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Failure Maps of Clamped Beams Under

Impulsive Loading

Article in Mechanics of Structures and Machines · November 1995

DOI: 10.1080/08905459508905247

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Failure Maps of Clamped Beams Under Impulsive

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H. M. Wen , T. X. Yu & T. Y. Reddy

To cite this article: H. M. Wen , T. X. Yu & T. Y. Reddy (1995) Failure Maps of Clamped Beams
Under Impulsive Loading*, Mechanics of Structures and Machines, 23:4, 453-472, DOI:
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MECH. STRUCT.& MACH., 23(4), 453-472 (1995)

Failure Maps of Clamped Beams Under

Impulsive Loading*

H. M. Wen, T. X. Yu, and T. Y. Reddy

APPLIEDMECHANICS DIVISION
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICALENGINEERING
UMIST, P. 0.Box 88
MANCHESTER M60 IQD, UNITEDKINGDOM

ABSTRACT

A previously proposed quasi-static procedure is adopted in this paper to esti-

mate the dynamic plastic response and failure of clamped beams under uniformly
distributed impulsive loading. Based on the principle of energy conservation and
the assumption of equivalent work done, the problem of a beam under impulsive
loading is analyzed through the solution of an identical beam subjected to an
equivalent static load. It transpires that the present theoretical predictions are in
good agreement with the experimental observations in terms of maximum per-
manent transverse displacements, failun: modes, and the critical input impulses
causing beam failure due to either tensile tearing or transverse shear.

I. INTRODUCTION

The response of structures to dynamic loads that produce large inelastic defor-
mations which often lead to failures is of importance in a variety of engineering

*Communicated by S. Kaliszky
453
Copyright O 1995 by Marcel Dekker. Inc.
454 WEN, YU, AND, REDDY

problems. An extensive literature on the theoretical and experimental investiga-

tions in this field is now available [l-51; in particular, a survey is given in Ref. 6
on the dynamic inelastic failure of beams that were subjected either to uniformly
distributed impulsive loads, as an idealization of forces due to an explosion, or to
local rigid body impacts to idealize moving object loadings. Rigid-plastic meth-
ods are often used to simplify the analysis of structures made of a material with
unlimited ductility, and theoretical predictions are found to be in reasonably good
correlation with experimental results, provided that the energy imparted by the
external dynamic loads is at least three times larger than the maximum amount
of strain energy that could be absorbed by a structure in a wholly elastic man-
ner [7, 81. However, practical structures are made of materials that have lim-
ited ductility, and their dynamic inelastic failure has not been extensively investi-
gated [6, 91.
Different failure modes may develop in a structure underdifferent dynamic load-
ing conditions. Menkes and Opat [lo] conducted an experimental investigation into
the dynamic plastic failure of clamped metal beams subjected to a uniformly dis-
tributed impulsive loading. Three major failure modes were observed and classified
as large inelastic deformations, tensile tearing, and transverse shear failure at the
supports. Similar behaviors have also been observed for clamped, metallic circu-
lar plates under uniformly distributed impulsive loading [I 1-13]. A similar beam
problem has been studied theoretically by Jones [I41 using a simple rigid-plastic
method, and by Shen and Jones [I51 based on an energy density failure criterion
that retains the simultaneous influence of the bending moment, membrane force,
and transverse shear force on all of the failure modes.
Reference 16, on the other hand, suggested a quasi-static procedure to estimate
the dynamic plastic response and failure of clamped metal beams struck trans-
versely at any point in the span by a rigid mass traveling at a low velocity [17, 181.
Based on the principle of virtual work, load-deflection relationships were obtained
and employed to establish an expression (Eq. 23) in Ref. 16 which clearly shows
that the onset of tensile tearing and transverse shear failure modes depends on the
mechanical properties of the beam materials, such as uniaxial rupture strain, as
well as on the geometrical parameters of the beam, impact locations, and support-
ing conditions. Good agreement was obtained between theoretical predictions and
experimental observations.
In this paper, a procedure similar to that proposed in Ref. 16 is used to examine
the dynamic plastic response and failure of clamped metal beams subjected to
uniformly distributed impulsive loading. Failure maps are constructed and utilized
to predict the onset of different failure modes. The present theoretical predictions
are compared with the experimental results for 6061-T6 aluminum alloy beams
reported in Ref. 10, and good agreement is obtained.
FAILURE MAPS

11. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

The quasi-static procedure was developed in Ref. 16 to estimate the dynamic

inelastic response and failure of clamped beams subjected to impact loading. This
procedure is extended in the present paper to analyze a clamped beam subjected
to a uniformly distributed impulsive load, based on the assumption of equivalent
work done by an equivalent static force F,. Using this procedure, the problem of a
beam under uniformly distributed impulsive loading could be solved by analyzing
an identical beam subjected to an equivalent impact load.

A. Basic Equations

The beam in the present investigation has a total length of 2L. thickness H, and
breadth B, and is subjected to a uniformly distributed impulsive loading as shown
in Fig. 1. According to the conservation of' momentum, it is easy to show that

and

where V, and m are the initial impulsive velocity and mass of the beam, respectively,
and Ek is the kinetic energy imparted to tlhe beam by the input impulse I.
From photographs of the tested beam specimens (see Ref. lo), it can be seen
that the displacement profile of the beam is a function of the input impulse. Careful
examination reveals that prior to the initial tensile tearing failure the displacement
profile remains unchanged, and that beyond that critical point the profile changes
dramatically as the initial input impulse is increased. The middle region of the
beam remains almost straight when it fails in transverse shear, which is in favorable
agreement with the conditions proposed in Ref. 14 using a rigid-plastic analysis.
It is therefore assumed that the displacemmt profiles of the beam under impulsive

Fig. 1 Fully clamped beam under impulsive loading.

 WEN,YU,A N D REDDY

loading can be written as

and

where W is the transverse displacement of the beam; W,is the transverse displace-
ment at the center; and a = Ill,, with I, being the critical input impulse at which
the beam fails by tensile tearing. Figure 2 shows the comparison of the assumed
displacement profiles (Eqs. 3a and 3b) with the experimentally observed ones in
Ref. I0 for aluminum alloy 6061 -T6 clamped beams with L = 101.6 mm, B = 25.4
mm, and H = 6.35 mm subjected to uniformly distributed impulsive loads. It can
be seen that good correlation is obtained. It is also assumed that two stationary
plastic bending hinges develop at the supports x = - L and x = L . From Eqs. 3 ,
2w0 x
aw -T(d a5 l (4a)

2a2W,,
-7 (3 233-1

,
a>l (4b)

and

are obtained.
FAILURE MAPS

Fig. 2 Comparison of assumed displacement profilm with those obtained experimentally in Ref. 10
for clamped aluminum alloy 6061-T6 beams ( L = 101.6 mm, B = 25.4 mm, and H = 6.35
mm) subjected to uniformly distributed impulsive loading: (a) a 5 I and ib) a > 1.

The theoretical analysis could be simplified by assuming that the axial force
N, is constant throughout the metal beam, which is suggested by the in-plane
equilibrium equations when axial inertia is neglected. A clamped rigid-plastic
beam may enter a fully plastic membrane state when the maximum transverse
deflection is larger than the thickness of the beam [4, 19-21], approximately.
Thus, if interest is limited to large plastic: deformations then it is reasonable to
assume that Nx = No (No is the fully plastic membrane force) throughout the
response and that the beam material is governed by the yield criterion as shown in
Fig. 3.
The shear sliding ( A ) at the supports in a beam subjected to impulsive loads
may be expressed as [16,22]
A = ye (8)

where y is the shear strain and e is the half-width of shear band as defined in Fig. 4.
From the elementary beam theory,

is obtained. Hence,
 WEN, YU, AND REDDY

la)

Fig. 3 Plastic yield conditions.

