixing these stabilizing Email- kunalanand2011@gmail.com
materials should be extended to get the optimum
minimum thickness of pavement for economical Awanish Kumar Shukla completed his B.E.
design of pavement. in Civil Engineering from K.I.T.S. Ramtek,
Nagpur. He has published a research paper
on “Application of CNC waste with
REFERENCES
Recycled aggregate in Concrete Mix” in IJERA (Vol.
[1] IRC : SP : 20-2002 Rural Roads Manual
3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013). He is currently pursuing
[2] Document on Rural Road Development in
PGP in Advanced Construction Management at
India Vol. II CRRI* 1990
National Institute of Construction Management And
[3] IRC: 37-1984 Guidelines for Design of
Research (NICMAR), Pune.
Flexible Pavements (First Revision) India
Email- awanish.shukla21@gmail.com
Road Congress, 1984.
[4] IRC: 37-2001 Guidelines for Design of
Sidharth Sharma completed his B-Tech. in
Flexible Pavements (Second Revision) Indian
Civil Engineering from Bharati Vidyapeeth
Road Congress, 2001.
College of Engineering, Pune. He is currently
[5] I.S. 10153-1982, India Standard codes for
pursuing PGP in Advanced Construction
"Guidelines for utilization and disposal of fly
Management at National Institute of Construction
ash", C.B.R.I. Roorkee, Specials Publication
Management And Research (NICMAR), Pune.
(Jan - 1983) -Building Materials from Indian
Email- sidharth273@gmail.com
flyashes.
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