NAME OF CANDIDATE : NORIDZWAN BIN NORDIN

NAME OF SUPERVISOR : ASSOC. PROF. DR. ING. YUPITER H. P. MANURUNG

LEVEL OF STUDY : MASTER OF SCIENCE (MECH. ENGINEERING)

TITLE OF RESEARCH : RESIDUAL STRESS INVESTIGATION AND FEM

SIMULATION OF HFMI/PIT TREATED WELD-ON-WELD

T-JOINT USING S460G2+M HSLA STEEL

SUPERVISOR’S ENDORSEMENT: ____________________________________________

1
Title: Residual Stress Investigation and FEM Simulation of HFMI/PIT Treated Weld-On-Weld

T-Joint Using S460G2+M HSLA Steel

1. Background of the Research

High strength low alloy (HSLA) steel is a relatively recent type of alloy steel where the desired

mechanical strength of the steel is obtained by a specific thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP)

during its production. Small amounts of alloying elements such as chromium, niobium and vanadium

are added to refine the microstructure of the steel and improve its strength compared to the common

mild steel. HSLA still maintains a carbon content that is similar to mild steel making it easier to weld

than steel with higher carbon content. HSLA are also generally more resistant to corrosion than mild

steel with similar carbon content due to the added alloying elements.

HSLA has been widely used in the automotive, heavy machinery and pipeline for the oil and

gas industry where its strength-to-weight ratio – between 20% to 30% higher than regular mild steel –

makes it more advantageous despite traditionally costing more than the common steel. HSLA is also

gaining popularity in the oil and gas industry for structural steel fabrication as its cost continues to go

down and manufacturers push further to produce steel with even higher strength than before. However,

its lower ductility, non-directional grain strength distribution and higher strength sensitivity to

excessive temperature somewhat restricts its application in general compared to regular mild steel.

While the weldability of HSLA is considered comparable to traditional mild steel, its sensitivity

to excessive temperature means that greater care must be exercised in finding the optimum welding

parameters and matching filler material. Its higher yield strength consequently results in comparatively

higher welding residual stress than usual while the anisotropic nature of its strength distribution also

means that the orientation of the material as welded can affect the distortion and residual stress profile

in a negative way. Furthermore, the strength of the heat-affected-zone (HAZ) of HSLA tends to fall

below that of both parent and weld metal in contrast to regular mild steel. These factors result in HSLA
2
welded joints being more prone to fatigue cracking and would require a different post-weld treatment

than the usual.

Structural steel fabrication in the oil and gas industry in many cases involves welding material

with thickness that requires multiple passes to complete. Such activity exacerbates the undesirable

effects of welding HSLA steel and requires particular care in terms of pre and post treatment in order

to minimize them. The softening of HAZ around the welding area further complicates the fabrication

and repair of the material especially those that involve pipes that are produced by welding process.

Globally, various welding standards have called that welding on the HAZ or on the welding joint itself

be avoided in general. However, there have even been exceptional cases where welding was performed

near or on another existing joint, and the research on the effects of such weld-on-weld are still being

studied.

Traditionally, mild steel welded joint undergoes a post weld heat treatment (PWHT) - which

involves heating the steel at or near the recrystallization temperature as high as 900°C. – to reduce the

residual stress, distortion and hydrogen content introduced by the welding process. But in the case of

HSLA, the PWHT temperature should not exceed 600°C as the material then undergoes a drastic

reduction in tensile strength beyond this point. Greater care must also be taken in matching the filler

metal and other welding parameters that follows according to the intended design use case in order to

minimize long-term effect such as fatigue cracking.

A different way to mitigate the effect of fatigue cracking due to excessive residual stress and

suboptimal shape of the weld joint is by using mechanical treatment. Sharp geometric discontinuities

at the weld toe of a joint can be reduced by grinding them into a more gradual shape. Another method

uses high frequency hammer peening to alter the geometry of the weld toe while at the same time

introduce compressive residual stress on to the surface which increase the fatigue strength of the weld

joint. Technology such as High Frequency Mechanical Impact/Pneumatic Impact Treatment

3
(HFMI/PIT) uses controlled pneumatic system to actuate the peening process and provide a much more

consistent result than traditional hammer peening.

With the increase in computing power available to the public, Finite Element Modelling (FEM)

is now becoming much more viable and important in the design process of engineering a solution.