Using the yield conditions in Fig. 3 and the associated flow rule, and taking N, =
N,,, it can be shown that M., II=L-e = 0, MxIx=L+e= -MO,and Q L = Qo.Thus,

where M, = q,B ~ ~ and 1Q, =4 U?B arethe the fully plastic bending moment
and fully plastic shear force, respectively, for a beam with a rectangular cross
section (B x H ) . Combining Eqs. 8 and 10 gives

It may be deduced from the above equation that, when transverse shear failure
occurs at the supports, a critical shear sliding A, that corresponds to the critical
shear strain y, is attained; i.e.,

The shear stress s at the supports (sliding interfaces) may be expressed in the
following form [16, 221:
FAILURE MAPS

Fig. 4 Definition of W,. W,, A, and e in the response of a clamped beam to impulsive loads.

or, equivalently,

when using Eqs. I la and 1Ib, where r,, F,,and F. are the critical shear stress,
the shear force, and the critical shear force, respectively, at sliding interfaces at the
supports and n is the work-hardening index of the beam material.

B. Equivalent Force-Displacement Relationship

Using the basic equations derived in the previous section, the structural behavior
of aclamped beam under impulsive loading can be effectively dealt with by closely
following the study in Ref. 16. According to the principle of energy conservation,

and

The term on the left side of Eq. 14 may be rewritten as

460 WEN, YU,AND REDDY

where F, = 6 Ek/SW, can be viewed as equivalent static force and W, = W, A +

is the total displacement of the beam including the shear sliding at the supports,
as shown schematically in Fig. 4. Combining Eqs. 14 and 15 yields

and

The first, second, and third terms on the right side of Eqs. 14 and 16 represent the
virtual work done by the shear force at the sliding interfaces at the supports, the
bending and membrane stretching, and the plastic bending hinges located at the
supports, respectively. Hence, the problem of a beam under uniformly distributed
impulsive loading is transformed to that of the beam subjected to an equivalent
impact force at the center.
Substituting Eqs. 6 and 7 into Eq. 16 and rearranging gives

and

when using N, = No,Mx = 0, and W, = W, + A. From Eq. 17,

and

are obtained, where Km and F, are the membrane stiffness and the equivalent
collapse load, respectively, of the beam based on the initial configurations, and are
FAILURE MAPS

defined as follows:

Equation 18 is derived for a rigid-plastic: clamped beam. The relationship of

the equivalent force F, to the total displacement W, can now be obtained. From
Eq. 18b

is obtained. Rearranging Eq. 18a yields

Combining Eqs. 20 and 2 1 gives

C. Failure Maps for Clamped Beams lunder Impulsive Loading

1. a 5 1. In general, a clamped beam subjected to dynamic loads fails either in

tensile tearing or in transverse shear [4, 10, '16, 171. The failure maps for clamped
beams under impulsive loading can be constructed by using the appropriate equa-
tions derived in the preceding section.
If beam failure is caused by tensile tealing, then it means that the ductility
of the beam has been exhausted and the maximum tensile strain em induced by
deformation must reach the rupture strain 6,r of the beam material. From Eq. 6a,
462 WEN, YU,AND REDDY

is obtained. Thus,

where W,,is the critical transverse displacement of the beam at which tensile
tearing failure occurs. Similarly, from Eq. 21,

is obtained when using F, = ZF,. W,,is the critical transverse displacement of

the beam at which shear failure occurs.
Letting W,,5 W,,and using Eqs. 24 and 25b,

is obtained. The above inequality' represents the necessary condition for the occur-
rence of tensile tearing failure of aclamped beam subjected to uniformly distributed
impulsive loading.
2. a > 1. Following the procedure outlined in the above section, it is easy to show
that

and

wJs,,,
1. I f W]:,, > i.e.. & / 4 - 3 & ( ~ / ~ ) / 8 < s,!l2, then the tensile tearing failure mode (Mode 11) will
disappear. In other words, there may exist only two modes: first. Mode I (large inelastic deformations),
followed by Mode 111 (transverse shear failure) when the input impulse ih Further increased.
FAILURE MAPS

