Motion Pictures
Definition:
A motion picture (also called a movie or film) is
a series of still pictures taken in rapid succession
usually on 8mm or 16mm film stock, which,
when projected through a motion picture
projector, give the viewers an illusion of
motion.
Characteristics:
Sound 16 mm films are projected at the rate of.
24 frames per second, and silent 16mm films
are usually projected at 16 frames per second.
Sound films use either a magnetic or more
typically an optical sound track or one edge of
the film while the opposite edge contains
sprocked holes which permit sprocket wheels on
the projector to move the film through the
machine.
Most 16 mm films are stored on reels. The films
vary in length from one minute or less (about 40
feet of film), to 50 minutes (about 2000 feet of
stored on two or more reels). Both silent and
sound 8 mm films are stored on reels or self-
contained cartridges which simplify the trending
of the projectors. 8 mm cartridge films are
exceedingly simple to use, since no threading is
required as is the case when films on feels are
projected.
Optical sound tracks are printed on the film
stock when the picture is processed. Magnetic
sound tracks are very similar to audiotapes. The
sound is recorded after the processing of the
film; it can be erased easily and as in the case
of magnetic tape recordings, new sound can be
recorded in place of the old.
There are two types of motion picture
projectors: 8 mm and 16 mm: no projector
handles both sizes of film. Silent films can
usually be shown on a sound projector (With the
amplifier turned off) but 16mm sound films
cannot be shown on a silent projector. Although
one motion picture projector is basically the
same as another in design, threading patterns
vary greatly from one manufacturer to another
and sometimes from one model to another.
Reference: http://laico.org/v2020resource/files/motion_pictures.htm
Operating instructions come wit the projector
and there is often a threading diagram
permanently mounted on the projector case.
Some projectors are self-threading the motion
picture is simply inserted at the beginning of the
threading channel and it comes out at the take-
up rest. Many of the 8 mm projectors are of the
cartridge type. Most projectors require focusing
of the le.
For many years the 16 mm film size was
virtually the only one used for educational
motion pictures. Since 1960, however, more and
more educational motion pictures are being
produced on 8 mm film. Most 8 mm mot ion
pictures are permanently stared in cartridge
concept for cleaning or repair. When the teacher
or student uses the cartridge film, he merely
inserts the cartridge into the projector. He does
not touch the film itself; he does not thread the
film. Cartridge films are much easier to use than
reel-stored films since even a first grade child
can learn to operate the projector in as little as
five seconds.
Advantages:
 “Certain meanings involving motion can
best be presented by motion pictures”.
This facilitates explanation of certain on-
going process as viewing, growth of
plants, functioning of a body system etc.
'
 “The mot ion picture compels attention."
A darkened room creates an absorbing
atmosphere in which you view the
moving pictures.
 “The motion picture heightens realities."
 “The motion picture can control the time
fact or in any operation or series of
events." By the slow-down technique
certain events like the analysis of
muscular activities in dividing, various
athletic performances, growth of any
embryo, etc., can be shown.
 Motion Pictures
 “The motion picture can bring distant
past and the present into the class-
room''. All historical films capture the
past form the present.
 "The motion picture can provide an
easily reproduced record of an event or
an operation."
 "The motion pictures can enlarge or
reduce the actual size of objects."
 "The motion picture can be used to
present a process that cannot be seen
by the human eye." The technique of
animated drawings can show us the
working of a human heart, the
physiological processes in an eye, the
working of an engine, etc.
Disadvantages:
 "The motion picture builds a common
denominator of experiences in the
group. The basic details of films are
received by all, slight variations may
exist in the clarity and quality of
interpretation.
 "The mot ion picture can influence
certain attitudes for the quality of
emotionalisation.
 "The motion picture can promote an
understanding of abstract relationship."
Motion picture has a wide variety of
visual and auditory devices like charts,
diagrams, sound effect, back-ground
music, etc. in analysing a point.
 “The motion picture is often a satisfying
aesthetic experience ." By utilising
various film techniques of photography
action, colour, or sound an harmony of
intellectual and emotional experiences is
generally created. Anything, that is
aesthetic is personal and hence is easily
learnt and permanently retained. .
 Motion picture can record events as they
happen and make the events available
again.
 They combine sight and sound, thus
acting on two sensesat one time.
 Films overcome the barrier of illiteracy.
Reference: http://laico.org/v2020resource/files/motion_pictures.htm
 Through the process of.
photomicrography, motion pictures can
extend the limits of human vision by
combining the characteristic of the
microscope with the motion picture
camera.
 By using the one-frame-at-a-time
concept an artist can prepare drawings
Which are photographed by a motion
picture camera to create an animated
film. This procedure permits the
conceptualization of ideas which do not
exist, in concrete form, such. as visual
explanations of jet propulsion or the
theory of flight.
 Since motion pictures are somewhat
