1.

Complete each of the following sentences with the letter of the correct
answer:

a - bathe
b - illness
c - outpatient
d - disability
e - discharged
f - geriatrics
g - increase
h - administer
i - preventive
j - therapy
f
1. is a field in medicine that focuses on the health of older people.

b
2. His is not serious. = He is not seriously sick.

g
3. We will have to you dosage. = You will have to take more
medicine.

d
4. A is something that may prevent you from functioning normally.

h
5. The nurse will ( = give) the vaccine to Mrs. Williams.

a
6. One of the nurse's main duties is to ( = wash) the patients.

c
7. None of the patients stay at the clinic. They only visit on an
basis.

j
8. We have to begin your ( = treatment) as soon as possible.

i
9. These are measures. ( = steps taken to make sure something
doesn't happen)

e
10. That patient has been from the hospital. (= allowed to go
home)
 2. Complete each of the following sentences with the letter of the correct
answer:

a - veterinarian
b - supervise
c - oncology
d - routine (adj.)
e - monitor (v.)
f - facility
g - syringe
h - staff
i - rehabilitation
j - test
b
1. Dr. Brown will ( = watch over) the procedure.

j
2. We have to do a blood .

g
3. Nurse, get me a new . I have to take this man's blood.

d
4. This is a ( = normal, not serious) procedure.

c
5. is the field of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and
treatment of cancer.

e
6. We will have to ( = pay close attention to) your blood pressure in
the next couple of days.

a
7. A helps sick animals.

f
8. A is something (like a hospital, or a health-care clinic) that is
built or established to serve a particular purpose.

i
9. His ( = process of physical restoration) is going smoothly.

j
10. The ( = workers) here are very nice.
 3. Complete each of the following sentences with the letter of the correct
answer:

a - diagnosis
b - infectious
c - treatment
d - assistant
e - atypical
f - prepare
g - assist
h - rapid
i - acute
j - wing (n.)
j
1. Dr. Jones work in another ( = part) of this hospital.

g
2. Mr. Roberts will ( = help) you.

i
3. I'm afraid that you have a case of ( = serious) bronchitis.

d
4. My ( = the person that helps me) will explain the procedure.

a
5. She received a wrong from her old doctor. = Her old doctor failed
to identify her condition correctly.

b
6. This disease is . = This disease can spread to other people.

f
7. The nurse will you ( = get you ready) for the operation.

h
8. ( = fast) breathing is one of the side effects of this medicine.

c
9. He has gone into . = He has begun to take medicine, etc.

e
10. These are symptoms. = These symptoms are not normal.
 4. Complete each of the following sentences with the letter of the correct
answer:

a - scope (n.)
b - critical
c - incurable
d - immunize
e - dress (v.)
f - solid
g - intravenously
h - postoperative
i - injury
j - boost (v.)
e
1. I will have to your wound. = I will have to apply medication,
bandages, etc. to your wound.

d
2. We have to all children against polio.

c
3. Unfortunately, this disease is . ( = there is no cure for it)

g
4. This medicine has to be given . ( = through one's veins)

j
5. These vitamins will (= improve the performance of) your immune
system.

f
6. The patient can only eat liquids. He can't eat food.

b
7. She's in condition. We have to operate.

i
8. This ( = wound, trauma, etc.) is not as bad as it seems.

h
9. This is a normal part of the recovery process. ( = the recovery
process after an operation)

a
10. I'm still trying to determine the ( = extent) of your illness.
 5. Complete each of the following sentences with the letter of the correct
answer:

a - renal
b - oral
c - deficiency
d - faint
e - allergic
f - amnesia
g - incision
h - stitches
i - discomfort
j - genetic
b
1. This is an thermometer. Put it in your mouth.

j
2. If an illness or condition is " ", it means it runs in your family.

c
3. You have an iron . = You don't have enough iron in your blood.

g
4. During the surgery, I will make a small . (= cut)

f
5. People with have a hard time remembering things. Sometimes
they don't even remember who they are.

a
6. The adjective " " refers to the kidneys.

d
7. I ( = pass out, lose consciousness) every time I see a syringe.

i
8. You are going to feel a little ( = an unpleasant feeling) during
this procedure.

h
9. I will remove the after the scar has healed.

e
10. P1: Are you to any drugs? P2: Yes, Penicillin.
 6. Complete each of the following sentences with the letter of the correct
answer:

a - dislocated
b - numb
c - abnormal
d - prescription
e - itchy
f - inflamed
g - risk
h - benign
i - check-up
j - wheelchair
j
1. Because of your leg injury, you will have to use a for the next
two months.

c
2. This is slightly . = This isn't the way it's supposed to be.

f
3. It seems your toes are . ( = swollen and infected)

a
4. You your shoulder when you fell.

i
5. It's time for your yearly . ( = examination)

g
6. Although there's always some involved in the procedure, in this
case it's minimal.

h
7. This is not a malignant tumor. It's .

b
8. My finger is . = I have no feeling in my finger.

e
9. I know the area is , but don't scratch it!

d
10. I will write you a for this medication.
 7. Complete each of the following sentences with the letter of the correct
answer:

a - bandage
b - crutches
c - ambulance
d - stretcher
e - stethoscope
f - filled
g - rash
h - splitting
i - bruise
j - refer
f
1. You can get this prescription at the pharmacy next door.

h
2. I have a ( = very bad) headache.

i
3. My was purple, but then it became yellowish in color.

d
4. A flat device used to transport a patient is called a .

e
5. A doctor uses a to listen to a patient's lungs.

j
6. I will ( = send) you to a specialist, who will be able to help you
more with your problem.

g
7. A red, sometimes itchy area on the skin is called a .

c
8. They called an because their grandfather was feeling very sick.

b
9. Patients with a broken leg usually need to use for a couple of
months.

a
10. Make sure you wrap the properly around the wound.
 8. QUESTIONS:
(Choose the best response for each one)

1. I'm here to change your ___bedpan_______________________. ( = the

container used by bedridden patients to go to the bathroom)
bedpan
bedding
pillows

2. Turn ______________around____________ please. I have to wash your

back.
off
around
on

3. We need to move Mr. Harris into a

_______private___________________ room. ( = a room with no other
patients)
alone
solo
private

4. I need _________________to check_________ your blood pressure.

to check
to verify
to inspect

5. We have to ___________sterilize_______________ ( = clean/disinfect)

your wound.
stain
stabilize
sterilize

6. To help a patient put on his/her clothes = To

_______________________dress____ a patient
 clothe
dress
put on

7. Yes, Mr. Brown was ________________admitted_________ to the

hospital ( = checked in to the hospital) yesterday.
admitted
allowed
allotted

8. Your grandmother was taken to the respiratory

__________ward_________________. ( = the part of the hospital that
deals with patients with respiratory illnesses)
word
ward
weird

9. Right now all the rooms are full. We'll get you a space as soon as one is
_____________________available_____.
coming up
available
changed

10. Doctor, Mrs. Williams' ____introverted______________________ (=

I.V.) line is not properly connected.
introverted
intrinsic
intravenous
 9. Write sentences to describe the work of the specialist in each
branch of medicine.
Example: 1 dermatology- A dermatologist specializes in diseases of the
skin.
2 rheumatology A rheumatologist is a specialist in diseases of the joints
3 traumatology A traumatologist is a specialist in trauma
4 paediatrics A paediatrician is a specialist in diseases affecting children
5 obstetrics A obstetrician specializes in managing pregnancies
6 geriatrics A geriatrician specializes in diseases elderly people
7anaesthetist A anaesthetist specializes in anaesthetics
8 oncology A oncologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of
cancer

10. Basic verb tenses For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to
complete the gap from the choices below.

1. The school usually ______ at six o'clock each day, but on Monday it stayed
open later.
A close B closes C is closing D has closed
2. Last week we ___ some snow in our city but it didn't stay on the ground for a
long time.
A have B are having C have had D had
3. There _________ two accidents on this road so far this year and the one last
night was quite serious.
A are B were C have been D are going to be
4 He is a very active child. Probably, when he grows up he ______________
very good at sports.
A is B was C has been D is going to be
5 Please call me back later. I can't speak right now because I _________ an
English lesson.
A have B have had C am having D am going to have
6 I bought this car in July, so now I ________ it for six months.
A have B have had C am having D had
7 Jane isn't at work today. She's very sick so I don't think ___________________
tomorrow.
A she comes B she has come C she's coming D she's going to come
8 Two days ago I ____ my keys in my local supermarket.
A lose B lost C have lost D am losing
9 This is the third time this week you ____________ late for your class. Please
don't do it again.
A arrive B are arriving C arrived D have arrived
10 Every week we ____ a spelling test on Friday morning with words we have
learned in the week.
A have B had C are having D have had

11.The words in this list are all verbs. What are the noun forms? Write them
in the
second column. The first one has been done for you as an example.

