DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING .

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 9AFFILIATED BY

DR.A.P.J.ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY) SITAPUR
ROAD,LUCKNOW 226021

A minor project report on “LASER SECURITY ALARM SYSTEM”

2017-2018

Under the guidance Asst.Professor, Mubashshir Ansari

Submitted to: submitted by:

Dr.R.C.Chourasia Sahila Sadaf

(1422121004)

En 4th year
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thanks respect Mr. Mubshshir Ansari for giving me such a wonderful opportunity
to expend my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present a project
report. It helps me to lot to realize of what we study for.

I expend my knowledge and esteem to my teachers, whose effective guidance valuable time and
constant inspiration made it feasible and easy to carry out the work in a smooth manner.

I would like to thank also my friend who helped me to make my work more organized and well
stacked till the end.
 PREFACE
My project provides complete information on the topic “laser light security alarm system” and maximum
effort has been taken to make the project more comprehensive and lucid to under standard. My project
covers a variety of such topics like its working steps uses in life different aspects of laser security alarm
system. one may notice a perceptible change in written in an easy dialogues style engaging readers
constantly and include with more informatics comments ‘I assure you to go through this project
thoroughly to know a bit more and facts about laser security alarms system.
 CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 COMPONENT|REQUIRED
 CIRCUIT DIGRAM
 EXPERIMENT SET UP
 WORKING
 USE OF LASER ALRAM SYSTEM
 ADVANTAGE OF LASER ALARM SYSTEM
 CONCLUSION

LIST OF FIGURES

 BREAD –BOARD
 LDR
 RESISTOR
 2N7000TRANSISTER
 LEDS
 LASER LIGHT POINTER
 BATTERY
 BUZZER
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 INTRODUCTION

Laser door alarm is based on the interruption of Laser beam. The laser pointer is used as the
source of light beam. If somebody tries to break the laser path, then an alarm will be generated in
a few seconds. Normally laser door alarm circuit will have two sections. First one, laser
transmitter is a laser pointer readily available. This is powered with 3 volt DC supply and fixed
on one side of the door frame. The receiver will have a Photo transistor at the front end. We use
L14F1 NPN Darlington photo transistor as a laser sensor. Here IC1 is used as a voltage
comparator with its inverting input tied to a potential divider R2-R3. We use the inverting input
to keep at half supply voltage. Wireless security systems can be easily controllable through
a wireless remote or a touch tone phone from any place. Here main components of the laser
security system are infrared motion sensors and a basic alarm unit. It works based on heat
detection from a person’s body in case of any security fault. Based on this alarm unit is triggered.
The system alerts the security monitoring person and the local law enforcement body if required.
At the same time a high pitched sound also sirens. There are two types of laser beams are
available, green and infrared modules. System via an infrared module will be not visible.
Another beam like green would be visible to the naked eye and serve as a deterrent purpose. The
word LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. These are
available in different types like semiconductor, infrared, GaAs laser diode. This has an energy
wavelength of approximately 900 nanometers with a beam divergence of 3 million radians i.e.
equal to a beam width small beam width.

Laser technology products will calculate distance by measuring the time of flight of very short
pulses of infrared light. It is different from the traditional surveying instrument method of
measuring phase shifts by comparing the incoming wavelength with the phase of the outgoing

light pulse.

Laser Security System For Home

Solid objects will reflect back a certain percentage of the emitted light energy. It only needs to be
a small percentage for our sensitive detector to pick it. We can measure the time it takes for a
laser pulse to travel to the target and back with a reflection. By knowing the constant speed of
light we can calculate the distance traveled.

Laser based security system

To get increased accuracy our laser process as many as sixty pulses in a single measurement
period. Target acquisition times range will be half second. Sophisticated accuracy validation
algorithms are in place to ensure a reliable reading.

COMPONENT REQUIRED
 BREAD BOARD
 LDR
 RESISTOR
 2N7000 TRANSISTOR
 LDES
 LASER LIGHT POINTER
 BATTERY

 BUZZER
 WIRE
  CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Non inverting input receives a variable voltage based on the conduction of T1. At the opposite
door frame receiver should be fixed and should be properly aligned to the laser beam. The laser
beam illuminates the face of photo transistor and starts conducting the voltage. So, this keeps the
voltage at pin 3 lower than pin 2 of the IC.

Laser Security System Circuit Diagram

By this output of comparator remains low. Both LED and Buzzer remains off in this state. While
a person crossing the door laser beam breaks and T1 cease to conduct. The voltage at collector
T1 rises, the voltage at pin 3 of comparator increases and its output rises. Then LED is activated
and also buzzer. The base of T2 is kept high by the capacitor C1 for a few seconds after the
output of IC1 becomes low. The C2 gives current to the buzzer for a few seconds after T2 turns
off.

Laser Security System

 BREAD BOARD
A bread board also known as photo board is a type of solderiess electronic ckt.bulding.we can
build a electronic ckt on a board without any soldering. Best of all it is reusable.

FIG: BREAD BOARD

LDR

An LDR is made of a high-resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high

enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy
to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct
electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. In intrinsic devices, the only available
electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough energy to excite the
electron across the entire bandage. Extrinsic devices have impurities added, which have a ground
state energy closer to the conduction band - since the electrons don't have as far to jump, lower
energy photons (i.e. longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the
device.

Two of its earliest applications were as part of smoke and fire detection systems and camera light
meters. Because cadmium sulfide cells are inexpensive and widely available, LDRs are still used
in electronic devices that need light detection capability, such as security alarms, street lamps,
and clock radios (Wikipedia 2005).
 FIG : LDR

RESISTOR

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as

a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other
uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used
as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage.
Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp
dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.

