Indian Journal of Experimental Biology

Vol. 38, December 2000, pp. 1177-1182

Review Article

Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nuts-A boon in alternative medicine

B Premalatha*
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr A.L.M . P-G. I.B.M .S., University of Madras , Taramani Campus,
Chennai 600 113, India
In alternative medicine, medicinal plant preparations have found widespread use particularly in the case of diseases not
amenable to treatment by modern methods. Chemical and phytochemical analyses of Semecarpus allacardium nut reveal th e
presence of biflavonoids, phenolic compounds, bhilawanols, minerals, vitamins and amino acids. A variety of nut extract
preparations from this source are effective against many diseases, viz. arthritis, tumours , infections etc. and non -toxic even
at high dose of 2000 mglkg. However understanding of the mechanism of the pharmacological action of S. anacardiul/l nut
can be greatly aided by the isolation of its active principle from the nut and determination of the structure-function relation-
ship. Also, the potent curative effect of S. anacardiwn nut extract against human ailments need to be verified by controlled
clinical studies.

Although there has been considerable progress in the
modern medical field, there remain many diseases
where we cannot effect any cure. Alternative
medicines were able to cure many diseases that were
not amenable to treatment by Western methods.
Traditional Indian medicine with its evolution many
centuries ago has always fascinated practitioners and
researchers for the depth of analytical research and
practical application. This medicine emphasizes
health as the perfect state of physical, psychological,
social and spiritual component of a human being. Its
fundamental principles successfully eliminate
harmful side effects without losing beneficial
medicinal properties.
Nature is the foremost physician. Abuse of
nature's law upsets the human system leading to
occurrence of disease. It is again nature that effects
cure. Medical information referred in the old Indian
literature include uses of medicinal plants and the
role of alchemy (chemistry), astrology, philosophy ,
yoga etc. for curing various ailments. Only few
medicinal plants have attracted the interest of
scientists and been the subject of scientific
investigation. A research undertaken on
S. anacardium nuts for the past twenty years has
thrown some light on its suitability to conquer
hitherto incurable diseases.
*Address for correspondence: E-Block, No. 14. M.M.D.A.
Colony (Old No. E. I 53) , Arumbakkam,
Chennai 600106, India
e-mail: bpremalatha@yahoo.com
Semecarpus anacardium Linn.
Semecarpus anacardium Linn. (Family:
Anacardiaceae) is distributed in Sub-Himalayan
region, tropical and central parts of India, Western
l
peninsu la and N. Australia . The fruit is kidney-
shaped, drupaceous nut with a fleshy pear-shaped
2
receptacle . The nut is commonly called 'marking nut'
and in the vernacular as ' Ballataka ' or ' Bhilawa".
Historical background
In Ayurveda and Siddha (Indian systems of
medicine) classics, copious references regarding the
4
properties and uses of S. anacardium nuts are found .
The fruit of S. anacardium is acrid, hot, sweetish ,
edible aphrodisiac, anthelminthic, causes looseness of
bowels, removes ascites, alleviates skin diseases,
piles, dysentery, fever; loss of appetite, urin ary
discharges, heals ulcers, strengthens the teeth and is
useful in insanity and asthma I . It is popularly known
as 'Ardha Vaidya' (multipurpose medicine) .
Phytochemistry
A review of literature reveals the presence of bi-
flavanoids s, phenolic compounds 6 . , bhilawanols ,
7 8
9
sterols and glycosides in S. anacardium nuts. The
chemical examination of S. anacardium nuts has been
lO
carried out in India by Pillai and Siddiqui . The
crushed pericarp of the marking nut on extraction
with acetone gives 28 % dark brown oil which on dis-
tillation gives three fractions i.e (a) light yellow oil
known as semecarpol, a monophenol , (b) a golden
yellow oil termed bhilawanol with a C 1s H 27 side chain
at position-3 1O . Bhilawanol is shown to be a mixture
1178 INDIAN 1. EXP. BIOL., DECEMBER 2000