1. diagnose diagnosis
2. examine ____ examination __________
3. prescribe _ prescription _____________
4. suffer _____ suffering _________
5. operate ___ operation ___________
6. cure _____cure_________
7. recover _______ recovery _______
8. analyse ___ analysis ___________
9. infect _______infection_______
10. carry ____carrier__________

12. Make 10 two-word expressions match each expression with the

appropriate phrase. Use each word once. The first one has been done for
you as an example.

heart attack,biological clock,digestive system, balanced diet, general

anaesthetic,bone marrow, primary tooth
surgical intervention,plastic
surgery , brain death, bedside manner,allergic
reaction, clinical trial

1. A condition in which the heart has a

reduced blood supply because one of the
arteries becomes blocked by a blood clot,
causing myocardial ischaemia and
myocardial infarction
heart attack

2. A substance given to make someone lose

consciousness so that a major surgical
operation can be carried out general anaesthetic

3. Soft tissue in cancellous bone marrow

4. The treatment of disease or other condition

by surgery. surgical intervention

5. Any one of the first twenty teeth which

develop in children between about six
months and two-and-a-half years of age,
and are replaced by the permanent teeth at
around the age of six. primary tooth
6. Surgery to repair damaged or malformed
parts of the body. plastic
surgery

7. A condition in which the nerves in the brain

stem have died, and the person can be
certified as dead, although the heart may
not have stopped beating. brain death

8. The way in which a doctor behaves towards

a patient, especially a patient who is in bed. bedside manner

9. An effect produced by a substance to which

a person has an allergy, such as sneezing or
a skin rash. alergic
reaction
10. A trial carried out in a medical laboratory on
a person or on tissue from a person. Clinical trial

13. There are 20 nouns connected with medicine in the box below. Use
them to complete the sentences - in some cases you will need to make
them plural. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Accident, allergy, ambulance, biopsy ,consent ,course ,examination
,excess,exercise, injection, intake, overdose, paroxysm, progress ,rash
recurrence,surgery, tendency, treatment, vaccination

1. He developed an allergy to penicillin.

2. He suffered _______paroxysm________ of coughing in the night.
3. She went into a coma after an _____overdose__________ of heroin.
4. The patient will need plastic ____surgery___________ to remove the
scars he received in the accident.
5. She took a _________course______ of steroid treatment.
6. He had a ______recurrence_________ of a fever which he had caught
in the tropics.
7. There is a ___tendency____________ to obesity in her family.
8. From the _____examination__________ of the X-ray photographs, it
seems that the tumour has not spread.
9. The doctor gave him an ___injection____________ to relieve the pain.
10. He doesn't take enough _____exercise__________: that's why he's fat.

14. Complete the sentences using the adjectives in the box. Use each
adjective once only. The
first one has been done for you as an example.
acute bedridden critical deaf depressed excessive harmful infirm
inflamed latent lethal mobile obsessive painful persistent premature
severed subjective tender viable

1. These fumes are lethal if inhaled.

2. The report was _____critical__________ of the state of aftercare
provision.
3. She had a ___persistent____________ cough.
4. The psychiatrist gave a ____subjective___________ opinion on the
patient's problem.
5. My grandfather is quite ___infirm____________ now.
6. The skin has become ________inflamed_______ around the sore.
7. It is important for elderly patients to remain ______mobile_________.
8. His foot is so ____painful___________ he can hardly walk.
9. A fetus is ________viable_______ by about the 28th week of the
pregnancy.
10. You have to speak slowly and clearly when you speak to Mr Jones
because he's quite ______deaf__ .
15. All the verbs in the box relate to medical matters. Use the past tense
forms to complete the
sentences. The first question has been done for you as an example.
Adapt, aggravate ,develop ,examine, faint f,racture, prolong ,react
Receive, recover, require, strain, suffer, tremble ,weigh

1. He received a new kidney from his brother.

2. He _____strained______ his back lifting the table.
3. She _____recovered______ from her concussion in a few days.
4. It was so hot standing in the sun that he _____fainted______ .
5. The doctors decided that her condition ______required_____ surgery.
6. She ________suffered___ from poor circulation, which made her feel the
cold.
7. She _____adapted______ well to her new diet.
8. The embryo _______developed____ quite normally in spite of the
mother's illness.
9. His tibia ________fractured___ in two places.
10. The patient _____reacted______ badly to the penicillin.
11. The nurse _________weighed__ the baby on the scales.

16. All the verbs in the box relate to medical matters. Use them to complete
the sentences. You
may have to change the forms of the verbs to fit the grammar of the
sentences.
(Remember the five forms of English verbs - for example: take, takes, took,
taken, taking.)
The first question has been done for you as an example.
Amputate, bite, bruise, burn ,control, expel, freeze, heal, hurt,
Measure, overcome, progress, rebuild ,undergo, visit.
1. I am going to visit my brother in hospital.
2. She _______overcame____ her disabilities and now leads a normal life.
3. After the accident her pelvis was completely ______rebuilt_____.
4. She has ____undergone_______ several operations.
5. They _________froze__ my big toe to remove the nail.
6. She ___bruised________ her knee on the corner of the table.
7. A thermometer _____measures______ temperature.
8. Air is ______expelled_____ from the lungs when a person breathes out.
9. His arm is ___hurting________ so much he can't write.
10. A minor cut will __heal_________ faster if it is left without a bandage.
17. The sentences below do not read correctly. Identify the adverbs in the
sentences and then swap the adverbs around so that each sentence
makes sense.
Some of the adverbs could be used in several of the sentences.

1. The bandage was medicinally tied around her wrist… The bandage was
loosely tied around her wrist.……
2. Immediately, she is very advanced for her age.
………………………………………… Mentally, she is very advanced for her
age.…………………………………………
3. If the patient sweats fairly, it may be necessary to cool his body with cold
compresses.
……………. If the patient sweats excessively, it may be
necessary to cool his body with cold compresses.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………
4. The tumour is excessively placed and not easy to reach.
……………… The tumour is awkwardly placed and not easy to
reach.
5. She manages all her patients very mentally.
………………… She manages all her patients very
efficiently.……………………………………………………………………………
……………
6. The relief team loosely requires more medical supplies.
…………… The relief team urgently requires more medical
supplies.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………
7. This is a physically antiseptic solution.
………………… This is a mildly antiseptic
solution.………………………………………………………………………………
…………
8. Mildly he is very weak, but his mind is still alert.
………… Physically, he is very weak, but his mind is still
alert.
……………
9. He became ill efficiently after he came back from holiday.
………… He became ill immediately after he came back
from holiday.
10. The herb can be used awkwardly.
……………………… The herb can be used medicinally.……
18. Match the words in italics with their opposites in the box on the right. The first one
has
been done for you as an example.

1. The opposite of back is ……front……………………

2. The opposite of acute is …………chronic……………………
3. The opposite of dead is …………alive………………………
4. The opposite of improve is ……………deteriorate………………..
5. The opposite of healthy is …………………ill……………
6. The opposite of open is …………closed………………………
7. The opposite of major is ……minor…………………………
8. The opposite of reduce is ………increase ……………………..
9. The opposite of smooth is ……………rough……………….
10. The opposite of benign is …………malignant…………………….
alive
chronic
closed
deteriorate
front
ill
increase
malignant
minor
rough

19. Complete these sentences using the words from Exercise 18. Use one
word from each pair of opposites.
1. She had an _______acute_________ attack of shingles.
2. He became excited, causing his pulse rate to
_____increase___________.
3. He was very ill, but now his condition has begun to ____improve
____________.
4. The calf muscles are at the ______back__________ of the lower leg.
5. She put cream on her hands, which were _______rough_________ from
heavy work.
6. The tumour is _______malignant_________ and so may reappear even
if removed surgically.
7. The hospital is ______open__________ to visitors from noon to five
o'clock.
8. The doctor arrived too late: the patient was already
___dead_____________.
9. There's nothing wrong with you: you're completely
______healty__________.
10. He had to undergo _____________major___ surgery on his heart.