Processes that were traditionally optimized by real world trial-and-error can now be done virtually in

simulation. Advancements in FEM software allow for complete simulation of the whole chain of

manufacturing process from raw material to the final product. Software such as MSC Marc Mentat

allow users to simulate different processes with different physics such as forming and welding together

while also accounting for phase changes within the material. A complete end-to-end solution such as

this would significantly reduce material wastage, time and cost while improving efficiency and product

quality.

2. Problem Statements

Nowadays, it is possible for FEM software to simulate the entire process chain from raw

material to the final product design. However, such software and attempt at chaining entire processes

is very rare. Thus, modelling and simulation of such process should be developed and the parameters

should be found.

HSLA steel has advantages over mild steel in terms of having better strength-to-weight ratio

and corrosion resistance. However, it is much more sensitive to excessive temperature and has a

directional grain strength that requires greater care in formulating its welding parameters and matching

the filler metal. The higher yield strength of HSLA corresponds to a higher residual stress and

distortion from the welding process. Consequently, HSLA welded joints are more susceptible to

residual stress induced fatigue cracking. Therefore, the best welding parameter for HSLA should be

defined.

4
 Mechanical post weld treatment can help mitigate the problem of fatigue cracking due to high

residual stress and poor weld geometry profile. The HFMI/PIT method simultaneously improves the

geometry of the weld toe and introduce beneficial compressive residual stress on the weld joint. As

such, the operating parameters of the process should be investigated and determined.

3. Research Objectives

1) To develop the simulation model of the welding and HFMI/PIT process using MSC Marc

Mentat.

2) To measure and profile the residual stress of S460G2+M steel in longitudinal and transverse

weld-on-weld T-joint with and without HFMI/PIT treatment using X-ray diffractometer

(XRD).

3) To verify and analyze the result of the FEM and compare it to the experimental result.

4. Scope and Limitation of the Research

This research forms part of a larger research into the fatigue life of welded HSLA steel joint

under the FRGS grant. The goal of the FRGS research is to investigate the fatigue life of S460G2+M

HSLA steel used in the fabrication of welded structure as well as techniques that can extend its fatigue

life. This research looks at the effect of residual stress as a contributing factor towards fatigue life and

the influence it has in initiating fatigue cracking. The S460G2+M steel plate used in this research is a

HSLA steel produced according to European Standard EN 10225: Weldable Structural Steels for Fixed

Offshore Structures. The steel plate is manufactured by Dillinger Hütte from Germany and has a

thickness of 10mm. The filler metal used in the welding process is ER80S-N1 from EWM. The joints

were welded with a mixture of 80% argon and 20% carbon dioxide.

5
5. Significance of the Research

Research on fatigue life of large structures came to prominence as crude oil price remains low

and oil companies try to prolong the life of old offshore oil platform. The service life of an offshore

platform depends on the fatigue life of the structure and methods that can increase it are being

vigorously studied around the world. There is also a shift in the industry towards the usage of steel

with high strength-to-weight ratio as they become more affordable and design trending towards

reduction in weight. This presents an opportunity to further advance research into fatigue life of HSLA

steel used in fabricating structures since their usage in the industry is still in its infancy.

As computers become more powerful, more and more design and testing of products are done

in the virtual world. Different processes in design that used to be modelled separately such as welding

and forming can now be chained together and provide a complete end-to-end design and manufacturing

solution from raw material to the finished product. Such virtual solution could help reduce wastage,

time and cost and improve efficiency and productivity.

6. Literature Review

6.1 High Strength Low Alloy Steel

HSLA steel is a class of steel that depends on small amounts of alloying elements and

a controlled thermomechanical process to achieve strength beyond that obtained through

conventional process. HSLA has a yield strength of at least 275MPa. Some of the alloys used

in making HSLA include niobium, vanadium, chromium, titanium, nickel and copper. HSLA

typically has carbon content between 0.05% to 0.25% and manganese content up to 2.0%,

similar to those of low carbon steel. The low carbon content of HSLA together with the small

amount alloys added makes it easier to weld and have better corrosion resistance compared to

steel with higher carbon content [1]. A simplified presentation of the production of HSLA steel

6
is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: A simplified representation of HSLA steel production [2].

The thermomechanical process that produce the high yield strength consist of heating

the steel slab above its recrystallization temperature of around 900°C. The niobium or

vanadium added to the steel precipitates as nitrides or carbides at the austenite grain boundaries

that impede growth of the austenite grain. The slab is then rolled down into a plate in a

controlled manner as the temperature drops down to around 800°C. This causes the austenite

grains gets flattened and elongated, facilitating their transformation into small grained ferrites.