of phenolic compounds consisting mainly of 1,2 di- and vitamin content are given in Tabl e I. Analysis by
l8
hydroxy-3-(pentadecenyl-8')-benzene and 1,2- Bose et ai • revealed the presence o f iron, copper,
dihydroxy-3-(pentadecadienyl-8', 1I')-benzene7.ll. sodium, calcium and aluminum in traces. Phenolic
Bhilawanol on dry distillation give rise to catechol substances and resins were also detected .
19
and a hydrocarbon and (c) a tarry non-volati Ie residue Vijayalakshmi ef al. have reported the presence of
(54% of extract) 10. On the basis of chemical and carbohydrates, phenols and f1avano id in the Siddha
spectral data several bi f1avanoids (Fig. I) have been preparation of S. anacardium nut mi lk extract.
characterised, viz. semecarpuflavanone (1)1 2, jeedi-
flavanone (II)I \ galluflavanone (ill)1 4, nallaflavanone Pharmacological evaluation
18
(IV)15, semecarpetin (V)16 and anacarduflavanone Bose et ai. have reported the pharmacological
(VI) 17, the first biflavanone to occur with a methyl- and allergic properties of the nut ex tract. The nut is
enedioxy group. used internally in asthma and bruised nut is applied to
2
Phytochemical examination revealed 3.68% of the as uteri by some women to induce abortion I .
total ash, 0.33% of acid insoluble ash, 11.27% Satyavati et al. J and Bajpai ef ai. 20 have reported
alcoho l soluble extractive, 11.84% water soluble the antiinflammatory activity of S. anacardium nuts
extractive and 12.71 % moisture content in S. in acute inflammation of both immunological and
anacardium nuts. The proximate principles, minerals non-immunological ongm. Reports from

OM.

MeO
OH OM.

OH o
atl OM.

OH 0

Semecarpuflavanone (I) Nallaflavanone (IV)

.'
OH

... ...· ·OOH

o

Jeediflavanone (II) Semecarpetin (V)

OH OM.

HO
0 _ e li,
!
o
o OH 0

o OH a
Galluflavanone (III) Anacardufavanone (VI)