20. Read the descriptions below and match them to the names of the
illnesses in the box on the right.
allergic rhinitis
coryza
infectious parotitis
influenza
pertussis
rubella
rubeola
varicella

1. An infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract with fever and

muscular aches, which is transmitted by a virus and can occur in
epidemics.
………………influenza……………………………………………………
2. A common infectious viral disease of children, with mild fever,
swollen lymph nodes and a rash. It can cause stillbirth or
malformation of an unborn baby if the mother catches the
disease while pregnant.
………………………………rubella……………………………………
3. An illness, with inflammation of the nasal passages, in which someone
sneezes and coughs and
has a blocked and running nose.
…………………………………………coryza
…………………………………………………………
4. An infectious disease of children, caused by a herpes virus, and
characterised by fever and red
spots which turn to itchy blisters.
…………………………………………varicella…………………………………
………………………
5. An infectious disease of children where the body is covered with a red
rash. It can weaken the
body's resistance to other disease, especially bronchitis and ear infections.
If caught by an adult it
can be very serious.
……………………………rubeola…………………………………………………
……………………
6. An infectious disease of children, with fever and swellings in the salivary
glands, caused by a
paramyxovirus.
……………………………………infectious
parotitis………………………………………………………………
7. An infectious disease affecting the bronchial tubes, common in children
and sometimes very
serious. The patient coughs very badly and makes a characteristic 'whoop'
when inhaling after a
coughing fit.
………………pertussis……………………………………………………………
………………………
8. Inflammation in the nose and eyes caused by an allergic reaction to plant
pollen, mould spores,
dust mites or animal hair.
……………………………………………allergic rhinitis

21. Read the eleven descriptions which follow, using your dictionary as and
when necessary.
What is the disease or illness being described in each case?

1. A disorder of the nervous system in which there are convulsions and loss
of consciousness due to
disordered discharge of cerebral neurons.
………………………………epilepsy……………………………………………
…………………………
2. A condition where tissues die and decay, as a result of bacterial action,
because the blood supply
has been lost through injury or disease of the artery.
……………………………gangrene………………………………………………
…………………………
3. A condition where the lens of the eye gradually becomes hard and
opaque.
……………………………cataracts………………………………………………
…………………………
4. A progressive nervous disorder without a known cause which is a type of
Parkinsonism, the main
symptoms of which are trembling hands, a slow shuffling walk and difficulty
in speaking.
………………………………………Parkinson’s…………………………………
……………………………
5. An infectious disease in which infected lumps form in the tissue. Its
commonest form is infection of
the lungs, causing patients to lose weight, cough blood and have a fever. It
is caught by breathing
in germs or by eating contaminated food, especially unpasteurised milk.
……………………………tuberculosis……………………………………………
……………………………
6. A hereditary disease in which there is malfunction of the exocrine glands
such as the pancreas, in
particular those which secrete mucus, causing respiratory difficulties, male
infertility and
malabsorption of food from the gastrointestinal tract.
…………………… cystic
fibrosis………………………………………………………………………………
…
7. A progressive disease of the liver, often associated with alcoholism, in
which healthy cells are
replaced by scar tissue.
…………………………
cirrhosis……………………………………………………………………………
8. A serious, infectious disease of children. Its first symptoms are a sore
throat, followed by a slight
fever, rapid pulse and swelling of the glands in the neck. A fibrous growth
like a membrane forms
in the throat and can close the air passages. The disease is often fatal,
either because the patient is
asphyxiated or because the heart becomes fatally weakened.
…………………………
diphtheria……………………………………………………………………………
9. A disorder of the brain, mainly due to brain damage occurring before
birth, or due to lack of
oxygen during birth. The patient may have bad coordination of muscular
movements, impaired
speech, hearing and sight, and sometimes mental retardation.
…… cerebral
palsy…………………………………………………………………………………
………………
10. Inflammation of the membrane lining the intestines and the stomach,
caused by a viral infection,
and resulting in diarrhoea and vomiting.
…………………………
gastroenteritis………………………………………………………………………
…….

21. Match each of the following instruments and items of equipment with its correct
description below. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Bandage, catheter, curette, drain, forceps, gag, hook, pipette
Probe, scalpel, sling, splint, stethoscope, stretcher
Syringe, thermometer, tourniquet, wheelchair

1. wheelchair = a chair with wheels in which someone can sit and move
around
2. ___scalpel_______ = a small sharp-pointed knife used in surgery
3. ____probe______ = an instrument used to explore inside a cavity or
wound
4. ____forceps______ = a surgical instrument with handles like a pair of
scissors, made in different sizes and
with differently shaped ends, used for holding and pulling
5. ___curette_______ = a surgical instrument like a long thin spoon, used
for scraping the inside of an
organ
6. ___pipete_______ = a thin glass tube used for taking and measuring
samples of liquid
7. ___tourniquet_______ = an instrument or tight bandage wrapped round
a limb to constrict an artery, so
reducing the flow of blood and stopping bleeding from a wound
8. ______hook____ = a surgical instrument with a bent end used for
holding structures apart in
operations
9. _____drain_____ = a tube used to remove liquid from the body
10. _____gag_____ = an instrument placed between the teeth to stop the
mouth from closing

22. Multiple Choice. Complete the following multiple-choice questions. The

answers will help confirm that you have understood the terms. You will also find
new ways to use the words or to describe them.
1) In this story, a nail refers to
a) part of your finger tip.
b) slow movement.
c) a sharp metal object used for connecting pieces of wood.*
2) The proper way to explain oozing is to say
a) discharging.*
b) leaking.
c) spotting.
3) The better term for pus is
a) drainage.
b) gangrene.
c) purulent discharge.*
4) The term gee is often heard at the beginning of a sentence, or alone.
Gee is
a) an exclamation or expression of surprise or wonder.*
b) an abbreviation for Jesus.
c) a word that doesn’t mean anything.
5) “An opening today” simply means
a) there is an available time to see you today.
b) the door is open
c) the clinic is open.*
6) Another way to say your throat is sore is to say that it
a) is infected.*
b) is red and swollen.
c) hurts.
7) Sometimes you need to “get a ride” home from work.
This means
a) you must ask someone to provide transportation for you.*
b) you must take the subway.
c) you must hitchhike.
8) People who suffer bad headaches often say their head throbs.
This means
a) they can’t concentrate.
b) they can feel and hear a pulsing sensation in their heads.*
c) there is drumming in their heads.
9) When I walk, I step.
This means
a) I touch the ground.
b) I run.
c) the action of a leg in walking or running where the foot is going up or down.*
10) Another way of saying you need help is to say you need
a) a tutor.
b) a prescription.
c) assistance.*

23. Recognizing Related Words. Find three words that relate to the word printed
in boldface.
Be careful. Not all words belong.
1) chest thoracic breast deltoid dorsal
upper body
2) pain ouch sleepy hurt throbs aches badly
3) operator construction telephone switchboard phone
worker employee person attendant
4) right now tomorrow sooner later right away
immediately stat
5) anyone everyone someone somebody whomever any person
6) numb paresthesia dull ache frozen no sensation
no feeling
7) dizzy crazy vertigo unbalanced sense of spinning
8) hurry go quickly be happy proceed rapidly
move quickly congratulations
9) short of can’t catch apnea no oxygen running rapid,
breath my breath shallow
breathing
10) bear please be stand by hold this lean on be patient
with me patient and with me me a moment

1) chest: thoracic, breast, upper body

2) pain: ouch, hurt, aches badly
3) operator: telephone employee, switchboard person, phone attendant
4) right now: immediately, right away, stat
5) anyone: someone, somebody, any person
6) numb: paresthesia, no feeling, no sensation
7) dizzy: vertigo, unbalanced, sense of spinning
8) hurry: go quickly, move quickly, proceed rapidly
9) short of breath: can’t catch my breath; apnea; rapid, shallow breathing
10) bear with me: please be patient and wait, stand by, be patient a moment

24. Recognizing Word Distinctions. Accuracy in reading and writing is essential

for healthcare
professionals. Do you know the difference between these words that look or sound
very similar? Explain the following. Try to do so without the aid of a dictionary.
Test
yourself.
1) What is the difference between sweet and sweat?
2) What is the difference between palpation and palpitation?
3) What is the difference between pallor and cyanosis?
4) Grammatically, what is the difference between breathe and breath?
5) What is the difference between numbness and tingling?
6) What is the difference between nausea and vomiting?
7) What is the difference between an ache and a pain?
8) What is the difference between anxiety and apprehension?