expensive, it is necessary to purchase
prints and place them in libraries which
serve a large number of teachers. Since
copies are limited, teachers have to
request them far in advance. This type
of limited access has prevented optimal
use of film. Lower costs have made 8
mm films more available, thus helping
to alleviate this problem. .
 The cumbersome and confusing
machine which often faces teachers who
try to use films has been a major
deterrent to extensive use of the film.
The fact that one projector usually has
to be shared by many teachers has also
limited film use. Again, simpler
projectors, such as the cartridge loading
or self-threading unite, help to over-
some this limitation.
 We often complain that the available
motion pictures are simply not suitable
for their topic and audience. Educators
have to depend upon the products of
film producers. These materials are not
usually made for highly specific
purposes. As more films become
available, this problem decreases.
 Films and projectors must be
transported and maintained.
 Motion Pictures
 Films are regarded as an entertainment
device rather than an aid to teaching.
 The projector depends on a power
source either mains or from a mobile
generator.
 The audience has to be informed
previously about the time and place of
the film-show.
 PRESENTATION:
How to use films:
 SELECTION MOTION PICTURES:
Because films are expensive: to
produce, they are intended for wide
"Markets” as many different kinds of
audiences as possible. You must
therefore give special consideration to
the quality and appropriateness of films
you select.
Educational films should be selected and
used with specific purposes in mind.
Films should not be used primarily from
the point of view of entertainment .
Obtain catalogue of film libraries
Governmental and non-Governmental
and select the best film available for the
topic.
 USING MOTION PICTURES:
 FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES:
Good usage of educational films require
planning in preparation and follow-up
activities .
 PREPARATION:
After receiving the film, you should
arrange to preview the film to preview
the film to assure yourself that the film
is suitable for the intended audience.
Read the teaching guide, if any that
comes with the film. You should note
the main teaching points, important
sequences and any difficult words that
the audience might not understand.
Compose three or four questions which
are answered in the film.
Reference: http://laico.org/v2020resource/files/motion_pictures.htm
Ensure proper physical environment and
correct projection set up. Before the film
is shown to the audience make sure that
the projector is in good working order
and that the room can be properly
darkened if the film is to be shown
during the day. The film should be
threaded in the projector, read to go,
before the audience arrives.
Your audience will learn a great deal
more from the film if they are properly
motivated and prepared. Hence the
basic guiding principle should be the
provision of motivation and maintenance
of the intensity of interest. You should
tell your audience the title of the film
and generally what the film is about.
You should explain why the material is
important-relate the lesson to their own
self interest. Ask them to notice certain
key scenes in the film. Define any
difficult words. Pose questions and
explain that these questions will be
answered in the film. They should
understand that they are seeing a
teaching film, and that they will be
expected to learn from it. As far as
possible, the film should be shown
without breaks - in a quiet area -
without distractions.
Immediately after the film showing the
instructor should encourage audience
discussion. Questions should be asked
of the audience. You can soon tell
whether the material in the film was
fully understood. After a short
discussion you may wish to show the
film again. If appropriate, practice skills
demonstrated in the film. Allow the
audience to criticize freely-in-fact,
encourage criticism of the film. If the
film necessitates the use of other audio
visual aids like models, mock-ups,
charts, recordings, they may be
incorporated. Follow-up can be through
home-visits, small group meeting.
 Motion Pictures
 What is the specific reaction of men,
women ,young, old, rich, poor etc.
REMEMBERS:
 Are there any unintended side effects.
 Motion pictures have special educational
advantages.

 Three are many sources loaning films, ARRANGEMENTS:

free of charge.
 Is the distribution system effective?
 Motion pictures should be carefully
selected and used for specific purpose.  Does the film relate to the field-work
programme successfully.
 Using films properly requires planning
and preparation.  Do the publicity materials help the film.

 Choose the best teaching aid, not

necessarily a film for specific points to
be explained,

 Do not use film when other equally

effective but less expensive teaching
devices can be used.

 Be sure that audience don’t get wrong

time notion and wrong size notions.

 Films should not be a substitute for the

teacher.

 A film should not be used in isolation. It

should be a part of the total
communication programme. It should
be integrated with other activities and Prepared By:
media.
Egualan, Ella Marie

Equiña, Ivy Chariz

EVALUATING THE FILM :
Siason, Grace
Is it teaching the intended audience?
BSPED 2-B
 Where is the film being shown?

 What size of the audience are seeing

the film?

 What was the make up of the audience

– men ,women, young ,old, rich, poor.

Is the film having the intended effect:

 Is the message being interpreted

correctly by the audience.

Reference: http://laico.org/v2020resource/files/motion_pictures.htm