At temperature of around 600°C the impeded austenite grains began to transform into small

grained ferrites after which the plate is then rapidly cooled with water to minimize the

formation of pearlite [2]. Figure 2 provide an overview of the TMCP process.

7
 Figure 2: An overview of the TMCP process [2].

The steel plate used for this research is S460G2+M which is a HSLA structural steel

used in fabrication of offshore platform. The steel is certified according to European Standard

EN 10225: Weldable Structural Steels for Fixed Offshore Structures. The typical chemical

composition and nominal mechanical properties are described in Table 1 and Table 2 below

respectively:

Table 1: Chemical Composition and Carbon Equivalent of S460G2+M

Chemical C Si Mn P S Nb V Carbon

composition Equivalent

(%) (IIW)

S460G2+M 0.08 0.3 1.6 <0.015 <0.04 <0.03 <0.04 0.40

8
 Table 2: Nominal Mechanical Properties of S460G2+M

Mechanical Yield strength Tensile Max strength CVN (-40°C) Elongation

properties (MPa) strength (MPa) ratio (%)

S460G2+M 460 540-700 0.93 60J (transverse) 17

6.2 Gas Metal Arc Welding Process

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) is a welding process where an electric arc is passed

through a consumable electrode and the base metal that heats the surrounding material, forming

a pool of molten metal that cools down and solidify to become the weld joint. The electrode is

continuously fed by a spool of wore that also act as the filler metal for the weld joint. Shielding

gas is passed to the arc through the welding gun to insulate the molten metal area from the

surrounding air and prevent oxidation of the welding joint. The shielding gas used is usually

inert gases like helium and argon, but sometimes reactive gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen

is also used to improve the penetration of the weld [3]. Figure 3 shows the basic operation of

GMAW process.

9
 Figure 3: Basic operation of GMAW process [3].

6.3 Residual Stress of the Welding Process

Residual stress is stress that remains within a material after the removal of any external

stress acting on that material. Residual stress is caused by uneven stress acting on a material

from mechanical, thermal or chemical process that exceeded the elastic strain limit of the

material. Residual stress exists naturally as a result of many metal working processes such as

welding, forming, casting, machining, grinding and others. In a process such as grinding or

machining, the residual stress is localized to only the area affected directly by the process and

is generally considered negligible or harmless. In other process such as welding or casting, the

effect of residual stress is global and can significantly affect the quality of the production

outcome.

In welding, the main cause of residual stress in a joint is thermal stress, which is the

different thermal expansion or contraction in different parts of a material due to heating or

phase change. The phase change in this case can either be from solidification of molten metal

10
or from metallurgical change in grain size and shape. Thermal stress from welding also causes

distortion of the geometry of the material. There is generally an inverse relationship between

welding distortion and residual stress in a welded part. When constraints are applied to a welded

part in order to reduce distortion, the resultant residual stress will instead increase in

compensation [4].

The magnitude of the residual stress from the welding process very much depends on

the cooling rate of the welded joint. Generally speaking, the residual stress generated by

welding is lower when the cooling rate is slower. Some of the ways to minimize residual stress

include preheating the joint, post weld heat treatment and using lower power heat source for

welding. While many cases of engineering design calls for reduction or elimination of residual

stress, there are cases where residual stress are welcomed or deliberately induced to improve a

part. Processes such as case hardening and quenching deliberately induce residual stress in the

parts to improve its performance. In such cases compressive residual stress is deliberately

induced in certain area of the parts to improve strength and performance.

One area where residual stress plays an important part is on fatigue life. Crack due to

fatigue mostly starts at the surface of a material and most likely initiate at an area where there

is a sharp change in geometry such as the weld toe. The weld metal and the areas of HAZ near

it is usually in tensile residual stress from the molten weld pool shrinkage during the welding

process. Figure 4 below shows the temperature and residual stress distribution of a butt joint.

This tensile residual stress lowers the fatigue strength of the area and made it more susceptible

to cracks formed by corrosion or cold cracking. While pre and post weld heat treatment helps

reduce or eliminate residual stress that lowers fatigue strength, a mechanical kind of solution

is needed to address the sharp notch on weld toe that is the other big contributor to fatigue

cracking.