1) Sweet is a taste; sweat is perspiration.

2) Palpation is assessment by touch; palpitation is an irregular or rapid beat of your
heart.
3) Pallor is lack of color, a paleness of the skin; cyanosis is a condition of
insufficient oxygen
in the cells, often observed as bluish or grayish color of the skin.
4) Breathe is a verb meaning to take in air; breath is a noun.
5) Numbness is lack of sensation; tingling is a prickling sensation
6) Nausea is the feeling of being about to throw up; vomiting is the act of throwing
up.
7) An ache is less hurtful than a pain.
8) Anxiety is a state of alertness and responsiveness that can feel good or bad;
apprehension
is fear of the unknown.
25. Building Vocabulary
Defining New Words. In this exercise you are asked to create your own
definition of the following words and expressions taken from the text. Do not
use a dictionary. Try to define the term simply from reading and re-reading the
story. Please note that while these words are written in common English, it is
important for the health professional to be able to understand them. Each and
every time a new patient is encountered, the health professional must listen
actively to ascertain the details of the incident, accident, injury, or illness.

1) drowned
2) lifeless
3) sputtered
4) commotion
5) crowded
6) splashing
7) over-turned
8) floating
9) diligently
10) jumped up and ran

1) drowned—suffocated in water
2) lifeless—not showing any signs of being alive
3) sputtered—made popping sounds while trying to make words or vocalize.
People may
sputter if they have fluids in their mouth at the same time they wish to talk or are
suddenly
surprised. A motorboat engine will sometimes sputter in the water when it is
having
difficulty starting. Little children like to sit in the bath tub and put their lips on the
surface of the water and blow to make a sputtering sound.
4) commotion—a disturbance
5) crowded—many people in very close proximity. In the United States and
Canada, the
zone of proximity or area of personal space that is comfortable for people is the
distance
of one arm: approximately one arm’s length between people.
6) splashing—the act of slapping or forcefully moving water
7) over-turned—turned upside down
8) floating—the act of resting atop the water rather than in it
9) diligently—done with great attention
10) jumped up and ran—a spontaneous movement of rising to one’s feet and
beginning to run almost all at the same time

26. Using Medical Prefixes in Sentences. Use each of the terms beginning with
the prefix
neuro to create a logical sentence here. Use the words given.
1) neuronal, cellular
2) neurological, brain stem, damage
3) neuropathway, phantom limb pain
4) neurosis, mind
5) neuropathy, Lou Gehrig’s disease
6) neuropathic, autism, mercury
7) neuro-vitals, unconscious
8) neurosurgery, neurologist
9) neurotransmitter, excessive, schizophrenia

1) If we are talking about nerve cells we are discussing matters at the cellular,
neuronal level.
2) Neurological impairment occurs when there is damage to the brain stem.
3) Phantom pain receptors trigger the pain message up through the neuropathways
to the
brain, causing the phantom limb pain phenomena.
4) People who worry a lot or have preoccupations with things “on their mind” may
be
suffering from mild to moderate neurosis.
5) Lou Gehrig’s disease is also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and
is a
debilitating form of neuropathy.
6) Some research points to mercury as the cause of the neuropathic disease of
autism.
7) Neuro-vital signs are part of the mandatory protocol for working with
unconscious
patients.
8) The neurologist has referred Bob for neurosurgery to help decrease his
incidence of status
epilepticus.
9) There is an excessive amount of the neurotransmitter dopamine being excreted
in the
brain of a person with schizophrenia.
27. Fill in the Blanks. This exercise is designed to highlight the use of participles
in sentences that deal with health care. Complete the following sentences by
correctly filling in the blank with either a present or past participle based on the
verb identified in brackets.
1) The doctor is…… patients. (treat)
2) Look, the nurse is ……..(cover) her face with a mask while she works with the
contagious patient. That is proper procedure.
3) Ann has…….. (recover) from the virus she caught while on vacation.
4) The x-ray proves he has a…….. (collapse) lung.
5) I’m pleased to report that the practical nurses are……. (remember) to give the
patient his medication four times per day.
6) Morris is (wait)……… for a lung transplant.
7) The elderly patient felt alone, (forget)…… by his family.
8) I believe the family is (come)………. into the hospital to see their son.

1) treating – present participle of the verb, treat auxiliary verb (is)

2) covering – present participle auxiliary verb (is)
3) recovered – past participle of the verb, recover auxiliary verb (has)
4) collapsed – past participle of the verb, collapse auxiliary verb (has)
5) remembering – present participle of the verb, remember auxiliary verb (are)
6) waiting – present participle of the verb, wait auxiliary verb (is)
7) forgotten – past participle of the verb, forget. Can be revised as: He felt
forgotten by his
family. “Felt” is a verb of perception.
8) coming – present participle of the verb, come auxiliary verb, be (is) base
form of verb,
come (coming)

28. Using Common Medical Prefixes. Use the prefix anti in a meaningful way
Use the prefix anti with each one in a complete, full sentence that explains the
term. Each new word you create is the term used to refer to a type of medication.
For example, when the prefix anti is added to the word tussive, a type of
medication is named—specifically an antitussive,which is a drug that alleviates or
eases a cough.
1) epileptic
2) hypertensive
3) cancer
4) toxin
5) anginal
6) viral
7) bacterial
8) diarrheal
9) inflammatory
10) pyretic

1) An anti-epileptic medication is one that prevents seizures.

2) An antihypertensive medication is used to prevent or control high blood
pressure.
3) An anticancer medication is one that prevents the growth of cancer cells or
prevents the
spread of cancer in the body.
4) An antitoxin medication is one that reduces or eliminates the harmful effects of
a toxin.
5) An anti-anginal medication is one that alleviates angina or chest pain.
6) An antiviral medication prevents the spread of a virus.
7) An antibacterial medication eliminates bacteria
8) An antidiarrheal medication prevents or stops diarrhea.
9) An anti-inflammatory medication is one that prevents or alleviates
inflammation.
10) An antipyretic medication is one that reduces fever.

29. Comprehending Specific Information

Choose the best answer from the multiple choices.
1) The medical term for chest pain is
a) heart attack.
b) myocardial infarction.
c) angina.*
d) anti-anginal.
2) Chest pain may occur for this patient if he
a) sleeps.
b) goes jogging*.
c) bends over.
d) lays flat on his back.
3) A blister pack is
a) a cardboard.
b) a method of dispensing medications.*
c) a bubble board.
d) a method of compressing angina.
4) Where is Mr. Kozma right now?
a) at home
b) at work
c) in the hospital*
d) at the walk-in clinic
5) Tomorrow, if he wants to, who can Mr. Kozma ask for more information about
his prescription?
a) his clergyman
b) this nurse
c) his pharmacist*
d) all of the above
6) The nurse teaches Mr. Kozma about two separate things. The first is his
nitroglycerine.
What is the other thing?
a) not to do strenuous exercise
b) blister packs*
c) his sleeping pill and laxative
d) calling the doctor
7) If the nitroglycerine is ineffective to treat Mr. Kozma’s chest pain, what should
he do?
a) seek medical help, quickly*
b) call his doctor
c) call his pharmacist
d) take a fourth nitroglycerine tablet sublingually
8) What is the first action of a sublingual medication? It
a) evaporates.
b) dissolves.*
c) flushes.
d) metabolizes.
9) What does sublingual mean?
a) through the nose
b) down the throat
c) under the tongue*
e) orally
10) At first, the patient is confused by the nurse’s
a) vocabulary.*
b) enthusiasm.
c) professionalism.
d) all of the above

30. Fill in the Blanks Use the appropriate term from Box 8-2 to fill in the
blanks and make complete sentences.
BOX 8-2 Mix and Match: Words Derived from Medic
Draw a line linking a term beginning with/deriving from the root word medic
to an appropriate explanation. Treat this exercise as a word puzzle.
WORD APPROPRIATE EXPLANATION
medicate most often found working in an ambulance
medicinal a way to speak
medical something you take to get better
medically health promoting
medicine type of school for doctors
medication something the nurse or doctor administers
medic performs medical duties in the armed forces
paramedic administer

1) Emergency Medical Services (EMS) ……..employ to work in ambulance

and
rescue services.
2) If you think you are having a heart attack or stroke, you should consider
this a emergency…… and seek…… help immediately.
3) Cough remedies often taste bad. People complain that they taste “like
.”……
4) A patient prescribed antibiotic……. must be taught the importance of
completing the regime: taking all of the pills or capsules he or she is given.
5) Bob was a ……in the Army and he loved it. When he came home, he
entered……………..school to become a doctor.
6)……… speaking, the patient’s prognosis for recovery is very poor.
7) The psychotic patient needed to be……… in the emergency room so
that his admission to the hospital could be complete. He was too anxious
and disturbed to be managed, otherwise.
8) The doctor decided to …….the cardiac patient with an antihypertensive.
9) Janis complains of grogginess in the morning. It is difficult for her to
wake up and feel alert. She believes it is a result of her sleeping……… and
she wonders if she is over-…… . She wants to lower the dose.
10) A wide range of ………and recommendations for their use can be
found in a compendium of pharmaceuticals.

