BULLETIN 107 October 2002 Update of the March 1979 Revision (original, August 1965) | bolletin | l ml LOCAL STRESSES IN SPHERICAL AND CYLINDRICAL SHELLS DUE TO EXTERNAL LOADINGS i || puolletin | I | I K.R.WICHMAN AG. HOPPER J. L-MERSHON ISSN 0043-2326WRC Bulletin Series. 242 rac nnn Tree nA Conpansumcl aaa Exeenes EOE one-car Sandu ves "ponte sot Eno say a nn 8m ri C) Sc mae cerns bend esa tate enFOREWORD ‘october 2002 Update of March 1979 Revision “Tne October 2002 Update tothe March 1979 Revision of WRC Bulletin 107 includes minor stra changes for Thororement and eadebily of several equations, curves end some tex. There ae NO technica cnenges «The calculation forms (Tables 2, 3 and 5) are impcoved, pariculaty to show the "+" and" quantiss more dofivey. «+The equation for stress in paragraph 3.63 is revised tobe on one tir ‘The perameterdeatons on several ofthe curves (ginning wth figure SR-1) eve improved anc cies ‘Appendix B, exponents in Equations 1,2, and 4 are enlarged fr readabity, PVRG thanks Mr. James R, Far, Honorary Emeritus Member ofthe Pressure Vessel Research Council forhis assstance in preparing this update NOTE: WRC Bulletins 107 and 297 should be considered (and purchased) a8 an integral set. In edition DURE Technical Commitees are working on project that is envisioned to culminate in @ new publication (0 [Budo the WRG Sutetn 107 and 297 se The new publication wil provide significant new technica inaraon ‘Sh loca sel stresses from nozzles and attachments. Greg |. Hotinger ‘Tye Pressure Vessel Research Counc FOREWORD to March 1979 Revision Welling Research Council Bulletin No. 107 bas been cone ofthe mont wiely ured blletins ever published by ihe. Theongina bulletins published August 1963, Since that mea evs printing wasisuedin December see, asecond revised pining wasted in July 1970, (hid revised pining wa lensed im Apri 1972; and June 1977 eprint ofthe thi eevied printing was sued AS sometines happens wih publions of this type. Some errors were detected and then corected in ub Suen revieed pinings. In this March 1979 Revision of Bulletin 107, there ae some additional revisions and elaeifications. The fo ‘ulations fr callin of the combined stress intensiy Sin Tables 2, und 5 have been elusified. Changes i Ibe in Figures 1C-1,2C-1,3¢-and-4C have been made td the called sess for Model "Rin Table AS fnd Model "C-l" in Table A-t have been revised ecordingly, The background for the change in labels ven ina footnote on p46 Present plans call fora review and posible extension of ‘curves to parameters which will ever the majority of ‘openings innucleurconainmentvesselsandlargesiorage tunis Hans are exlend RYT from 300 10 600 and to extend U7D range from 0.003 10010 forthe ew RUT fange. review avaiable teat data (9 exablah Las of Sppliabiliy, and develop some guidance for pad Long range plant are to review shel theory in gone snd Bylaan's method in parculr The goal so extend the RM upto 1200 fora Dp 1 Tis wll include luge defection theory and ether nontinesr eects. In ‘ition, valle computer programs wil be studied in hope of developing one which willbe a8 appropriate Supplement to Buuar's method. Fizally,areview lle nade of imi oads slated to large R/T an sll /D. JR. Fatt, Chairman PURC Design DosisFOREWORD Several yours ago, the Pressure Vessel Research ‘Committee sponsored an analytical and experi ‘mental reseateh progesm aimed at providing meth- fode of determining the streses in pressure vessel hozsle connections subjected to various forms of xtestal loading. "The analytical portion of tia ‘work ws accomplished by Prof. P. P. Bijlaard of Commell University, and was reported in Hefer- fences 1 ta’ 8 inchisve, Development of the ‘thooretial solutions invalved « numberof simplify: ing. assumptions, including the use of shallow shell theory for spherical vests and extble Toad ing srfaces for eylindvical vessels. ‘These cir- ‘cumstances limited the potential usefulnes of the ‘ells to d,/D, ratio of perhaps 0.83 jn the ease ‘of spherical shells and 0.25 the eas0 of cylindrical Shela, Since no data were available for the lrgor lametor ratios, Prof. ijlanrd later eupplid data, fa the urging of the design engineers, fr he values of 8 ~ OAS and 0.50 (2,/D, ratios approaching 0.60) for eylindvical shells, as listed on page 12 of Reference 10. In so doing, Prof. Bijlaned in- cluded a specie warming concerning the possible Timitaione of thone datay ar follow! "The vel {ov thege lange londing surfaces were computed on reauest of several companize. Tt should be re- ‘membered, however, that they actually apply to ‘exible loading surfaces and, for radial oad, to the canter of the loading surface. It should be under- ‘ood thet sing these values for the edge of the Sttachment, aa was commended for small load fing surfaces, may be unconsorvative,” Following completion of the theoretical work, experimental work was undertaken in an effort to ‘erly the theory, the realta of which were pub- lished in’ References 17 and 18. Whereas this ‘work seemingly provided reasonable verification ofthe theory, i wa limited to relatively small d= 'D, ratioe0.10 in the caso of spherical shells and (0.138 in the case of eylindrical shells. Since vir- iy no data, ether analytical o experimental, ‘were available covering the larger diameter ratios, the Buzeaw of Ships sponsored a limited investigs tion of this problem in sphere, almed et « par- ticular design problem, and the Pressure Vessel Reasearch Committee undertook a somewbst