Fig. I- Slruclurc of binavanoids from Seillecarl'us allacardiulil nlii s

 PREMALATHA: SEMECARPUS ANA CARDIUM NUTS IN MEDICINE 1179

Vijayatakshmi et al. 21 on the curative potency of

Table I-Proximate principles, minerals and vit amins in
S. anacardium nut milk extract in adjuvant induced
Semecarpus anacardilllll nuts (in 100g)2
arthritis bearing animals support the observations of
I. Moisture (g) 3.8
the present clinical trial. The suppression of the
2. Protein (g) 26.4
development of secondary inflammation in 3. Fat (g) 36.4
experimental arthritis by the nut extract suggests its 4. Minerals (g) 3.6
immunosuppressive activity and this property might 5. Fibre (g) 10.4
be the reason for its effectiveness against rheumatoid 6. Carbobydrates (g) 28.4
7. Energy (Kcal) 587
arthritis22.
8. Calcium (mg) 295
A variety of marking nut preparations are used in 9. Phosphoru s (mg) 836
traditional medicine against numerous tumours. 10. Iron (mg) 6. 1
23 II. Thiamine (mg) 0 .38
Ghothoskar and Ranadive have found that, even a
12_ Ribofl avin (mg) 0 . 15
single injection of SA N-AB, another marking nut 13. Niacin (mg) 2.7
preparation could bring about complete inhibition of
tumour growth in 14/15 rats . The chloroform extract 37
metabolites to be excreted in urine . Considering the
of S. anacardium nut possess anti tumour action pessimistic prospect in case of primary HCC, for
against L 121 0, P388, advanced P388 leukemia, B 16 which the prognosi s is grim with an expected six
24
melanoma and glioma 26 and increase in life span months span of life, the results achieved in these
25
was observed in these cases . In vitro effect of acetyl experiments hold out great promise for future. The
derivative from S. anacardium nut indicated that the nut extract also potentiates the efficacy of wide ly
incorporation of radiolabelled precursors into DNA, used anticancer drugs , viz. mitomycin-C, 5-
RNA and protein was considerably inhibited at a 3s
fluorouracil and methotrexate .
concentration ranging from 40-75 Ilglml within 2 hr The observed antitumour activity of this natural
and thereby biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and protein product indicates that it might have potential
26
was significantly inhibited . Anacartin forte, an antineoplastic active principles. Unfortunately,
Ayurvedic marking nut preparation, exhibited not bhilawanols and their epoxides have no role to play in
only a broad spectrum of anticancer properties in the observed anticancer propertyw. But the marking
clinical and animal studies but also a wide margin of nut contains K40. Besides possible effective
safety in therapeutic dosage even when used for long radioactivity, the complex nut probably has other
periods. It has shown very gratifying results in the active principles with specific differential effect on
cases of the cancer of oesophagus, urinary bladder, 24
the malignant cells .
liver and chronic leukaemia by giving subjective and The nut extract has direct depressant effect on the
objective improvement, alleviation or disappearance isolated frog heart and rabbit intestine and
of troublesome symptoms and clinical benefit with antagonism to the spasmogenic effects of carbachol,
extension of survival time. This preparation has l8
histamine, barium chloride and pitocin . Delayed
selective action, attacking only the cancer cells type of hypersensitivity induced in mice by sheep red
without harming the normal cells 27. blood cells as an antigen was potentiated by the nu t
23
Although the nut extract has been used for the extract . Immunomodulatory potency of the nut
treatment of malignant growth, the biochemical basis extract in hepatocellular carcinoma was also reported
for its anticancer activity had been lacking. Hence, a from our laborator/o.
Siddha preparation called 'Serankottai nei' which is a It also reduces ti ssue and serum hyperlipidemia by
milk extract of S. anacardium nuts was subjected to . the inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption
biochemical screening by Premalatha et al. The coupled with peripheral disposal. Thus it possesses
. 'datlve
antioxi ' 2829
. , mem b rane sta b'iI IZlng-
" 101
.- 1, tumour promising anti atherosclerotic activities and its use by
. 12·14 I I I . g (- 41
mark er regu Iatlve- - , g ucose eve restonn via coronary heart disease patients may be benefi c ia l .
modulation of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes)35 The oil of S. anacardium is a cardiac tonic , a
and mineral regulation 36 properties in experimental powerful antiseptic, a cholagogue and general
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were observed . respiratory stimulant. It is good for leucoderma,
Also, S. anacardium nut extract is found to detoxify a coryza, epilepsy and other nervous di seases. It lessens
potent hepato carcinogen, aflatoxin Bland causes its inflammation , is useful in pa ra lys is and for superficial
1180 INDIAN J. EXP. BIOL., DECEMBER 2000
dermatological pain . Oil with milk is g ive n in dai ly
l
cough for the re laxation of uvul a a nd palate .