1) paramedics or paramedical personnel

2) medical, medical
3) medicine
4) medication
5) medic, medical
6) medically
7) medicated
8) medicate
9) medication, medicated
10) medicines or medications

31.
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Put one term in each gap
A. coenzymes, B. catalyst, C. arthritis, D.
hypercalcemia,
E. homeostasis F. hyperalimentation, G. contagious,
H. hypercalciuria, I. gut flora, J. fermentation,

1. _______ might be produced if there is a high amount of calcium in the

blood.
2. _______ is a relatively common clinical problem. It typically manifests
as mild chronic calcium elevation
3. _______ does not use the digestive system. It may be given to people
who are unable to absorb nutrients through the intestinal tract
4. Human _______ refers to the body's ability to regulate physiologically
its inner environment to ensure its stability.
5. The term _______ refers to the delicate balance of microbes and other
'germs,' both good and bad.
6. During the primary _______, the fermentable sugars, mainly maltose
and glucose are converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide
7. _______ disease is an infectious disease that is spread through
contact with infected individuals; also called a communicable disease.
8. _______ are small organic non-protein molecules that carry chemical
 groups between enzymes.
9. A _______ is a substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction
but is chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.
10. _______ is a disease that causes pain and loss of movement of the
joints.
1. Hypercalciuria 2. Hypercalcemia 3. Hyperalimentation
4. homeostasis 5. gut flora

6. fermentation 7. Contagious 8. Coenzymes 9.

catalyst 10. Arthritis

32.. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box.

A. antibodies B. characterized C. leading D. life-threatening E.

named
F. refer G. response H. stem I. suffer J. which

Allergy
An allergy can _________(1) to several kinds of immune reactions
including Type I hypersensitivity in _________(2) the person's body is
hypersensitised and develops immunoglobulin E (IgE), a certain class of
_________(3) to typical proteins. When a person is hypersensitised, these
substances are known as allergens. The word allergy derives from the
Greek words allos meaning "other" and ergon meaning "work". Type I
hypersensitivity is _________(4) by excessive activation of mast cells and
basophils by immunoglobulin E, resulting in a systemic inflammatory
response that can result in symptoms as benign as a runny nose, to
_________(5) anaphylactic shock and death. Allergy is a very common
disorder and more than 50 million Americans _________(6) from allergic
diseases. Allergies are the sixth _________(7) cause of chronic disease in
the United States, costing the health care system $18 billion annually.
The term and concept of "allergy" was coined by a Viennese pediatrician
_________(8) Clemens von Pirquet in 1906. He observed that the
symptoms of some of his patients might have been a _________(9) to
outside allergens such as dust, pollen, or certain foods. For a long time all
hypersensitivities were thought to _________(10) from the improper action
of inflammatory immunoglobulin class IgE, however it soon became clear
that several different mechanisms utilizing different effector molecules were
responsible for the myriad of disorders previously classified as "allergies".
A new four-class (now five) classification scheme was designed by H. Gell
and A. Coombs. Allergy has since been kept as the name for Type I
Hypersensitivity, characterised by classical IgE mediation of effects.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
refe whic anti char life suff lead name resp stem
r h bodi acte - er ing d onse
es rize thre
d aten
ing

33.Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box.

A. additionally B. by C. if D. react E. sensitize

F. through G. to H. which I. while J. without
Problems with skin test
_________(1) the skin test is probably the most preferred means of testing
because of its simplicity and economics, it is not_________(2)
complications. Some people may display a delayed-type hypersensitivity
(DTH) reaction _________(3) can occur as far as 6 hours after application
of the allergen and last up to 24 hours. This can also cause serious long-
lasting tissue damage _________(4) the affected area. These types of
serious reactions are quite rare.
_________(5), the application of previously unencountered allergens can
actually _________(6) certain individuals to the allergen, causing the
inception of a new allergy in susceptible individuals.
Skins tests also are not always able to pinpoint a patient's specific allergies
_________(7) the patient has an allergy but does not _________(8) to the
skin test allergen.
Total IgE count: Another method used to qualify type I hypersensitivity is
measuring the amount of serum IgE contained within the patient's serum.
This can be determined _________(9) the use of radiometric and
colormetric immunoassays. Even the levels the amount of IgE specific to
certain allergens can be measured _________(10) using of the
radioallergosorbent test (RAST).
whil with whic to addi sens if reac thro by
e out h tion itiz t ugh
ally e

34. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Put each term in each gap.
A. hyperparathyroidism, B. irradiation, C.
metabolism,
D. metabolites E. micronutrient F. nausea, G.
night blindness,
H. nutrients, I. obesity, J. osteomalacia
1. Billions of people in developing countries suffer from _______
malnutrition, also known as "hidden hunger," that is caused by lack of
vitamins and minerals.
2. Food _______ can prevent the growth of microorganisms that cause
food spoilage
3. _______ is overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess
production of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
4. Lack of vitamin A causes _______ or inability to see in dim light
5. _______ is the sensation that there is a need to vomit
6. _______ from food are absorbed by the body as it passes through the
digestive system
7. _______ is a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to
such an extent that health may be negatively affected
8. _______ is the general term for the softening of the bones due to
defective bone mineralization.
9. Our bodies get the energy they need from food through _______.
10. Secondary _______ are organic compounds that are not directly
involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of
organisms.

1. micronutrient, 2. irradiation 3. Hyperparathyroidism 4. night

blindness 5. Nausea 6. Nutrients 7. Obesity 8. Osteomalacia 9.
metabolism 10. metabolites

35. . Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box.

A. circulatory, B. death, C. developing, D. factors,

E. gap, F. intake, G. lifestyle, H. pressure, I. reductions, J.
target

Coronary heart disease and strokes

Coronary heart disease and stroke, along with other diseases of the
_________(1) system, account for over 200,000 of the half a million deaths
which occur in this country each year. While _________(2) rates are
improving substantially for the best off in society, the worst off have not
benefited to anything like the same extent, thus widening the health
_________(3).
Several of the major risk _________(4) which increase the chances of
people _________(5) coronary heart disease or having a stroke are now
well established. The key _________(6) risk factors, shared by coronary
heart disease and stroke, are smoking, poor nutrition, obesity, physical
inactivity and high blood _________(7). Excess alcohol _________(8) is
an important additional risk factor for stroke. Many of these risk factors are
unevenly spread across society, with poorer people often exposed to the
highest risks.
In England the Department of Health has set a _________(9) to reduce
the death rate from cancer in people under 75 years by at least a fifth by
2010 - saving up to 100,000 lives in total. It supports all efforts to reduce
the toll cancer take on our society. There are many supported actions
including improved screening programs, the promotion of healthy diets and
occupational health protection. However, the biggest gains will be made
through further controls and campaigns to reduce smoking. The target
includes: major changes in diet, particularly among the worst off, with
increased consumption of such foods as fruit, vegetables, and oily fish;
large _________(10) in tobacco smoking particularly among young people,
women and people in disadvantaged communities; people keeping much
more physically active - by walking or cycling, for example - on a regular
basis; people controlling their body weight so as to keep to the right level
for their physique; avoiding drinking alcohol to excess.
circ deat gap fact deve life pres inta targ redu
ulat h ors lopi styl sure ke et ctio
ory ng e ns

36. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Put one term into each gap