The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors
are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the
resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

FIG: RESISTOR
 2N7000 TRANSISTORS

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's
terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output)
power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today,
some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated
circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous
in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field-effect transistor in 1926[1]
but it was not possible to actually construct a working device at that time. The first practically
implemented device was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley. The transistor revolutionized the field of
electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers,
among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics,[2] and
Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.

FIG: 2N7000 TRANSISTOR

LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction
diode that emits light when activated.[5] When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons
are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to
the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are
typically small (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape the
radiation pattern.[6]

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity
infrared light.[7] Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-
control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The
first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available
across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small
incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-
segment displays and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments have
produced LEDs suitable for environmental and task lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and
sensors, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive
headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, and lighted wallpaper.
They are also significantly more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental
concerns linked to their disposal.

FIG: LED

LASER LIGHT POINTER

A laser pointer or laser pen is a small handheld device with a power source (usually a battery)
and a laser diode emitting a very narrow coherent low-powered laser beam of visible light,
intended to be used to highlight something of interest by illuminating it with a small bright spot
of colored light. Power is restricted in most jurisdictions not to exceed 5 mW.
The small width of the beam and low power of typical laser pointers make the beam itself
invisible in a reasonably clean atmosphere, only showing a point of light when striking an
opaque surface. Some higher-powered laser pointers project a visible beam via scattering from
dust particles or water droplets along the beam path. Higher-power and higher-frequency green
or blue lasers may produce a beam visible even in clean air because of Rayleigh scattering from
air molecules, especially when viewed in moderately-to-dimly lit conditions. The intensity of
such scattering increases when these beams are viewed from angles near the beam axis. Such
pointers, particularly in the green-light output range, are used as astronomical-object pointers for
teaching purposes.

The low-cost availability of infrared (IR) diode laser modules of up to 1000 mW (1 watt) output
has created a generation of IR-pumped, frequency doubled, green, blue, and violet diode-pumped
solid-state laser pointers with visible power up to 300 mW. Because the invisible IR component
in the beams of these visible lasers is difficult to filter out, and also because filtering it
contributes extra heat which is difficult to dissipate in a small pocket "laser pointer" package, it
is often left as a beam component in cheaper high-power pointers. This invisible IR component
causes a degree of extra potential hazard in these devices when pointed at nearby objects and
people.

FIG: LASER LIGHT

 BUZZER

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device,[1] which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include
alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

FIG: BUZZER

BATTERY CLIPS

It provides connection to the battery with circuit .

FIG: BATTERY CLIPS

 WORKING

simple, cheap and effective laser based security system is developed in this project. Let us see
the working of this project.

First, the Op – Amp circuit acts as a comparator i.e. it compares the voltages at the inverting and
non – inverting terminals and produces an output accordingly.

The LDR – 10 KΩ resistor Voltage divider is connected to the non – inverting terminal of Op –
Amp and a POT is connected to the inverting terminal.

Assume, the laser pointer is placed directly in line of sight to the LDR and the light from the
laser is continuously being incident on LDR.

In this situation, the resistance of LDR falls down to few Ohms (or tens of Ohms) and as a result,
the voltage at the non – inverting terminal will be less than that at the inverting voltage. The
output of the Op –Amp is low and the transistor is OFF. If the laser light is blocked by an
intruder from falling on the LDR (even for a small duration), the resistance of the LDR goes to
few hundreds of Ohms and as a result, the output of the Op –Amp will be HIGH. This will turn
on the Transistor.

As the output of the transistor is connected to the Trigger Pin (Pin 2) of the 555 Timer IC, if the
transistor is ON, the trigger pin gets a short low pulse and as a result, the output of the 555
becomes HIGH. This will activate the alarm by turning ON the buzzer.

Since, the 555 Timer IC is configured as a Bi – Stable Multivibrator, a small active low trigger
pulse at the trigger pin will set its output to HIGH and in order to reset it we need to push the
reset button.

Until the reset push button is pushed, the alarm will stay on hence, we can place the reset button
at a secret location so that only the owner can disable the alarm.

USE OF LASER SECURITY ALAM SYSTEM

Security is main concern for various buildings, houses and offices. For this purpose, there are a
variety of security alarms available in market which uses various types of technology for intruder
detection like infrared sensors, motion sensors, ultrasonic sensors, laser sensors, etc. We have
also built some security alarms like this PIR sensor based motion detector and burglar alarm
circuit. In this circuit we are going to build a laser security alarm which uses a laser light and a
laser light detector circuit. It gets activated when someone crosses it. n this laser security alarm
circuit we have used LM358 Dual Comparator IC for comparing voltages coming from LDR.
Comparator is configured as Non-inverting mode and one 10K potentiometer is connected at its
non-inverting terminal. An LDR is used for detecting light or laser light with respect to ground
through a 10K resistor. And the midpoint of LDR and resistor is directly connected to inverting
terminal of comparator. A red LED is connected at output pin of comparator for indicating
intruder detection. A mono-stable multi-vibrator is also used for activating buzzer and LED for a
time period. And a 9 volt battery is used for powering the circuit.

Advantages

 The circuit, construction and setup for the Laser Security System are very simple.
 If used with a battery, the laser security system can work even when there is a power
outage.

Disadvantages

 The laser security system works only if the laser is obstructed. If the intruder passes
without obstructing the laser, it is considered as a failure.
 In order to secure a larger area, we need more lasers and corresponding sensors.

Applications

 Laser Security System can be used in safety lockers in our homes, where even if the
locker’s code is hacked, it acts as an additional layer of security.
 Apart from security systems, this laser based setup can also be used to check if pets or
babies crossed a certain boundary.

REFRENCE

 power plant familiarization

 kahalgaon -technical diary
 www.powermin.nic.in
 https://www.ntpc.co.in/

THANK YOU……………..