Bionomic of Mosquitoes

Isna Indrawati
Department of Parasitology

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 MOSQUITOES
• 2500 different species of mosquitoes
throughout the world
• All mosquitoes must have water in which
to complete their life cycle.
• Each species has unique environmental
requirements for the maintenance of its
life cycle.

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Mosquitoes

• Belongs to Family Culicidae

• divided into 2 subfamily (Anophelinae
& Culicinae)
• There are 3 tribes :
– Anophelini
– Culicini : Culex, Aedes, Mansonia
– Toxorhynchitini
19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015
 Morphology

haltere

Source: www.cdc.gov

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Morphology

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Life Cycle :

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015
 Breeding places
• The type of water in which the larvae is found
can be an aid to the identification of
mosquito’s species
• show a very distinct preference for the types
of sources in which to lay their eggs, such as
tree holes, rain water ponds, polluted water

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Genus eggs egg deposit

Anopheles Laid singly, on the water

with air sac surface

Culex Accumulated on the water

in floating raft surface
Aedes Laid singly Slightly
above the
water line
Mansonia Accumulated Under the
in rosette leaves

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015
 Larva
• Consist of head, thorax and abdomen

spiracle

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Feeding habits of mosquitoes
• The male mosquitoes feed only on plant juices
• Only adult females that bite man and animals,
so she can develop eggs.
• Some female mosquitoes prefer to feed on
only one type of animal or they can feed on a
variety of animals.

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Patterns of Feeding and Resting
• Host specificity
–Antropophilic
–zoophilic
Feeding habits:
–Night biters
–Day biters

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 • Feeding place
–Exophagic
–Endophagic

• Resting place:
–Exophilic
–endophilic
19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015
 The length of life
• The length of life of the adult mosquito
usually depends on :
– temperature,
– humidity,
– sex of the mosquito
• males live about a week; and females live
about a month depending on the above
factors.

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 The flight habits of mosquitoes

• Depend on the genus and species

• Most domestic species remain fairly
close to their point of origin. Most
mosquitoes stay within a mile or two
of their source.
• The flight range for females is usually
longer than that of males.
19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015
 The flight habits
• Wind is a factor which influence in the
dispersal or migration of mosquitoes.

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Malaria
Anophelini Anopheles
Filariasis bancrofti rural type

Filariasis malayi

Filariasis timori
Dengue Haemorrhagic fever
Aedes
Chikungunya

Yellow fever

Filariasis bancrofti rural type(Ae. Kochi)

Culicini
Jap B encephalitis
Culex
Filariasis bancrofti
Mansonia Filariasis malayi tipe zoofilik

Coquilettidia Filariasis malayi tipe zoofilik

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015
 Anopheles ( Vector of Malaria )

• There are 25 species of Anopheles have

been found positive Plasmodium
• Factors that influence Vectorial capacity :
– feeding habits (anthrophilic vs zoophilic)
– life expectancy of the mosquito
– Vector density
– Number of bites per person per day

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

• Climates is a key determinant in the
geographic distribution and the seasonality of
malaria :
temperature, rainfall and relative humidity
• Rainfall can create collections of water
("breeding sites")

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Breeding site
• coastal lagoon : An. sundaicus
• Inland / the rice cultivation areas,
irrigation :
– An. barbirostris, An. aconitus
• in altitude area, plantation:
– An.balabacensis

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Main vectors of Malaria in
Indonesia
• Jawa –Bali : An. sundaicus
An. aconitus

• Sumatra : An. sundaicus

An. maculatus
An. nigerrimus

• Sulawesi : An.sundaicus
An.subpictus
19/03/2015
An.barbirostris
Even Semester 2014/2015
 VEKTOR MALARIA

• Kalimantan : - An. balabacensis

- An. letifer
• Irian Jaya : - An.farauti
- An.punctulatus
- An.bancrofti

• NTT : - An. sundaicus

- An. subpictus
19/03/2015
- An. barbirostris
Even Semester 2014/2015
 Morphology:

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Indoor residual spraying

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Insecticide Impregnated bed net

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Vector of Dengue Hemarrhagic
Fever

Aedes aegypti
Aedes albopictus

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Aedes ( Vector of DHF )
• Belongs to Culicine
• is the most important transmitter or vector of
dengue viruses
• the virus will require 8-12 days incubation
before it can then be transmitted to another
human

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015
 Ae.aegypti Ae.albopictus

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Geographic Distribution of Aedes
aegypti

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Ae.aegypti
• Lyre- shaped dorsal pattern
• Occupies urban areas with
or without vegetation
• Main dengue vector
worldwide
• Bites, rests, and lays eggs
both indoors and outdoors
• Breeding places: Most
containers with water
within or in close proximity
to households
19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015
Ae.albopictus
• single longitudinal silvery
dorsal stripe
• Associated with arboreal
vegetation
• mostly a secondary vector
• Mostly an outdoor (garden)
mosquito
• Utilizes water-filled
containers around or
further away from
households
19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015
 Monitoring the density of Aedes
• House index (HI) : percentage of houses
positive for larvae

• Breteau index (BI): number of positive

containers per 100 houses) ; have become the
most widely used indice

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015

 Monitoring the density of Aedes
• Container index : percentage of water-holding
containers infested with larvae or pupae

19/03/2015 Even Semester 2014/2015