Letting W,, > W,,

is obtained. The above inequality represents the necessary conditions for the oc-
currence of the transverse shear failure of a clamped beam under impulsive loading
for ff > 1.
3. Transverse displacements and critical input impulses. The transverse displace-
ments of the beam and the critical input impulses causing beam failure due to either
tensile tearing or transverse shear are determined by closely following the study in
Ref. 16. It is assumed that the kinetic energy Ek imparted by the input impulse I
in the dynamic problems is absorbed by a beam loaded statically by an equivalent
static force F, through energies dissipated by plastic deformations in bending and
membrane stretching Ebmand energy dissipated by plastic shear E,;i.e.,

when using Eqs. 13 and 21. E,, = 2F,Ll,/(n + 1) is the critical work done in
shear at the sliding interfaces near the supports when beam shear failure occurs.
Combining Eqs. 1%. 20.21, and 30, it is easy to show that

where W, is the maximum permanent transverse deflection of the beam excluding

the shear sliding at the supports. Upon substitution of Eq. 2 into Eqs. 31,
 WEN, YU, AND REDDY

and
I

-PC + JF: + ~ K . , ( G - E,~)

w, =
Km

are obtained.
Substituting W<,,for W,, in Eq. 30 yields

Similarly,

is obtained, where E,, and E,, are the critical kinetic energies causing beam failure
due to tensile tearing or transverse shear, respectively. Combining Eqs. 2 and 33
gives

(f12 + (I + ") ( f )
!T2 + 4-3(3
Yc
P?B2H4 4

ih which p is the density df the beam material, and I, and I, are the critical input
impulses required to cause tensile tearing and transverse shear failure of the beam,
respectively, for ci 5 I .
FAILURE MAPS 465

For c~ > 1, the above conclusions still hold except that the critical total input
impulse I*,which causes a change in failurt: mode from tensile tearing to transverse
shear, is determined as follows

ivhere a can be found from Eq. 29.

The residual kinetic energy of a beam after its failure can be expressed as

and

where E,, and E,, are the residual kinetic energies of the beam after it fails in tensile
tearing and transverse shear, respectively, and E,, and E,, are determined by Eq. 33,
with K,, F,, and W,,being defined by Eqs. 19b, 19d, and 27, respectively.

Ill. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND

DISCUSSIONS

The theory developed above is compared with the experimental results for the
impulsive loading of clamped 6061-T6 aluminum alloy beams reported in Ref. 10.
Aluminum alloy 6061-T6 is moderately sensitive to strain rate in terms of the
yield (flow) stress, and the dynamic yield stress can be determined by using the
well-known Cowper-Symonds relation [4],

where D = 6500s-' and q = 4 are constants that are chosen to describe the rate-
sensitive behavior of the aluminum material, and ad and q, are the dynamic and
static flow (yield) stresses, respectively. On the other hand, it has been observed
that the rupture strains of aluminum alloy materials are also sensitive to strain rate.
It was seen in Ref. 18 that the rupture stlain for the aluminum alloy specimens
increased with an increase in loading rate. It was also demonstrated that beyond
a critical strain rate (approximately I s-' ) the dynamic rupture strain is linearly
related to the logarithm of the strain rate. Therefore, in the first approximation, the
dynamic rupture strain (6) may be expressed as
466 WEN, YU, AND REDDY

whcrc A is constant and B' is the rupture strain at a strain rateof I s-' .Experimental
results reported in Ref. 18 show that ed remains nearly unchanged up to a strain
rate of I s - ' and then increases. Here B' is taken as the rupture strain 6f determined
from quasi-static tensile tests. Hence, Eq. 40 can be recast in the form

ed = 0.025 log i, + 6, (41)

after using the experimental data in Ref. 18 to obtain the constant A as 0.025.
It must be pointed out that Eq. 41 provides only an approximate measure of the
variation of the NptUre strain with strain rate for aluminum materials, since it is
based on the limited test data available.
The mean strain rate i, in Eqs. 39 and 41 may be obtained by following the
procedure outlined in Ref. 23. From Eq. 6,