sis ‘lar investigation in eylinders. Results of hi work have recently become svailable empbesizing the Timitstions ia Biflaed’s data_on eylindvicn! shells, particularly sit applies to thin shells over the “txtended range” (page 12 of Reference 10) Tncident to the use of Bijleard’s data for design purposes, it fas become apparent. that design engineers somstines have diffoulty in interpreting for property applying this work. As a result of ‘ch experience, PVI&C has felt it desirable tha all, of Bijlaar's work be simmarized in convenient, “cookbook” Yorm to faciitate its use by design ‘engineers. However, before this document could be issued, the above mentioned limitations became spparent, presenting an unfortunate dlerms, viz. the test data indicate that the calelated date ars pertilly inadequate, but the exact nature and Iognitide of the eror is not known, nor is any better analytical treatment of the peablers eva able (for cylinders) Tinder these circumstance. it wae decided that the best course wat to proceed with ting tb “cookbook, "extending Bijlaard'scurvesasbest we can on the basis of available test data. This tision was based on the premise that all of proposed changes would be toward the conservs Eve (or “anfe") side and. that design engineer ‘would contin to use Bilaard’s extended range ‘data unless some alternative sere offered. The following paper is therefore presented in the ho>s that it will facilitate the use of Bijlards worl: b design engineers. Every effort has heen made to point out any known limitations in the work and to explain the exact nature of the changes which have been made to Bijlaard’s original curves anc data; however, ure sre wamed that the resulting ‘work isnot nceetariy adequate for alleasss. It's the hope of the Subcommitta that additions theo retical work can be undertaken to provi fdequate data on various phases ofthis prot FS. G. Witz1aws, Chairs PVG Subcommiter on Reinforced Openings and External LoedingsCONTENTS 1, Nomenclature 2. General Equation 4, Spherical Shells a1 82 33 34 35 38 ‘Sign Convention Parameters 321 Round Attachments 2.22 Rectangular Attachments Calculation of Strssce 331 Radial load 332 Moment Loading 23.3 Torsonal Moment Loading 334 Shear Load 336 Combined Loading (Compute- ton Sheet) List of Nondimensional Curves [Limitations of Application ‘Abridged Celealetion for Maximor Streon 4. Cylindrical Shells a a2 ‘Sign Convention Parameters 421 Shell Parameter () 422 Attachment Paramcter (3) 42.21 Round Attachment 42.22 Square Attachment 422.9 Rect, Att Subjoctto P 49.24 Rect. Att. Subject to aM, 4225 Rect, Att, Subject to M. 42 Caleulation of Stresses 481 Radial Load 43.2 Circumferential Moment Load ing 43.3 Longitudinal Moment Losing 4344 Torsional Moment Loedins 435 Sheer Load. 42.6 Combined Loading (Compats tion Sheet) 44 Nondimensional Curves 44. List of Nondimensions] Curve 45 Limitations on Appliestion 41 Radial Load 45.2 External Moment 5. Acknowledgments, 6, References ‘Appendix Basis for “Corrections” vo Bijlaard’s Curves Appendix B-Stress Concentration fac tere for Straaaas dan to Bxternal LoadsLocal Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings by K. R. Wichman, A. G. Hopper, and J. L. Mershon 1, Nomenclatur ‘Symbels sed i the formolas and equations in the text ae listed below: ‘= normal rea in the ith dzetion on the marco ofthe shel pal shear stre on the ith foc of the jth ‘irection strom intensity ~ twice maximum hear stress, psi ‘membrane force per unit length in the ith direction, Ita bending moment per ent length in the ith direction, in. Ib/in membrane ares concentration fac~ ‘cr (pure tenon or comprestion) bending strese concentration factor enotes direction. Ta the case of ‘spherical shel, this wil fer to the tangential nd radial dircc- tions with reopect to an axit ermal to the thell through the (enter of the attachments Showa in Fig. 1. In the cate of ‘ylindseal abel, this will refer 1 longitudinal and circumferen- tial dretions with rspect tothe fans of the cylinder as shown in Fig. denotes tensile streaa (when asto- cinted with «,) denoten compressive stece (when sociated with o) sngle around attachment, degrees (ase Figs. 1 and 2) modulus of slasticty, pei ‘concentrated radial Toad or total ‘itrbuted redial load, 1b s MN M, Eg P Seat or ih es nee ome V = concentrated external shesr load, i Mi = concentrated external overturning ‘moment, in Ib My) = concentrated external torvons! mo- ‘ment, in Ib dq Snaide diameter and mean diamet=s, Teapectively, ofthe nozzle, in Du Da ~ inside diamter end mean diame, respectively, ofthe shel, i. 12 Mamacitare Ape w Sphere ho Vi. concententad external shoar Jou in irection, i. 1b mean radisa of spcroal sell, i thickness of epherica! shel, futside radiue of cylindscsl st ‘tachment, in mean radius of hollow cynical a ‘tachment, thickness of hallow cylindi “aches, Pe nie fembrane fore in dial and clzeuaferentil bi ay tions, Fig. bending moment in ‘radial and cisco fons, reapectively in. 10 Fig.) normal tres inraisl direction ‘ace Fig 1) normal sea in circum rection, pel 2 Fie respec My Me fn Shaletoy = shear treason the x face inthe y ‘ection, pal cae shear stress on the, face inthe x aie "ction, pal ny = shear areas om the 1-1 face " shear stres on tho 22 face 1 Mamencitur Appel Cyndi Sats v ‘concentrated shear load in the ci ‘umferental direction, Ib Ve = conosntrated shea lod in the lon- udinal divetion, 1b M, = extemal overturning moment in the ‘rcurnferential diection with