11
 Figure 4: Temperature and residual stress distribution of a butt weld joint [4].

6.4 Residual Stress Measurement

Residual stress measurement can be categorized into two types: non-destructive and

destructive. Non-destructive measurement methods include X-ray/neutron diffraction,

ultrasonic, eddy current and magnetic Barkhausen noise. Destructive (and sometimes referred

as semi-destructive) methods include hole drilling, ring core, contour and inherent strain. In all

these methods, the stress is not measured directly, but what is actually measured is the strain

of the material. The stress is then calculated from the modulus of elasticity of the material being

tested.

12
 One of the most popular method of measuring residual stress is the hole drilling method.

This method uses an electrical resistance rosette strain gauge that is attached on the surface of

the specimen. A rosette strain gauge consists of three gauges that is placed 120° apart from the

center of the gauge where the hole is drilled. A high-speed drill is used to drill the center of the

gauge incrementally while the strain measurements are taken. A high-speed drill is preferable

to minimize the effect of drilling on the residual stress of the specimen. Hole drilling method

can produce very accurate measurements when implemented properly and is economical

making it a very popular method. Another variant of this method uses Electronic Speckle

Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) to measure the strain instead of using strain gauges. The ring

core method follows the same principal but uses an annular drill instead of a hole drill [5].

Figure 5 shows the basic principle of hole drilling and ring core method.

Figure 5: Basic principle of hole drilling and ring core method [6].

13
 Non-destructive residual stress measurements operate according to the principal of

Bragg’ Law that use the diffraction of a ray to obtain the strain of a specimen. These methods

take advantage of the crystalline of structure of the atoms within the specimen. A ray such as

an X-ray or a neutron ray is directed onto the specimen and becomes scattered as it hits the

atoms at the surface. At a certain angle, the ray is scattered coherently and a large amount of

the ray is picked up by the collector on the other end. The angle of the coherent diffraction is

used to calculate the inter lattice spacing between the atoms in the crystal structure, which

correspond to the strain of the specimen. Figure 6 below shows the difference between coherent

and incoherent scattering of the ray.

Figure 6: Coherent scattering (left) and incoherent scattering (right) of the ray [7].

6.5 High Frequency Mechanical Impact/Pneumatic Impact Treatment

Post weld mechanical treatment of welding joints is widely used to minimize fatigue

cracking of welding joints. Cracks due to fatigue are more likely to occur when the weld joints

contain sharply angled geometry such as those in the toe of fillet welding. These sharp

geometries or “notches” are further exacerbated by the tensile residual stress within the joints

from the welding process itself. Traditional weld dressing – such as grinding and TIG dressing

– can improve the geometry profile of the problem but will not address the other issue that is
14
the tensile residual stress.

High frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment addresses both problems

simultaneously. HFMI operates by applying high frequency impacts through one or multiple

rounded hammering pins on the surface of the welding joint to create many small indents or

“craters”. These indents on the surface help to smoothen the sharp geometries while also

introducing compressive residual stress onto the joint that counteracts the tensile residual stress

introduced by the welding process. The American Welding Society (AWS) indicated in the

commentary section of the AWS D1.1 standard that applying mechanical impact treatment to

weld joints that have been toe grinded increase their fatigue life by a factor of 1.5 [8].

One of the variation of HFMI known as the pneumatic impact treatment (PIT) uses

pressurized air of up to 6bar to drive a hammering pin at a frequency of between 90Hz to

120Hz. This HFMI/PIT process can produce an indentation depth and radius that is within the

specification recommended by International Institute of Welding (IIW) for HFMI treatment to

improve fatigue strength of welded joints [9]. Advances in technology now allows for a

HFMI/PIT equipment that has very low vibration and is safe to operate by a person for up to 8

hours continuously. Figure 7 shows the HFMI/PIT equipment used to treat welding joints.

Figure 7: HFMI/PIT equipment used to treat welding joints.

15
6.6 FEM Simulation of Welding and HFMI/PIT Process

Numerous studies have been done to model the welding and HFMI/PIT process through

finite element modelling (FEM). Significant works have been done on Abaqus nonlinear FEM

software by Simunek, Baptista, Foehrenbach and others in conceptualizing such FEM model

of the process. Simunek et al modelled the HFMI/PIT process as part of a numerical simulation

loop that included welding and fatigue life simulation [10]. The simulation used the

micrographs of an actual HFMI/PIT treated welding joint to determine the optimal hammering

pin displacement to create the indentation. It was then used with the combined Chaboche

isotropic/kinematic hardening model to simulate an S355 steel welding butt joint and the

fatigue life improvement that the process brings.