is obtained. The mean strain rate at x = * L may be expressed as

after using W , = ~ , / fWhen

i . the beam fails, Eqs. 43 can be rewritten as

after substituting W,, in Eqs. 24 and 27 for W, in Eq. 43, with 6, being replaced
by 6 .
Fieure
" 5 shows a com~arisonof Ea. 26 with experimental observations on fail-
ure modes for 6061-T6 aluminum allby beams subjected to uniformly distributed
impulsive loading. The broken lines represent Eq. 26 when strain rate effects are
taken into account. It is evident from Fig. 5 that good agreement is obtained be-
tween the theoretical predictions and experimental observations for failure modes.
It can be seen from Fig. 5 that the aluminum beams tend to fail in transverse shear
FAILURE MAPS

0.4 I- TRANSVERSE SHEAR

O" t TENSILE TEARING

Fig. 5 Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental observations for clamped 6061-Tlj
aluminum alloy beams under impulsive Ionding [lo]. (A. 0, and v represent 0.187.. 0.250..
and 0.375-inch-thick beams, respectively. - : Eq. 26; - - - : Eq. 26 when strain rate effect;
are taken into account.)

when loading rate (impulse) andlor the thickness to span ratio ( H I L ) are increased.
It is interesting to note from Eq. 26 that if the rupture strain of a beam material
exceeds a critical value of about 318, then transverse shear failure becomes the
only mode by which the beam can fail under impulsive loading?
Reasonably good agreement has been obtained between the theoretical predic-
tions and experimental results for the maximum permanent transverse displace-
ments? as shown by the solid line in Fig. 6. As discussedearlier, 6061-T6 aluminunl
alloy is moderately rate sensitive [4], and the material strain rate sensitivity should
be taken into consideration when Eq. 3:Zb is used to predict the maximum per-
manent transverse deformations. The docted line in Fig. 6 represents such a curve
modified by the rate effects and, as a result, better agreement is obtained with
experiments.
Figure 7 shows a comparison of the theoretically predicted failure boundaries
and experimentally observed failures for fully clamped 6061-T6 aluminum alloy

2. The critical value of [he rupture strain of a beam material changes at about 318 under impulsive
loading conditions. For aluminum alloy materials, it is about 0.3, as can be seen from Fig. 5.
3. y, and n are laken to be the typical values of 0.5 and 0.075. respectively, for the aluminum alloy
1221.
468 WEN, YU, AND REDDY

Fig. 6 Comparison' bf theoretical predictions wiih eiperimental iesuks for clamped k 0 6 1 - ~ 6alu;
minum alloy beams under impulsive loading [lo]. ( A . and v represent 0.187..
0. 0.250.. and
0.375-inch-thick beams, respectively. - : Eq. 32b; ---- : Eq. 32b when material rate
sensilivity is taken into conside;atiori.)

beams4 under uniformly distributed impulsive ioadini. Curves I Hnd 2 predictid

by Eqs. 358 and 36 represent ihe failure boundaries between Moae I and Mode 11
a i d between Mode I1 and Mode 111, respectively. It js found thai good agreement
is obtained foi H I L 2 0.1, and ieasonably good aireement for H l L ' < 0. I [I 01.
Again, when material strain rate sensitivity is accounted for, a better correlation
is obtained between the theoretical predictions and experimental observations for
Mode I I failure, as shown by the broken curve ( I )'. It appears from Fig. 7 that Eq. 36
slightly ove$redicts the critical input impulse for Mode 111 failure wh'en material
strain rate sensitiviiy is taken into consideration. However, it must be remembered
that ihe experimental iesults for Mode 111 failure are subjective (see Refs. 10 and
12). It, ma? be h e n t i a n d here that for all of the tests i&rted in Ref. 10 a 0.25-
inch-thick neoprene b"ffer was used to prevent rear surface spallation, and that
such an arrange*t can cause experimental error. The value bf input impulse
I depends on two factors that are difficult to control, as discussed in Ref. 10:
These are (1) the amount of impulse delivered to the neoprene surface by the sheei