re Spect tothe shell in Ib Mz = external overtring moment in the Tongitudinal direction with r= spect tothe shell in Tb ‘= mean radius of eylindsial shell, i. Tength of cylindrical shel, in futside radiue of cylindrical at- "tachment, 6 = halflength of ectanguler loading in ‘cicumferentisl direction, in. = half engi of rotenguler leading in Tongitudine! direction, in P= wall thickness of cylindrical shel, = coordinate in longitudinal direction of shell y= evordinate in ciccumferntil direc: ‘don of sll ¢ = eglindvieal ‘coordinate in circum: rental direction of abel © = UR 3 = attachment parameter bo 5 a/R a oR v R/T, shel parameter Gc) = multipicstion factors for Ny and 'N, for sectanguler surfaces given in Tables Tand 8 KK, = Ma M, = bending moments in shell wal in ‘the circumferential and longi tudinal diestion with respect to the shell NN; = membrane free in shall wall in the ‘crosmfrentil ond longitudinal ivection with respect tothe shell c= notmal sve in the sncarferentil vection with spect tthe shel, pat c= novinalstres in the longitudinal ai rectign with respect to the shel, ) y= thar stzeas om the x face In the ¢ ection with respect to the shal, pe ae = thoar eteegon the 4 face in the = Aliection with reépect to the ‘hel, pet 2, Gonerat Equation {In the analysis of stresses in thin tells, ons pros ceeds By considering the relation between intersl ‘embrane forces, intemal bending moments end ttrees concentrations in scsordance with she fllow= ing: XN 6M, noe ‘Sees concentration factors ahould be considered is ‘the following situations: (a) the vessel is constructed of « brittle me tari (©) fatigue evaluation isto be undertsie, ‘The dosimer may Sind the data on sizes ‘concentrations contained in Appendix Bo bbehelpfl. ‘Much of the work contained in this Bulletin inde voted tos aynoyais of mothods for obtining man brane forces (N}) and bonding moments (14) hich have. been’ developed by: Professor P. Billard in his aumerove pepere written on t= subject, ‘This data has been obtained for 2 wide {Tange of cases by ve of an sectrnie computor and 4p presented here in the form af sondiznensine| 3. Spherical Skalls 2 Sipe Comanton For the most par, strssc wil be considered in the vassl wall af the atachment-to-ebljunctare Here a bitlel state of etroge exist on the nade sind wade surface, 20 that one i concerned ih ‘dial and tangential (principal) stress 22 ‘od (ted in Fig. AL this location, one can pedi ‘wether the steaes wil be tanale (+) or 2m tive (~) by considering the defection of the sie resulting from the various mode of lsd ‘To iustrate, consider Case T showing © di adil inward load (P) tranamitted to the shel by the attachment, Here the load acts sinilsr to local external pressure loed om the eel) causing Compresive membrane stress, Alo, loos! bon fing occurs thot tenile bending eteess rest on the inside of the vessel at A and B while compro sive bending stress result on the outside.In Caso 1, the overturning moment may be con- sidered to act as a couple composed of equal and ‘pple radial forces. Hence, tonsle membrane Siemes result at A while compresive membrane Stross rnult at B.” Aa in Cage T, local bending Sis occurs 2 thet tenile Bending stresses develop [Aon the outside of the veeel and at Bon the in side, while compressive bending stremes develop st ‘Kon the fide and B onthe outside Tn this manner, the signs (lansle +, compres: sive —) of stecos reoulting from varius external Tnading conditions may be predicted, Isis to be noted that Uhaoo sreeee ee loeted in the weasel Wallat its juncture withthe attachment “Table shows th signs of strese sulting from redial load and overturning moment. This table ‘rll fctate the use ofthe nondimensional carves (presented in the following procedure) and min mize concer for the signs of the calculated Stresen "The results of Bijlaard’s work have been plotted in terms of nandimensional geomettic parameters by use ofan electronic computer. Hence, the frst sap inthis procedure is to evaluate the applicable fvometcie parameters. 321 Saat Panansren (U), The shel param star is given by the ratio of the norale outaide ise fo the aquare root of the product of hell dius and thins, thus fs aquere attachment ie to be considered, U may be epproximated as follows 422 Avraciauner Panamerans, For ephevial Shall, ether round or square ettachments may be ‘considered, 3.221 Rigid Auachmenta: Ia the cas of «rigid attachment, no attachment parameter required {use the nondimensional curves, 322.2 Noses: For a hollow cylindsical attach ‘ent such aa a nozte, the fllowing parameters ‘at be avalated 3225 Hallow Square Attachment: If « hollow ‘square attachment auch aba bor beam i to be con Sidered, the required parameters may bo approx inated a2 follows! 3... Srmestes Rusvumine Prox Raoiat Lose, Pe “Tae 1S Ganannon Snes Rang om Bo “dosent iat on Sparel sha Stree in ShaleBSA Radial Stresses (0): Step 1. Using the applicable values of Ut and. or reed of the dinensinleee membrane force {N.1'P) from the applicable curve which willbe ound in one ofthe following Bgues: Figure SR-2 orSP-1 to SP-10, incisive. Step 2. By the same procedure used in Step 1 above, read off the value of dimensionless bending Inoment (3, P) ftom the applicable curve. ‘This alae will Be found in the same figure used in Siep 1 ‘Step. Using the applicable values of Pand 7; calculate the eadiel marabrane stress (N,/7) by: 1 Ce): (n) sip 4, By peed the dn sp icc sal ba a 1m) (ae -() Ge) Shey 5 Combing thn sil mire and bending sirases by use ofthe general stress equ: tom (Section 2) together with the proper choice of sig (oe Table): x, Ate 3.3.12 Tangential Stress (,): Rollow the ve (6) ‘ape outlined in 3.8.1.1 using the same igre to ob {in (V,77P) and (0y/P) a8 waa used to obtain (N72) and (,/P)," Tefolows that “r): Cr) +-6).