A. osteoporosis B. overdose C. parathyroid D.

plague E. precursors F.rickets G. scurvy
H.substrate I.sunscreen J. tuberculosis

1. Accidental drug _______ may be the result of misuse of prescription

medicines or commonly used medications like pain relievers and cold
tablets.
2. In biochemistry, a _______ is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.
3. _______ is the silent disease that makes bones prone to fracture and
is a major public health threat for more than 28 million Americans.
4. _______ hormone is the most important endocrine regulator of calcium
and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid.
5. Persons with a history of intravenous drug abuse also are more likely
to have _______ of the lungs.
6. _______ is a disease of rodents that can be spread to humans another
animals by infected fleas.
7. _______ is a disorder primarily caused by lack of vitamin D, calcium,
or phosphate, which leads to softening and weakening of the bones.
8. _______ was a serious problem in the past, when fresh fruitsand
vegetables were not available during the winter in many parts of the
world.
9. _______ can be applied to the bridge of the nose, ear tips, skin
surrounding the lips, and any area where pigmentation is low.
10. The _______ of vitamin A (retinol) are the carotenoids (most
commonly beta-carotene).
1 overdose 2. substrate 3. Osteoporosis 4. Parathyroid 5.
tuberculosis 6. Plague7. Rickets8. Scurvy 9. Sunscreen10
precursors

37. READING PASSAGES

Read the passages and answer the questions
below.
Types of Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that is marked by elevated blood glucose
(commonly referred to as blood sugar). A large portion of the food that we
eat is converted by the body into
glucose. The blood delivers glucose
throughout the body, but the hormone
insulin is needed in order for it to be
transported into most cells. Insulin
comes from the pancreas. If the
pancreas does not make sufficient
insulin or cells are resistant to its
activity of promoting glucose uptake,
the blood glucose level becomes
elevated.
Type I diabetes represents
approximately 5-10% of diabetic pa-
tients. It usually has a rapid onset and
most frequently manifest in children
and adolescents. Because the body cannot use dietary glucose, the level in
the blood is elevated and excess glucose is lost in the urine, causing
weakness, thirst and hunger. The treatment for type I diabetes is insulin
replacement.
Type II diabetes is found in some 120 million adults, who are able to
produce insulin but the liver and body cells are resistant to its actions.
Some type II diabetics can be effectively treated with diet alone, but many
require oral medications. Historically, this has been thought of as maturity
onset diabetes because it tends to occur after age 50, but there has been a
dramatic increase in the number of adolescents with the disease. This is
thought to be due to increased obesity and decreased physical activity in
this age group.
The major complication of diabetes is damage to the heart and blood
vessels, which can cause heart attacks, strokes, and poor circulation. The
effects on blood vessels also increase the risk of developing high blood
pressure (hypertension).
Diabetics have an increased risk of eye disease. Damage to the retina
associated with diabetes is the leading cause of blindness in adults under
age 65 in the US.
When blood glucose is high, nerve cells swell and scar. The disease
associated with damage to the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
is referred to as peripheral neuropathy. The most common type of
neuropathy in diabetics involves impairment of sensory nerves. Impaired
nerve signals to the brain about sensations such as the detection of heat or
pain may lead to burns or undetected cuts that can become infected. If
untreated, infected foot and leg ulcers can spread to the bone and may
require amputation. Burning, pain or tingling sensations in the hands, legs
and feet are also common.

1.Insulin is used to _________.

A. break down glucose. B. change
food into glucose.
C. transport glucose into cells. D. make glucose.
2.Insulin is made by this organ _________.
A. liver B. brain C. pancreas D. heart
3.When blood sugar levels are elevated, glucose is lost through the
_______.
A. urine B. blood C. pancreas D. liver
4.The treatment for type I diabetes is _________.
A. controlling diet. B. drinking lots of water. C. increased
exercise. D. insulin replacement.
5.The treatment for type II diabetes is _________.
A. controlling diet. B. drinking lots of water. C. increased
exercise. D. insulin replacement.
6.Type II diabetes is increasing in adolescents because of
_________
A. increased obesity. B. decreased
physical activity.
C. both of these D. none of these
7.The major complication of diabetes is _________.
A. damage to the eyes. B. nerve
damage.
C. damage to the heart and blood vessels. D. damage to
the kidneys.
8.A disease damaging nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
________.
A. diabetes. B. hypertension. C. stroke. D.
neuropathy.
9. A diabetic may be forced to have an amputation if_________
A. infection begins. B.
hypertension begins.
C. poor circulation develops. D. infection spreads to the bone.
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. D

38. STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY

Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D.

1. Because the microbes and their hosts have co-evolved together, the
hosts have gradually become resistant _________ the microorganisms.
 A. to B. with C. by D. for
2. In people with allergies, the immune system becomes sensitive to
normally _________ substances known as allergens.
A. harmful B. harmless C. harm D. unharmed
3. Central air conditioning also has the benefit of lowering the humidity
within the home.
A. fresh air B. ventilation C. temperature D. moisture
4. This test is less convenient to administer.
A. effective B. appropriate C. harmful D. complicated
5. Sometimes disability is caused by abnormal genes inherited from
parents
A. separated B. received C. resulted D. suffered
6. Unless the HIV lifecycle is interrupted by treatment, the virus infection
spreads throughout the body and results in the destruction of the body's
immune system.
A. stopped B. intensified C. increased D. relieved
7. A possible source for the misconception holds that AIDS infects only
homosexual men
A. misuse B. incorrect use C. incorrect view D. abuse
8. In early childhood mild disability (IQ 60–70) may not be obvious, and
may not be diagnosed until they begin school.
A. clean B. clear C. bright D. light
9. Symptoms are not localized to one particular site.
A. sensitive B. insensitive C. specific D. unspecific
10. The misconceptions prevent many people _________ HIV testing.
A. to seek B. seeking C. in seeking D. from seeking
1.A 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. B 9. C 10. D

39. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Put one term in each gap
A. conditions, B. dermatitis, C.
dermatologist,
D. desensitize, E. diagnosis F.
differentiate,
G. dyspnoea, H. eczema, I.
edema, J. effector
A dermatologist’s examination must _______ this type of dermatitis
from other skin from atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis…
A molecule that binds to an enzyme with an effect on its catalytic
activity, i.e. either an activator or inhibitor is a(n) _______.
An accurate _______ must be made in order to obtain important
medical information necessary to treat COPD.
Diagnosing _______ can be difficult because it may be confused with
other skin conditions such as contact dermatitis.
_______, or shortness of breath, is one of the earliest and most
common symptoms of heart disease.
_______ means swelling caused by fluid in your body's tissues
Immunotherapy comprises a series of shots given over time that can
help _______ you to allergens. Your allergist can help you choose
the right plan for you.
Itching is a common symptom of eczema and other skin _______.
Skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses and _______
should be treated for 5–7 days
Topical steroids may relieve itching, but their use should be
prescribed by a(n) _______ to assure safe and effective use.

1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. B 10.
D

40. REWRITING
Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the
given initials.
A.
1. The blood test may be helpful in determining specific allergen
sensitivity.
 The blood test may help ……………………..
2. Someone allergic to birch pollen may also find that they have an
allergic reaction to the skin of apples or potatoes.
 Someone who …………..
3. This occurs because of similarities in the proteins of the pollen and
the food.
 This occurs because there …………………..
4. The goal of the treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms caused by
the inflammation of affected tissues.
 the treatment is aimed ……………..
5. The goal of treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms caused by the
inflammation of affected tissues.
 The goal of treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms which
………………….

B.
1. Specific illnesses caused by allergies may require other treatments.
 Specific illnesses that are _______
2. The best thing to do is to avoid what causes your allergic symptoms in
the first place.
 It is best _______
3. The proteins causing allergies are found not only in the animals' fur or
hair but also in saliva, urine, mucous, and hair roots
 The proteins which _______
4. A company called Allerca has recently announced to be able to
produce a so called hypoallergenic cat
 A company called Allerca has recently announced that _______
5. A human being has cat allergy if he shows an allergic reaction towards
proteins produced by cats
 A human being has cat allergy if he shows an allergic reaction
towards proteins which _______

A.
The blood test may be helpful in determining specific allergen
sensitivity.  The blood test may help to determine specific
allergen sensitivity.
Someone allergic to birch pollen may also find that they have
an allergic reaction to the skin of apples or potatoes.
 Someone who are allergic to birch pollen may also find
that they have an allergic reaction to the skin of apples or
potatoes.
This occurs because of similarities in the proteins of the
pollen and the food.
 This occurs because there are similarities in the proteins
of the pollen and the food.
The goal of the treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms
caused by the inflammation of affected tissues.
 The treatment is aimed to reduce / at reducing allergy
symptoms caused by the inflammation of affected tissues.
The goal of treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms caused
by the inflammation of affected tissues.
 The goal of treatment is to reduce allergy symptoms which
are caused by the inflammation of affected tissues.