4. 6, is taken to be 0.17 for 606)-T6 aluminum alloy [ 141

FAILURE MAPS

Fig. 7 Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental data for clamped 6061.T6 alu-
minum alloy beams under impulsive loading [lo]. (A, 0,
and v represent 0.187.. 0.250-,
and 0.375-inch-thick beams, respectivclp. Open, half-solid, and solid symbols indicate no
failure (Mode I), tensile tearing (Mode 11). and transverse shear (Mode Ill) failures, respec-
tively. ( I ) Eq. 3%. (2) Eq. 36; (I)'. (2)' :are respective ( I ) and (2) when materinl strain rate
sensitivity is accounted for.)

explosive and (2) the manner in which this incident impulse is partitioned between
the neoprene buffer and the aluminum alloy beams. Since the thickness of the
neoprene is kept constant, it can be imagined that when H / L becomes smaller
(beams become thinner) the actual impulse imparted to the beam specimens will
also become smaller. Thus, accuracy should be further improved, especially for
smaller ratios of H I L , when these factors are taken into account.
Comparison is made in Fig. 8 between the present theoretical predictions and
other solutions for the dimensionless threshold velocities for Mode 11 and III
failures for the beams examined in Ref. 10. The solid and dotted lines in Fig. 8 are
respective predictions by the present theory without and with strain rate effects.
It is evident from Fig. 8 that the present theoretical predictions also show good
agreement with experimental observations.
 WEN, YU, AND REDDY

Fig. 8 Comparison of present theoretical predictions with other solutions for dimensionless threshold
velocities for Mode I1 and 111 failures for beams examined in Ref. 10. (-. - - - - : Eqs. 35a
and 36 without and with material strain rate sensitivity: -- - -: numerical solutions in Ref. 15;
--- : elementary theoretical rigid, perfectly plastic predictions [I41 for dimensionless uansi-
tion velocity for Mode I11 response with k = I and suain-rate-insensitive material (Eq. 24 of
Ref. 14, upper bound); -- as ---bul using 0 . 7 5 ~for~ an inscribing yield curve (lower
bound); : elementary theoretical rigid, perfectly plastic predictions [I41 for dimension
less transition velocity for Mode 11 response of strain-rate-insensitive material with E, = 0.17
(Eq. 15 of Ref. 14. upper bound); ---- as ---but using 0.618aY for an inscribing yield
curve (lower hound). A, 0, and v represent 0.187-, 0.250-, and 0.375-inch-thick beams,
respectively [IO]. Open, half-solid. and solid symbols indicate no failure (Mode I), tensile
tearing (Mode Ill), and transverse shear (Mode 11) failures. respectively.)

IV. CONCLUSIONS

A previously proposed quasi-static procedure has been adopted in this paper to

estimate the dynamic inelastic response and failure of clamped beams subjected to
uniformly distributed impulsive loading. Based on the principle of energy balance
and the assumption ofequivalent workdone, the problemof a beam under impulsive
loading can be tackled by solving that of the beam subjected to an equivalent static
force. Hence, a transitional curve is established between the tensile tearing failure
and transverse shear failure of the beam by assuming that it will fail by tensile
tearing and transverse shear when the rupture strain of its material and the critical
shear force, respectively, are achieved.
FAILURE MAPS

It is demonstrated that the onset of tensile tearing and transverse shear failure
modes depends on the mechanical properties of the beam material (such as the
uniaxial rupture strain), the geometry of the beams, and support conditions that
are implied by the use of static collapse load. It should be mentioned here that such
conclusions are similar to those drawn for beams subjected to impact loading [16].
It is found that the predicted values of the maximum permanent transverse
displacements, the critical input impulses that cause beams to fail in different
modes, i.e., tensile tearing (Mode 11) and transverse shear (Mode 111). and the
modes of the failures are in good agreement with the experimental observations
for clamped 6061-T6 aluminum alloy beams ex~minedin Ref. 10 when material
strain rate sensitivity is taken into account. The procedure can also be used to study
the impulsive loading of clamped circular plates [24].

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank S. Barter for typing the manuscript and J. J. Batty for
tracing the figures.

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Received November 1993

Revised April 1994

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