@ KA a 33.2. Srmeseee Resuisina From OvexTURNING Mowe, M, 2.32.1. Radiol Stresses (o) ‘Step 1. Using the applicable values of U, and ‘2 read off the dimensionless mambrane force it RT/aN) ftom the applicable curve which ‘wll be found in one of te folowing figures: Figure SR of SM to SNCI0, inclusive ‘Step 2. By the same procedure used in Step 1 bove rod off the valve of dimensiones: bending moment (MfaVR-T aM). fromthe applicable curve, This value wil be found In the ame gure ‘eed ia Step E ‘Step 3. Using the applicable values of M, Ra and.T, calolate the radial membrane. sire wut): My. [SEVER oP S2) [eel Step By psi vhs sn Step 3) calgulata the “radial bending stose (6/7), Co --S) [vez al ley §. Combine the radial membrane and bending stresses by uso of the gneral sires es tion (pera. 2) together with the propar choice of sign (se Table 1); Le eM, one Ke 992.2 Tangential Stress (s,): Follow the five ope outlined in 3.3.2.1, using the axe gure to obtain (NPV RTM) and (Mya/ RTM) sed to obtain (NGI/) and (M,/P)._ Te follows that Ny _ [NEVES a 4° PSE) level om [MoE 56M) (ae | eve. Kane Oe 334. Semesses Resuirine om ToxsionA ‘Monusir, My. In the cave of a round attach tmant (uch ats pipe), torsional moment is assured to fdues pure eheer stress, so Uhet shear srces (7) in the dell tthe attachment-towl! juncture i given by only shes stroman are being considered, it bbe noted that the equivalent stress intensity | ‘roe the above calculated shear strat. Tn the cago of rectangular attachments, orsonel moment produces a complex atte feld in tho ‘Gel Acceptable methods of analysing this situs tion are not available at this te. Ifthe designe Jhasreeson for concern the problem should be se saved by testing in accordance with e code procedures 394 Sratsses Resucrinc prow Scan Bijlaard has proposed’ that shear force (V) can be ‘assumed trenamited tothe abel entzely by 00 brane shear force. Therefore, stesss in the sh sto the attachmenttoahell juncture. cans ‘pproximated ae follows 33.41 Round Attachment: v tw 108 (fer to Fe$8342 Square Attachment: ar 335 Suassene Resvirmc Fro Ansrsany LLoaonso, In the general case, all eppliod loads fand moments must be resolved (at the attach ‘neal! interface) i the three principal direc- ons; i, they must be resolved into components P.'Vi, Vor Mu Mand Mp. fone then proceeds {the manner previously outlined, membrane, bending aod shear strewes can be evaluated a tight dintinct poitain th cell atts juncture with {he atlachient, "Thess sight points are shown in ‘the sign convention cbart, Table 1. "The numerous strose components can be reedly sccounted fori» scheme trilar to that shown in ‘Table 2 and 2 adopted. In using this scheme, it is lo be noted that the Maximum Shear Thoory hes been used to determine equivalent stress in tanita Also, it nto be noted that evalustion of treats resulting from internal pressure has been omitted. "Test work conducted by PVRC has shown thst tress attenuate rapidly at points removed from the attachment-loabell juncture, the maximum trees frequently being Tocated atthe juncture * However, in the genarl eco of arbitrary loading, ‘one has no assurance that the absolute rsimum trees intensity inthe shall will be located at one ‘ofthe ight points considered in the above dls: te = and 270°) | tt Nondimenoa urvn tor Sphere Shte Sit scname "SED sage tmnt eng a ER. Stet Dito Hail Lents Norse Comection Stoue Dos te Oretring Most Mom Ne In general, the foregoing procedure is applicable to reatively emall attachments on lange spherical sholls,” Where relatively large attachments are Considered, of when situations aro onoountersd hae deviate considerably from tho iaelized cues presented herein, the designer should refer to para ‘Ki and Fig. Al in Appendix A or tothe original Fefsrences to ascertain the limitations of appl ‘ability for Use procedure usd, ‘Under certain conditions, it is posible that strases wil be higher at points removed from the fttechmenttashell juncture than they are st the Sunctare ital (as assumed in the foregoing prose dure): Of notable concern are the following 354. Norate Srenss. Tho foregoing procedure provides one with tool to ind stzeazs in ho shel, Bot not in the nozzle Tn som instances, sieses vrll be higher in the nozzle well han they ure in ‘he vescel wall, ‘Tie pouiblity isos ily ithe the norale opening ia not reinforead, or ifthe rein forcement ls placed on the ves! wall and not on the nowle 35.2 Susu Sreneses. It hes been found in tore umes tia atta of the steee somponen (eg, Nror M) may peak at points slightly raved from the attachment. Sach siustions sre Indiatad in the sccompanying exeves by a dashed line for the stress component(s) im question. If this situation ir encountered, the dosigner could tase the maximum value(s) and obtain conser tive reult. But in doing #0, he should reossize that streas components from diferent points nthe veel would be combined, and afhoagh conn live, the procedure is not theoretically corec ‘When srigorous alution of the problem S aired Bibliographical References 4-9, 12, 0°18 should consulted 858 Euusowat SuRLLA The method teribed in the text may be spplied to Li): Laz! *e- Te] [ele