B.
1. The best thing to do is to avoid what causes your allergic
symptoms in the first place.
 It is best to avoid what causes your allergic symptoms in the
first place.
2. Specific illnesses caused by allergies may require other
treatments.  Specific illnesses that are caused by allergies may
require other treatments.
3. The proteins causing allergies are found not only in the animals'
fur or hair but also in saliva, urine, mucous, and hair roots.
 The proteins which cause allergies are found not only in the
animals' fur or hair but also in saliva, urine, mucous, and hair
roots.
4. A company called Allerca has recently announced to be able to
produce a so called hypoallergenic cat.
 A company called Allerca has recently announced that they are
able to produce a so called hypoallergenic cat.
5. A human being has cat allergy if he shows an allergic reaction
towards proteins produced by cats.
 A human being has cat allergy if he shows an allergic reaction
towards proteins which are produced by cats.

41. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box.

A. accompanied, B. although, C. bacterial, D. called, E.

known,
F. lasting, G. multiply, H. promptly, I. since, J. urine

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a _________(1) infection that effects

any part of the urinary tract. Although _________(2) urine contains a
variety of fluids, salts, and waste products, it usually does not have bacteria
in it. When bacteria gets into the bladder or kidney and _________(3) in the
urine, it causes a UTI. The most common type of UTI is a bladder infection
which is also often _________(4) cystitis. Another kind of UTI is a kidney
infection, _________(5) as pyelonephritis, and is much more serious.
Although they cause discomfort, urinary track infections are usually quickly
and easily treated by seeing a doctor _________(6).
Symptoms and signs
Symptoms of urethritis include
discomfort or pain at the urethral
meatus or a burning sensation
throughout the urethra with dysuria. For
cystitis there may be pain in the midline
suprapubic region and/or frequent
urination and hematuria with pus or
blood in _________(7), which may be
cloudy and foul-smelling.
High temperature _________(8) for more than 3 days should be a trigger
to get the urine culture done to ascertain whether the fever is due to UTI or
not. UTI is very harmful especially in infants _________(9) it can cause
permanent renal damage. Nausea and vomiting, _________(10) by high
fever may indicate a more complicated UTI in which the kidney is infected.
Some urinary tract infections are asymptomatic.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
bacte altho mult calle kno prom uri lastin sin accom
rial ugh iply d wn ptly ne g ce panied

42. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box.

A. artificially, B. consequence, C. develop, D. exposed, E.

generation,
 F. greatly, G. pass, H. patients, I. survive, J. withstand

Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a

microorganism to _________(1) the
effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific
type of drug resistance. Antibiotic
resistance can _________(2) naturally
via natural selection through random
mutation. Antibiotic resistance can also
be introduced _________(3) into a
microorganism through transformation
protocols. This can be a useful way of
implanting artificial genes into the microorganism.
Antibiotic resistance is a _________(4) of evolution via natural selection or
programmed evolution. The antibiotic action is an environmental pressure;
those bacteria which have a mutation allowing them to _________(5) will
live on to reproduce. They will then _________(6) this trait to their
offspring, which will be a fully resistant _________(7).
Several studies have demonstrated that patterns of antibiotic usage
_________(8) affect the number of resistant organisms which develop.
Overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as second- and third-
generation cephalosporins, greatly hastens the development of methicillin
resistance, even in organisms that have never been _________(9) to the
selective pressure of methicillin per se (thus the resistance was already
present). Other factors contributing towards resistance include incorrect
diagnosis, unnecessary prescriptions, improper use of antibiotics by
_________(10), and the use of antibiotics as livestock food additives for
growth promotion
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
withstan develo artificiall consequenc surviv pas generatio greatl expose patient
d p y e e s n y d s

43. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box.
 A. bioactive, B. distinct, C. estimated, D. infectious, E.
pathogenic,
F. possible, G. limitless, H. resistant, I. traditional, J. useful

Development of newer antibiotics

The resistance problem demands that a renewed effort be made to seek
antibacterial agents effective against pathogenic bacteria _________(1) to
current antibiotics. One of the _________(2) strategies towards this
objective is the rational localization of _________(3) phytochemicals.
Plants have an almost _________(4) ability to synthesize aromatic
substances, most of which are phenols or their oxygen-substituted
derivatives such as tannins. Most are secondary metabolites, of which at
least 12,000 have been isolated, a number _________(5) to be less than
10% of the total. In many cases, these substances serve as plant defense
mechanisms against predation by microorganisms, insects, and herbivores.
Many of the herbs and spices used by humans to season food yield
_________(6) medicinal compounds including those having antibacterial
activity.
_________(7) healers have long used plants to prevent or cure
_________(8) conditions. Many of these plants have been investigated
scientifically for antimicrobial activity and a large number of plant products
have been shown to inhibit growth of _________(9) bacteria. A number of
these agents appear to have structures and modes of action that are
_________(10) from those of the antibiotics in current use, suggesting that
cross-resistance with agents already in use may be minimal.
resistan possibl bioactiv limitles estimate usefu traditiona infectiou pathogeni distinc
t e e s d l l s c t

44. Fill each of the gaps with one word from the box.

A. avoiding, B. induced, C. limited, D. produced, E. separately,

F. spreading, G. testing, H. theoretically, I. undercooked, J.
washing
Alternatives to antibiotics
_________(1) hands properly reduces the chance of getting infected or
_________(2) infection. Thoroughly washing or _________(3) of raw foods
such as fruits, vegetables, raw eggs, and
_________(4) meat can also reduce the
chance of an infection.
Vaccines do not suffer the problem of
resistance because a vaccine enhances
the body's natural defenses, while an
antibiotic operates _________(5) from
the body's normal defenses.
Nevertheless, new strains may evolve
that escape immunity _________(6) by
vaccines.
While _________(7) promising, anti-staphylococcal vaccines have shown
_________(8) efficacy, because of immunological variation between
Staphylococcus species, and the limited duration of effectiveness of the
antibodies _________(9). Development and _________(10) of more
effective vaccines is under way.
Phage therapy is a more recent alternative that can cope with the problem
of resistance.
washing sprea avoidi undercoo separat induc theoretic limite produce testing
ding ng ked ely ed ally d d
45. REWRITING
Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with the given
initials.

A.
1. Opportunistic disease may be caused by microbes that are ordinarily in
contact with the host.
 Opportunistic disease may _______
2. Infection with most pathogens does not result in death of the host.
 Infection with most pathogens does not cause _______
3. The immune response to a microorganism often causes symptoms
such as a high fever and inflammation
  The immune response to a microorganism often lead _______
4. Certain agents cannot be cultured, for example Treponema pallidum
and most viruses.
 It is _______
5. Between 1518 and 1568 pandemics diseases are said to have caused
the population of Mexico to fall from 20 million to 3 million.
 It is _______
Opportunistic disease may be caused by microbes that are ordinarily in contact with the
host.
 Opportunistic disease may result from microbes that are ordinarily in contact with the
host. B.
Infection with most pathogens does not result in death of the host.
 Infection with most pathogens does not cause death to the host.
The immune response to a microorganism often causes symptoms such as a high
fever and inflammation.
 The immune response to a microorganism often lead to symptoms such as a high
fever and inflammation.
Certain agents cannot be cultured, for example Treponema pallidum and most viruses.
 It is impossible to culture certain agents, for example Treponema pallidum and most
viruses.
Between 1518 and 1568 pandemics diseases are said to have caused the population
of Mexico to fall from 20 million to 3 million.
 It is said that between 1518 and 1568 pandemics diseases caused the population of
Mexico to fall from 20 million to 3 million.
B.
1. People infected with a new disease can carry the disease to the far
side of the world before their first symptoms appear.
 People who _______
2. The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, and
has important consequences for the long term evolution of a
pathogen.
 The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex,
3. Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin were successful in
developing vaccines for Smallpox and polio, reducing the threat of
these debilitating diseases.
 Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin succeeded _______
4. People infected with a new disease can carry the disease to the far side of the world before their
first symptoms appear.
 People who are infected with a new disease can carry the disease to the far side of the world
before their first symptoms appear.
5. The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, and has important
consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen.
 The relationship between virulence and transmission is complex, having important
consequences for the long term evolution of a pathogen.
6. Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin were successful in developing vaccines for
Smallpox and polio, reducing the threat of these debilitating diseases.
 Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin succeeded in developing vaccines for Smallpox
 and polio, reducing the threat of these debilitating diseases.
7. They successfully developed vaccines for Smallpox and polio, reducing the threat of these
debilitating diseases.
 They successfully developed vaccines for Smallpox and polio, and reduced the threat of these
debilitating diseases.
8. Organisms which are normally non-pathogenic can become pathogenic under the right
conditions.
 Normally non-pathogenic organisms can become pathogenic under the right conditions.
9. Between 1518 and 1568 pandemics diseases are said to have caused the population of Mexico
to fall from 20 million to 3 million.
 It is said that between 1518 and 1568 pandemics diseases caused the population of Mexico to
fall from 20 million to 3 million.