Even though a static model of HFMI/PIT process simply using displacement can

produce an acceptable and useful result, a more dynamic approach to modelling it is needed to

better reflect the actual process as in real life. Baptista et al modelled the process dynamically

using spring and dashpot and used the impact force value obtained through experiments in the

simulation [11]. Furthermore, he modelled the hammering pin with a linear elastic material and

then proceeded to simulate the residual stress and fatigue life with good agreement with the

experimental result obtained.

Similarly, Hardenacke et al used a spring and dashpot model in their simulation of the

process alongside a static displacement model to investigate the effects of different parameters

such as mesh sizes, work hardening models and friction [12]. Foehrenbach et al at Fraunhofer

Institute for Mechanics of Material further validated this approach when their dynamic spring

and dashpot model of HFMI/PIT peened steel plates compared favorably to their actual residual

stress measurements using neutron diffraction method which allows for a more accurate

measurement of residual stress inside the material [13].

16
 While Abaqus remains a popular nonlinear FEM software for modelling a complex

process such as HFMI/PIT, other FEM software such as MSC Marc is just as capable of

modelling such process. The table-driven nature of Marc allows for novel ways to model the

HFMI/PIT process. It is possible to model the process using a quasi-dynamic arrangement

consisting of only a single nonlinear spring component. Such arrangement can bridge the gap

between static and dynamic modelling and still provide for satisfactory results.

17
7. Research Methodology

7.1 Research Process Flow Chart

Literature Review and

Planning
Experimental Simulation

S235 Butt Joint Preliminary

Fabrication Simulation Model

S235 Residual Stress Optimization S235 Welding

Measurement Simulation

S460G2+M T-Joint
Fabrication

Optimization S460G2+M Welding

S460G2+M Residual
and HFMI/PIT
Stress Measurement
Simulation

Result Analysis and

Discussion

18
7.2 Phase 1: Literature Review and Planning

The first stage of the research involves gathering and reviewing existing literature on

HSLA. Area of concerns include weldability, filler material selection, strength of HAZ and

weld metal compared to base metal, corrosion and fatigue. Second, different methods of

measuring residual stress are reviewed and their suitability, cost and availability are considered.

Third, existing research regarding fatigue life extension techniques for welding joints are

reviewed. Fourth, development of chained process in FEM in academia is surveyed. After

reviewing all the relevant literature, decisions are made regarding the best way to proceed with

the research. A project timeline is established, and research work can commence.

7.3 Phase 2: Development of FEM Model for Welding and HFMI/PIT

To simulate the welding process in MSC Marc, a mesh plate with dimension of 30mm

x 10mm area and 9mm thickness was created as a representative model. The plate has a V-

groove at 60° in the middle to simulate a butt welding process. A prismatic triangular mesh to

fill in the grove is created to represent the weld filler metal. The plate is made of hexahedral

mesh elements while the weld metal is made of pentahedral mesh elements. The weld filler

metal mesh is further divided into a 3 layers stack to simulate a 3-pass welding process. The

nodes on both sides of the plate are fixed in space as boundary condition to represent a

simplified clamping of the welding joint.

The plate is assigned the C15 steel material properties from the built-in material

database and given an initial temperature of 25°C. Other parameters such as coefficient of heat

dissipation, welding power, welding speed, resting time between passes and cooling time are

given a rough stating value and are iteratively adjusted after each simulation until the best and

most reasonable result is achieved. The result of the welding process is then used as the starting

19
condition for the HFMI/PIT process that follows.

To simulate the HFMI/PIT process, a cylindrical solid geometry with a hemisphere on

one end is added above the plate mesh to represent the HFMI/PIT hammering pin. An automatic

mesh subdivision was also specified in the area surrounding the tip of the hammering pin to

further refine the mesh locally where the hammering pin touches the plate. The smallest

elements have a width of around 125µm which was deemed sufficient to capture the

distribution of residual stress within the plate.

The hammering pin was constructed as a rigid solid and was connected to a nonlinear

spring link. The spring behavior was defined by a table constructed in such way that the spring

remains rigid until a certain force threshold is reached which will then cause it to freely deform

while maintaining to exert the force constantly. This allows the simulation to decouple the force

exerted by the hammering pin from its vertical displacement on the plate and provides the

flexibility to define for any value of force without having to tune the usual mass-spring-dashpot

configuration.