KM a Ms we KM a P 49.2, Semesees Resuimve ron CincusrERes "NAL Mont, Mf, 4512.1 Circumferentil Stresses (2): ‘Step 1. Using the applicable values of and. calculated in para. 42, enter Fig. 3A and read off the dimensionless membrane free N/(M,/2.!9) ‘Step 2. By the same procedure used in Sip 1 onter Fig, 1A and find the dlmensionloss bending moment My/ (MR ‘Step 3, ‘Using appliable values of M,, Ra, 6 efor My sheeland 7, ind the circumferential membrane stress Wu Tiby N, Mi. 5 - Licata) Lair By a procedure similar to that used in Step 4 step 3. find. the circumferential bending stros "The: MT, lars Step, Combine the circumferential membrane and bending stresace by uve of the general stress ‘squetion (Section 2) togother with proper choice of Sign (Table 4); Le. 492.2 Longitudinal Sieses(o,): Follow the 8 ape outlined in 43.21" except that [N./ (Me/R.'0)| is obtained uring Fig. 4A; and [M/at./Raa)|, using Fig, 2A. I follows that: ht 4 [eato) [ei HTM) Gis acral [rr nit 4.39. Smussee Resvimve veo Loxcrrvpnsa ‘Mouse, 43.31 Circumferential Sireses (4, Follow the 5 tape outlined In 43.2.1 except that IN,/(M./ Ru'a)) ie obtained uslog Fig. 3B; end. (My/ Tie. wom Fig 1B of 1B. 1 flows ink [ats (Ak wrote) Laos ot = Calle [ (arta) Laan 4282. Linguine Sree (0 Polo th 8 ape outlined in 4321 except that (N,/(My ‘R.'3)| ia obtained using Fig. 4B; and. (Bf, Gte/R.2)], osing Fig. 28 oF 2B-1. Tt follows that © [es] is 7” Laece) LRT a [se Uma) Lear. 434 Sragsses RESvLTING PROX ToRsIONAL ‘Monee, My. In the cae of round attachment (auch af pipe), torronal moment Js assumed to Induce only sheer stress, 20 that shear stress (+) in the soll at the sttachment-to-shell juncture i aiven by nt If only shear streaes are being considered, it is to be noted thet the equivalent steer intensity twice the above calculated shear tres. "Tn the case of rectangular attachments orsional moment produces a complex sires field in the shel. ‘Acceptable methods of analysing this situstion are fot available at this time. If the designor ne eason for concern, the problem should be resolved by testing in accordance with established code procedures. 425 Srarsses Resuiine prox SHEAR Loans, V. axo Vi Bijlaard haw propowed that seat force (V) can be assumed transmitted to the shel entirely by membrane shear force, Therefore Stree in the all at the attachment-toel Juneture ean bo approximated as follows: 495.1 Round Attachment v, 0s ¢ max. at A ond B) wal rae = opin ¢ nas, at C and D) 4352 Rectangular Atachment 426 Sraesses Resuurinc rom Anarraany Lonnie.” In the general cas, all applied losde ‘and mowents inust be teoolved (at the attach: Imentsto-thell interface) In. the three. principal directions; Le, they must be resolved into compo nents P. Ve Vis Mo Ma and Mj. If one then proceeds in ‘th ‘manner previously outlined (o. pers. 43.1), membrane, bending and. shear ‘Strasea can be evaluated at eight points in the shell ite juncture withthe attachment. ‘These eight points are shown in the sign convention char, Tobie 14 Nandnasina Cure fr Cine! Sais ‘The nondimensional curves which fllow consti tute in general, roplt of Bijlaard's data to a ‘semog scale in order that certain portions of the ‘Garver can be read with greater faclity. Those portions ofthe curves which ere taken directly fom Bijlasrd’s work are shown aa slid curves; those portions of the curves which have been modied on the bars of recent experimental data, as dscuscod In Appendix A, are shown as dotted curves. Inthe case af longitudinal moment loading and sail loading (thrust), two sets of carves aze shows fr the bending componants of atre~one set applving to the longitudinal axis, and the other apply: BEE an avon of mnasimunn stress off the axes of ‘phametey lonctudinal moment), or tthe trans: ‘tae sals Unvt). In the ater case, «portion of ThSSauinal curves has been deleted in order to em TaSoe thatthe xrves aiould not be used beyond ‘hs ita indented. ‘Thin was done becuase the SBEulle dat indicated thet tho “outer limits” of fhe curves were appreciably unconservative, with ‘poaible manner to oorrec them (as explained in Appendix A), etd cee of longitudinal moment, the exact lo cation of the maxinnim sizes cannot be defined Sian cerainty, bat Big, A-14 wil provide am ext- Tinte-ar ta location (considering that the locaton ‘Uf esaninum,iresa under internal pressure and TGogitudinal mont wos essentially the same on [1ifmodel "C1," ee shown ov Figs, A-2 and AS) I sould aio be noted that, vo the best of our Keowiuge, the curv for "muximum stresses of Aneaxes ofeymnatey” (Figs. 1B-1 and 28-1) would Siply omly to the case of « ound, flexible nozzle Bhnetion; ite onoelvable that's nila effect Sight spply to a rigid square or rectangular Tent fr which the sll a te outer edges of he attachment might take 2 greter part of the Jen than thet portion of the dell adjacent tothe ‘Raattndinal centerline, However, we know of 0 [Brect evidence to support such an assumption. “Lal. lasr oF Novontunsionat, Curves rox Syunanens Sis Fig. 14, Moment M,/(M,/Rx8) ave to Me Fig. 2, Monent M,/(Af./Ba8) due to Me Fig. 8 Membrane force Ny/(M/R.!8) eto Me Fig. 4A Membrane force N/M /B."9) duet Me Fig. 1Bor 1B Moment M,/tMt,/RW8) ae to Me Fig. 2B or 28-1 Moment M/(M./af) due to Me Fig. 8B Membrane force N./(M./R.'2) dueto My Fig. 4B Membrane force N,/iM./R.8) due to M Fig. 1C Monteat (2 due to P Fig IC} Moment M\/P duet P Fig 20 Moment M/P due to Fig. 2C-1 Moment My/P due 1 P Fig 3c Membrane force N,/P/R,, and NuIPIRy