46. Fill each of the gaps with one word of your own
HIV test
Many people are unaware that they are infected _________(1) HIV. Less
_________(2) 1% of the sexually active urban population in Africa has
been tested, and this proportion is even lower _________(3) rural
populations. Furthermore, only 0.5% of pregnant women attending urban
health facilities are counseled, tested or receive their test results. Again,
this proportion is even lower in rural health facilities. Therefore, donor blood
and blood products used in medicine and medical research are screened
_________(4) HIV. Typical HIV tests, including the HIV enzyme
immunoassay, detect HIV antibodies in serum, plasma, oral fluid, dried
blood spot or urine of patients. However, the window period (the time
_________(5) initial infection and the development of detectable antibodies
_________(6) the infection) can vary. This is why it can take 3-6 months to
seroconvert and test positive. Commercially available tests to detect other
HIV antigens, HIV-RNA, and HIV-DNA _________(7) order to detect HIV
infection prior _________(8) the development of detectable antibodies are
available. For the diagnosis _________(9) HIV infection these assays are
not specifically approved, but are nonetheless routinely used
_________(10) developed countries.
with than in for between against in to of in

47. STRUCTURE & VOCABULARY

Choose the best answer among A, B, C, and D.
1. In order not to spread the disease, the patient should stay in a _______
room.
 A. separate B. small C. big D. bright
2. In vitro fertilization (test-tube babies) is a widely used technique to aid
infertile couples.
A. treat B. make C. help D. allow
3. Insulin is the natural ______ hormone.
A. antidiuretic B. antibiotic C. antidiabetic D. antidiarrheal
4. It is comparatively easy to avoid a particular kind of vegetable or fish.
A. relatively B. intensively C. constantly D. certainly
5. It is important for patients to consult their doctor to know the severity of
their illness
A. cause B. seriousness C. sign D. symptom
6. It is necessary to assess the effectiveness of new drugs.
A. interfere with B. define C. evaluate D. attack
7. Modern vaccines are among our most effective strategies to _______
disease.
A. protect B. protest C. treat D. prevent
8. Most people are convinced that it is a good practice.
A. are firmly persuaded B. do not believe C. suspect D.
are separated
9. Mumps also usually causes fever and headache.
A. high pressure B. high temperature C. sugar levels
D. diarrhea
10. Overweight people have an increased risk of high blood pressure, heart
disease, and other illnesses.
A. Too thin B. Too fat C. Too tall D. Too short
1.a 2.c 3.c4.a5.b6.c7.d8.a9.b 10.b

48. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY

Put one term in each gap

A. parasites B. pneumonitis C. remedy

D. saliva
E. salivary F. sublingual G. receptor
H. rehabilitating
I. rhinitis J. serum K. susceptible
1. This medication is an excellent and wonderful _______ to get rid of
acne scars.
2. There are three major pairs of _______ glands in the mouth. The
largest pair are called the parotid glands.
3. _______ drugs are administered by placing the medication under the
tongue.
4. She stressed the hospital's main goal is _______ patients and moving
them back into the community.
5. _______ is the watery and usually frothy substance produced in the
mouths of humans and most other animals.
6. _______, commonly known as a runny nose, is the medical term
describing irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the
nose.
7. _______ is a general term that refers to inflammation of lung tissue.
8. In biochemistry, a _______ is a protein molecule, embedded in either
the plasma membrane or cytoplasm of a cell, to which a mobile
signaling molecule may attach.
9. Human intestinal _______, worms, infection, food, water cause
constipation, stomach bloating, and other health problems.
10. Blood _______ is blood plasma without fibrinogen or the other clotting
factors.
11. As Chennai gets cleaner and as cattle are shifted out of the city, its
residents might be getting more _______ to asthma attacks.

Remedy ,salivary ,Sublingual, rehabilitating ,Saliva Rhinitis, Pneumonitis ,receptor ,parasites

serum ,susceptible

49. READING PASSAGE Read the passage and

answer the questions below.

Joseph Lister
Joseph Lister (1827-1912), British surgeon, whose discovery of antiseptics
in 1865 greatly reduced the number of deaths due to
operating-room infections. Born in Upton, Essex,
and educated at the universities of London and
Edinburgh, Lister began to study the coagulation of
blood and the inflammation that resulted from
injuries and surgical wounds. In 1861 he was
appointed surgeon of the Glasgow Royal Infirmary
in a new surgery unit designed to reduce gangrene
and other infections, then thought to be caused by
bad air. Despite his efforts to keep surgical
instruments and rooms clean, the death rate remained close to 50 percent.
Believing infections to be caused by airborne dust particles, Lister sprayed
the air with carbolic acid, a chemical that was then being used to treat foul-
smelling sewers. In 1865 he came upon the germ theory of the French
bacteriologist Louis Pasteur, whose experiments revealed that fermentation
and putrefaction were caused by micro-organisms brought in contact with
organic material. By applying carbolic acid to instruments and directly to
wounds and dressings, Lister reduced surgical mortality to 15 percent by
1869.
Lister's discoveries in antisepsis met initial resistance, but by the 1880s
they had become widely accepted. In 1897 he was made baron by Queen
Victoria, who had been his patient for sometime.

A. Number the following events in the correct time order. Write

numbers from 1 to 8 in the blanks.
1._____ The death rate was reduced to about 15 percent with the use of
carbolic acid.
2._____ By the 1880’s Lister’s discoveries in antisepsis had become widely
accepted.
3._____ In 1861, Lister was made the surgeon of the Glasgow Royal
Infirmary.
4._____ Lister was made baron by the Queen, who had been his patient for
some years.
5._____ Lister came to know about Louis Pasteur’s theory of micro-
organisms.
6._____ Lister was born in Upton, Essex in the year 1827.
7._____ Lister died in the year 1912, at the age of 85.
8._____ Lister began to study the coagulation of blood and the infections in
the operating room.
B. Say whether the following statements are true or false.
1. _______ Initially, Lister believed that infections were caused by airborne
dust particles.
2. _______ Lister discovered antiseptics in the year 1861.
3. _______ By 1869, the surgical mortality was brought down to around
15%.
4. _______ Carbolic acid was the first antiseptic used by Lister to kill micro-
organisms.
5. _______ Lister studied Pasteur after he was made baron by Queen
Victoria.
A. 5,6,3,7,4,1,8,2 B. 1T 2F 3T 4T
5F

50. Choose one word or phrase that best defines the underlined
words.

1. A smoker with high blood pressure can increase her incidence of heart
disease.

A. birth rate B. mortality C. number of cases D.

 obesity
2. AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

A. a number of tests B. a set of

disease conditions

C. chronic disease D.
prevention
3. An individual will often have different forms of allergy at different
stages in his life.

A. germs B. troubles C. periods of time D. types

4. Any side effects on the patients must be noticed.

A. desirable effects B. undesirable effects C.

beneficial effects D. lateral effects
5. Desensitization should be recommended in this case.

A. making less sensitive to an allergen. B. malnutrition

C. multiplication D. weight control

6. Diabetes also causes its own unique complications.

A. happening very often B. lasting for a

long time

C. belonging and connected with a particular disease. D. being rich

7. Diabetes insipidus results from injury of the posterior lobe of the
pituitary gland.

A. serious B. behind C. beneath D. main

8. Different viruses are attracted to different types of cells

A. caused to come near B. altered C. immune

D. enough
9. Drinking lots of water helps the bladder flush itself.

A. clean with water B. enlarge C. infect D.

invade
10. Good anti-microbial stewardship is required to limit the impact of drug
resistance.

A. risk B. result C. managing D. increase

1.c 2.d 3.c 4.d 5.a 6.c 7.b 8.b 9.b 10.c