The hammering pin was placed 0.5mm above the plate and given a 1mm peak-to-peak

vertical displacement through the spring link connection. The spring link was assigned a 2000N

force threshold. The frequency of the peening process was defined at 100Hz with a horizontal

infeed displacement of 1mm which leads to a single indent overlapping feature. The Von Mises

stress and the maximum principal stress are selected as the result output of the simulation.

7.4 Phase 3: Preliminary Verification and Optimization of FEM Model Using S235

Steel

In order to verify the FEM model of the welding and HFMI/PIT process, a preliminary

experiment is conducted using S235 steel with a thickness of 5mm and welded as a butt joint.

20
The S235 plates are cut into 50mmx100mm and beveled at 30° at one side to create a 60° V-

groove. Five sets of the plates are arranged side by side with small metal spacers between them

to accommodate bulk welding. The plates are welded in 2-pass using robot-controlled GMAW

welding process and then cut into individual butt joints. A thermocouple probe is soldered near

to the weld line and the temperature during the welding process are logged.

The residual stress of the butt joints are measures using XRD machine. Five points are

measured on one side of the plate transverse to the weld line on both the upper and the lower

surface of the butt joint. Another five points are also measured along the weld line to determine

the distribution of the residual stress longitudinally on the plate. Each specimen would have a

total of 50 measurement points to represent the residual stress profile of the base metal, HAZ

and weld metal of a butt joint.

The measurements of the residual stress of the S235 steel butt joints serve as the basis

for further refining the simulation model of the welding process. The C15 material properties

data used in developing the model of the welding and HFMI/PIT process is now replaced with

the data of S235 steel. Parameters such as coefficient of heat dissipation, welding power, welding

speed, resting time between passes and cooling time used in the previous simulation are adjusted to

the values used by the S235 welding process. The residual stress of the actual welding process

and the simulation is compared and further adjustment to the FEM model are made if necessary.

7.5 Phase 4: Residual Stress Measurement of S460 Steel Weld Joint and Comparison

with FEM Model

Two types welding specimen are fabricated using the S460G2+M steel: longitudinal

and transverse weld-on weld T-joint. The base of the T-joints is made by welding butt joint,

with the weld line perpendicular to the direction of the stiffening web welded to the base. This

21
creates a condition where the weld-on-weld is orthogonal to each other. The specimens are

fabricated in such way that they would a dimension that is suitable to perform fatigue test on

them. Two sets of specimens are made, one with HFMI/PIT treatment and one without.

In order to measure the residual stress of the weld metal on the specimens using XRD,

the weld metal of the needs to be cut out from the specimen to fit into the XRD specimen

holder. Strain gauges need to be attached on both side of the plate for both base plate and

stiffener web. The strain gauge values are recorded before and after the cutting process. The

weld metal section that has been cut out from the specimens are cleaned chemically to remove

any surface impurities before the residual stress measurement in the XRD. The strain gauge

values are processed to calculate the residual stress of the base plate and stiffener web by means

of the sectioning method.

To simulate the welding and HFMI/PIT process, the basic geometric models are created

in CATIA and exported to MSC Marc. The models are then meshed and given the material

properties data of S460G2+M steel. The rest of the parameters are set up the same way as with

the preliminary model before. The residual stress of the simulation is compared to the

experimental result. Further optimization to the welding and HFMI/PIT model are made until

the results from both simulation and experiments match reasonably.

22
8. Research Progress Timeline

Semester 1 Semester 2 Semester 3 Semester 4

Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Literature Review and
Planning
Preliminary Simulation
Model
S235 Welding Simulation

S460G2+M Welding and

HFMI/PIT Simulation
S235 Butt Joint Fabrication

S235 Residual Stress

Measurement
S460G2+M T-Joint
Fabrication
S460G2+M Residual Stress
Measurement
Result Analysis and
Discussion

Thesis Writing and

Submission

23
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 fatigue behaviour of welded and HFMI-treated joints”, XIII-WG2-136-13.

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[12] V. Hardenacke, M. Farajian, D. Siegele, “Simulation of the High Frequency Hammer Peening

Process for Improving the Fatigue Performance of Welded Joints”, 12th International

Conference on Shot Peening, 2014.

[13] J. Foehrenbach, V. Hardenacke, M. Farajian, “High frequency mechanical impact treatment

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