de to P Fig ac Membride force N,/P/R,, and NAIPIR, 10? unter relatively lange attachments ere consid red or when situations are encountered that Geviate considerably ftom the Healzed cases pre (Snted beret, the designer should refer to pare. AS ‘Sh ‘a Append A od to th ori eferece ow Cerin the tations fap ore pro However, there are a few geseaeations that can safely be made regurding veel and attach- ‘ment geometry 451. Exvennat Rapiat Loa, Stresses aro af fected very tle by the rato of sell Ings to sell fadius (/Rq). Therefore, no restriction is meds nthe poin of load application except ia very &= (remo cuace. ‘The curves inched in thie report te for an {/R, ratio of 8, which is slcient for ‘et precticel applicstons. "On the basa of data Dreeamted in Bibliographical Reference 2, results Bicod on an 1/Ry eatio of 8 wl be alighily com ervative for lessor values of 1/R ratio and un- Soneervative for greater values of 1/R. ratio. Hlowever, the error involved does not exored «>: oly 10% ofall 7/2 vals roster than 3, ‘inch ahold be euficiently sccurste for most ol Calais Since for leer values of 1/Ray the 20 ils re conservative, no restriction wil ordinarily be necessary on 1/R ratio or the point of 1oed policetion. For extreme cuss or for “of enter {tading, ome may make corrections by use of te ‘Curves presented on page 8 of Bibliogzephics! Ret rence 2, if desired “Ramuli are not considered applicable in cases where the lg of the oyinde () io less than its Teafos (R=). This applies either to the cose of an Spam ondedcptinder or clued ended cylinder where the witness a appreciably med from the ‘considered, 452 Bxrsenat Moumer, Results are spl able in th ease of longitudinally of ester atsch ‘ents (a more umual cage) provided that he Tachment ib loeated at lost half the ebell raise (Uae) from the end ofthe eylinder 453 Armacaotent Srassers, The, foregoing ‘rocedare provides ome with soo! to find Ertheahch but not inthe attachment, Under cer {ain condiions, strsoes may be higher in the at {Eduent than they are in the vem! For ex ‘open che cage of « moal, i likely that the ‘Nesscs wil be higher inthe nozle wall froin the vse yall f the nozzle opening {nforced ov ifthe einoroerent iced on the {ata end ot on the nozzle 5. Acknowledgment “The authors wish to acknowledge the significa contributions made by 3.5. Mahoney of Applied ‘Technology Amosstes Inc. end M. G. Dhawsn of the Bureau of Ship during the preparation of this paper, Ta addition, the comments received during Tar'review of this document by the members of the PVRC Subcommittee on Reinforced Openings tnd Erteral Londings ere deeply appreciatedaySee in Seteoe tee=e va oe Sts in Sheeng 1-Mamt yh Ra ue a trapee Fe Ei toteFig 201bencng moment dt ontembrace otAPPENDIX A-BASIS FOR “CORRECTIONS” TO BIJLAARD’S CURVES AA Introduction ‘During the past year oF more, data have become availabla indicating, o emphasizing, crtainlimi- {ations in Bijlard’s work for extoral loadings an ‘nozzle connection. In sotue eases, the discrep lancies involved were quite large and seemingly Indicated « necessity for providing interim modif- cations to a portion of Bijlaard’s data pending d Yyelopment of « more adequate analytical restiment of the problem. The following summary is pre tented to document the nature ofthe discrepancies fand to explain the manner in which the curves based on Bijland's data have been modified herein. AZ Sphorical Shells ‘Bijlaard’s work on spherical shells was based on shallow shell theory, and the limitations which he placed on the theory woro essontially as indicated In Fig. A-, ftom which it wil be observed that the limiting /D, ratio ia about '/, for “thin” shells, and somewhat losin thicker shells (D»/T ratios of 20-85). The experimental work at Cornell Uni- ‘versity which was performed to verify the theory, as reported in Reference 18, was or ad,/D, ratio ot Approximately 0.10 and D,/T ratios of apprexi- mately 37, 80 and 92, which parameters aie all well ‘within Bijlaard’s limits, oss indicated on Pig. A. Subsequently, Westinghouse Heseerch Labora: tories tested” four photoelastic models for the Bureau of Ships, under moment loading only, 28 reported in Heference 24; those models hed & ‘Dq/T sat of 51.0, one with &d,/D, ratio of 0.13, ‘wo with ady/Dgraiio of 0.27, and one with @d,/D, ratio of 0.50. Similarly, IIT Research Institute has tested one steel model for PVIRC, hsvin & Da/T ratio of 286 snd a d,/D, ratio of 0.50, tho prliminary rsults of which are reported in Rafer fence 23. As indicated on Fig. Act, these models provide one point well within Bijlaar’s limit, vo Approaching those limite and two wall tsi *ho2o ii ‘Also recently, the work of Penny-Leckie® be came available) which ie based on “not-shallow sholl” theory and which might offer hope af = maze adequate treatment at the larger diameter sti, ‘A summary of the parameters for the above mentioned models is contained in Table Al, std = Summary of the calculated and measured siremoe In Table A-2, "Reference 20 provides curves only for the maxiinum of the two stresees, ai aes that “for emall values of #/7, the hoo stosefer came e oo eevee ae te oo “Tans Aicuparaon ot Goleaid and Mesrard Svesen Spherical Woda wer Enel Neu atcngs oases ‘a te is ie Zn sri by Westinghouse fo be potenti de (ea) ie higher than the meridional stress (o) With incressing #77, +, Becomes smaller andr, large, until, begine (0 dominate. This change- over takes over, when 1)” i8_ approximately 075.1." On thie