Monohydroxy phe nols from S. anacardium are used
extern a ll y in the form of dermatological pastes a nd
oi ntme nts (I to 10%) for the treatment of ache,
2
psoriasis and other sk in diseases .
Consideration of mechanism of action
Many of the well known properties of marking nut
oi ls are easily expla inab le by the catechol ha lf and
lipo id-so lub le C I5 cha in . D uring exposure to a ir, the
catechol ring mi ght be oxidised to an orthoquinone.
T he vesicant nature a nd indelibl e pigmentation may
be closely connected to the rap id for mation of the
orthoquino id intermed iate. T he absorption of the oil
by the ski n is obviously du e to the lipoid so lubl e CI S
7
c ha in .
Role ofanacardic acid in pharmacology
Anacardic acid fro m oil of nuts ex hibited
42 4J
anthel minthic and antimicrobial properties in the
treatment of hook worm infect ions. Monoene and
diene bhilawanols inhibit g ram positive anaerobes but
not gram negative anaerobes which is probably due to
lipoprotei n layer wh ich prevents penetration of
lipophili c agents like bhilawanols into the cell
membranes. Bhilawanols are susceptibl e to
atmospheric oxidation and complex poly merization in
the presence of oxygen wh ich makes them unable to
44
in hibit aerob ic bacteria .
Toxicity evaluation
S. anacardium nuts can be given o ra lly with milk ,
ghee, peanut oil e tc. Tox ic effects are not observed by
suc h routes of admi ni stration. On the contrary,
anabo li c effects are obtained . Traditional method s
recommended in Ayurveda and Siddha should be
close ly followed so as to get therapeutic effects
without toxicity. Various reports have me ntioned the
range of dosage from 300 to 9000mg in a graded
4
manner . Toxicity studi es were carri ed out by Ghosh
et af. 45 with o ne Siddha preparati on of S. anaca rdium
(coded as SKx) a nd they found that, in rats , there was
no adverse effect or mortality up to the oral dose of
2000mg/kg. The hi stopatholog ic a l studies on live r,
lung, kidney and heart did not reveal any significant
pathological lesions even when the extract was
admini ste red at a hi gh dose of 1000mg/kg4s. The
animal s looked healthy and active without any
physiological di sturbance and loss in body weight.
He matolog ical picture was a lmost norma l. T he
e xtract did affect total WBC count but there was no
45
effect on RBC count and haemoglob in percentage .
The LDso dose of 40g/kg in rats and rabbits was
determined by Vaishnav et at6
.
The tox ic-side effects of the very high dose of the
drug are diarrhoea and vomitting, s welling a ll over
the body, ulceration and vesication o n the skin . It
should be used cautiou s ly and in lesser doses in hot
4
season . During use, whether external or intern a l the
least appearance of a rash or redness of the ski n o r an
itchy or uneasy sensation in any part of the body
should be conside red as a manifestation of
undesirable effects and u se shou ld be discontinued
immediately.
Clinical trials
The therapeutic utili ty of S. wzacardium has been
uneq ui vocally establ ished in exper imental animals.
The results obtai ned at this pre-cl ini ca l stage could be
extended to cl ini cs and only then can this extract be
used successfully as suppl ement to stronger drugs
al ready in use. T he area currently under investigation
is to study the effect of nut ex tract again st AIDS and
the preliminary findings seem promi sing.
Conclusion and future perspective
All these indicate that the S. anacardium nu t
extract is a life saving non-toxic drug, and has its own
unique character with respect to physiology,
pathology, pharmacology and the rapeutics. It is
suggested that the clai ms for any therapy should be
subjected to scientific analysis a lthough, at present ,
we do not unde rstand the rationale fo r this treatment
in sc ientific terms. However, it is difficult, perhaps
rather premature, to arrive at any conclusion
regarding the mec hani sm of the pharmacological
action of S. anacardium nuts . The active principl es of
chemical constituents are to be assayed a nd
confirmed . Further work is in progress to iso late the
active princ iple of the drug and to detect the
mechani sm of anti tumour acti vity at c linica l and
pharmaco logica l leve ls. Onl y then w ill the nut be
recogni zed for inclusion in modern sc ientifi c
pharmacology. It IS therefo re desi rable that
pharmacologica l research be based on the broad
outlines of elucidating a ll aspects in their entirely
rather tha n finding mere ly the active principles. Only
then can Semecarpus anacardium nu ts to a certai n
extent, compete with drugs of sy nthetic o ri gi n.
 PREMALATHA: SEMECARPUS ANA CARDIUM NUTS [N MED[C[NE
Acknowledgement
The author thanks Dr S.S.N. Murthy for sending
his invaluable reprints. Thanks are also due to Prof. P.
Sachdanandam and Dr P. Jayaprakash Narayanan for
their fruitful suggestions. The help rendered by Dr 1.
Navis Paul Sriganth in compilation of literature is
acknowledged.
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1182 INDIAN 1. EXP. BIOL., DECEMBER 2000
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