basi, the stresses from Penny” Leck are precumably for ¢, for the four photo clstie models (WN series, and e, forthe stel ‘model ("31"). Tn the case of the photoelastic models (moment loading), it will ber noted that the calculated ‘esses from Bijlard and Penny-Leckle agree el- fnoat exactly for the smallest gD, ratio (WN. 50D), Billard ie about 6°; lower than Penny. Teeke for modela WN-50B ond WN-S0C, and 25° lower than Penmy- Leckie for model WN-804, indi- (ating a progresive deterioration of shallow shell ‘hears. However, it wil be noted that for these {our models ll of the calculated values for, are ‘Somewhat below the measured values a allof the reheat ase Senta Wien asian, St baodat whe Me calculated values fr are groatly below the me tired values As ae explained in Faeronco the primary reason for this diference is that both Bilanrd and Penny-Leckie provide only for the Calealtion ofthe seven in the all; however 0 fll four of these Model, the maximum stress proved to be aorors the base ofthe norle, chars ized by a high bending ates in the axis) Girection Tn the case of the steel model (S-1, the ese Ioted stress from Penny-Lackle agree alost 2x fet with the maximum measured strsses ner both tnoment and axial loading, and would bout 25-20% conservative in relation to cversae fnsasurements adjusted for local stress intense tion. Te should be emphasized, owevor, "bat present figures ate preliminary and “everage i {es may aot be the most valid Fepresentatio the date.In normal design procedure, it must be assumed thatthe maximum prosare and mssimum external Joading stresses oonar atthe tame point. In the fee of Modal 1," thie wat tue insofar as can ‘be determined from the peeliminary data. In the face of the photodestie modal, duplicsto of ‘Model WN-SOB was tested under internal pres for this modal, the points of maximam stress id not quite coincide, Amsiming that the point ‘of masimum preceure stress will be controling {the extemal (moment) lading stress at that point ‘was perhape 10-167 los than ite maximum. On ‘he base of present evidence, it should not be as sumed that there is any lage conservatin in ‘considering the points of maximum stress a8 coin ‘ing (in the eae of the larger diamater ratios in ‘pheveal shells atleast). ‘Quoting Reference 25, dhe status ofthe theoreti- cal work on spherical shells can be summarized 4s follows “The theoretical solutions for the stessos and Aefoction in (spherical) pressure vessels produced bby extomally applied fores end ements: have boca developed to the point where they can be of ‘considerable value t the designer i wed with dis- ‘ction, ‘The diseretion which must be used con- tits of cognizance of the following Tinitations: {@), When the Joods ere applied through rela. tively thin welled morales, the mgid-nsertapprosi- ‘nation sipresns Ue sresseeCesTerenta Co te Drache Winveas thie approximation alee ocag- erates the meridional strc, there ie no ronson ft baleve thatthe calculated meridional stro is a {ood approximation ofthe actus circumferential Stree (@) When the loads are applied through rela- tively thin-walled nozzles, tho highest stwse may ‘cour inthe noasle and a solution ‘hich gives only ‘Shell strsues (es do Bilased’s and Penny-Leckle’s folutions in tele present foim) may seriously une ‘ereatimate the pet stro. (@) None of the thooris are capable of con- sidering the geometry of the junction in detall "Therefore the concentrating eet of «sharp cor erinust be estimated sopersialy. Alo, the od ‘ion of even stall lst ar weld bead can sgnis- antl allct the stifies ofthe junction and result jn dncrepancies between the actual and caleulsted stoves ‘On the basis of Ube foregoing, vo changes in ijlanrd’s carves for spherical shale ave considered evessry, but particular sttenton should be pod {0 theee limitations, and to the Tiitations which Bilsed placed on his own wor as summarized fon Fig. Ad). Since Ponny-Lecki's theory ap- ‘ears to give the same reults as Billard at small linmoter ratios but dose not have the limitations of sallow shell heory, and in aaition covers both ‘Bush and protroding (balanced) nozzles, the PVRC tboommitee hopes to provide, in the future, more complet stress data based om this theory, including the str dieribution im both the abel snd ssl AS Cylindrical Shells About two yours ago, PVRC undertook testing of _acerisof imple, fabricated tee type motels consist ing of two models at's Dil rato of 15.0, with 4. De ratios of 0.63 and 1.0, and two medals aba DiiT ratio of 230, with d/D, vats of 0.60 and 1.00. "Tho primory parpove of these models was ‘to provide external Toading data ct the Jager ‘lameter ration, nthe hope of being able to extap- late Bilaard's curves for eylindvealshlls on toads D,ratioof 10. ‘The results of tise work have recently become available, the deta on the two “thick” shall mols ‘being reported in Reference 22 and the preliminary dats on the smaller ofthe tw thin sl models in Reference 28" The results from the thick shell models indicste discrepancies in Bijlard’s ex {ended range” data (page 12 of Reference 10) of magne consistant with that which would bees pected from shallow shell thoory (as indicated by ‘Ee woken shea! abl.” However he sx of thins the results indiate that sume St he etn range data ety ers in ‘dition, it appears probable that some of the figina curves ® ane eigniBeantly in error inthe ‘ery thin shell region (ay, for values of 9 grex'er {han O18 and O40 at valuas of y ~ 200 and 300 eapactivaly), it appear that tie base ressom fo {his dscrepancy is that, im thin shall, the lone tudinal ani eltively exible and foe to deer In relation to Une transverse axis, casing the rane verse axa to ca-y a disproportionate share of the load. “This effect was not folly provided for in Bijlaae’s treatment ofthe problem, which trstod the nozslo ag an “oguivalont” square attache [Actlly, from superficial examination, 21090" fast reste appear a0 improbable a 10 crea ‘spcion of major deficiencies im tho test modo However, upon deteiled comparison with availabl internal pressure data, there i very good reason 2 bollove that the souls are eeentaly correct, {A summary of the paramotars forthe model anestion (Penn State Modsla "R” and. "3 HTTRI Model "C-1") is contained in Table together with similar data (euboaguettiy wad fo tomparison purpeces) for Pean Siste Mode ‘sportod in Reference 22 ‘A eimmary and comparison of csleulat=d nated data forthe thnee “Yhick-wale®” mode ie contained in ‘Table Act, Tew data indicate that for Model “L,” which presumably lsat abou the upper limit of shallow tall theor, the calea lated stessea under motnent loading ree from J to 60%, cungarvative; for Model "R.” which in ‘volves extrapolation of Blasd's coves, thi ae Wengen! se Moga cilelated strewes under moment loading range fom about 7 to 459% unconsorvative, with sl four trees quantities being 38 to 859%, less conservative than vas the case for Model "I." ‘This effect is belived attributable to Hiltations analogous to ‘hoes of shallow el theory, and ig of magaitade ‘not inconsistent mith the sfect noted in spherical ‘halle For the case of sedi lod, data were not ob- tained on Model "L.” For Model °F,” the maxi ‘num measured stromes on the longitudinal axis (bath cy ands.) are Jes than one-fourth the cal ulated values,” Om the transverse exis, the mens: ‘red longitudinal stress, c. ongitudinal wth re spect to the abl! but clreuaferntil with respect 1b the nozzle) was of the same order of magnitude 1 the calevlated str, although there is pechaps th indication that the mambrane portion of the Calculated stress “low” and the bonding portion Sigh" In the case of the circumferential ste, tr lctcunforenial with respect to the abel), the Ghhateted stros 1s 'signitoantly lower than the fneesured stress, Dut ib this caso the maximum seated stose wae across the bace of the nozzle "Themest highest reading was nthe shell and would seem to be quite consistent with the celculeted ‘lus ‘A summary and comparizon of the calculated and meesured data for LITRI Model “C1” is Contained in Table A-f. From this comparcon it tv be notad that im some ietanoes there are Very Tnvgs lacreponcier between the calculated and rmenoured srece velucs” Further, it will be ob ferved that under a longitudinal moment loading, the maximum arse occurs well off he longitudinal jrmutn value being better than twice that directly on the Jongitudinl xis) very similar effect was noted under intern presure, Whereas we hed forowarning of this Dowty “under internal yreccure, the effect tres quite unexpected under Tongtudinsl moment. Beeatoe this result sera somewhat ‘eration, « ‘ality ofthe resus, summsnrized ns low (a). ‘The vee! wae not a machined model and ‘ras slightly ont-of round. Such oubof-roundnes iay have some effect on the messed presure ress, but we do ot beliove that it would tdgnlfeantly ofect the stress due to exiernl fending. “The filet and the ares adjacent to the ‘onsleshel juncture were checked with temples tnd itis believed thac any deviation in thickness oF Toca! contour fs minor and does not constitute an txplanation for teeffects meted. “B). in testing the model, nly one quadeant wos completely: insicumebted "However, for the axes of symmetry, cupplementsry inst tation wos installed 160° opposite the primacy in Brumentation, Ako for th externsToaing ts the loads were applied in bath the “positive” and “agative” directions, giving a total of four read {ngs foreach nominal fcetion on the axes of sy retry and two readings for locations off the axes of Spmmatry. In all case, the tically siresut fon wat found to be directly in the fillet ot che ‘Rowe abel juncture. A pot of the stzeses along this filet, under the four loading conditions use is shown in Figs, A-2 to AS inclosve, based on Prithmetic averages of the avellable dais.” The {otal acter in the dats fora given location lightly“ing monet 18,00 i.) Tecpel te Jess than 10%, rom tho plot ofthe data on Figs 42 to AS inclusive, it will be noted that the consistency of the data is good excopt forthe case Of the atrens,e, (circumferential with respact ose the norte, seo Nons (2) in Table Ain tho rogion 45-70" off the longitudinal axis under internal ‘reazure and longitudinal moment (Pigs. A-2 and ASS, respectively). The readings off the axes of symmetry were, cblalned ‘with two-slemento- ates, readings from the third element having bern ‘incanded bactuse of exceaive eater the inex un tH i f f B [ Cot J‘Melita Etna trnbese tamant ene Be ‘rum principal stress at ach location may be highec than indicated by ‘present reading, bot cannot be lowor by deiition,sanuaning the bese validity ofthe data). (Nore: ‘The basic reson for the satior in the third element is believed _tributable to difieulty in aceurate orientation of ‘he '/a in. gages; thao readings will be checked using "/y in pre-assembled, three-element. ro- tte) (©) Abs part ofthe PVRC reinforesd openings program, an eff i being made under the dice fion of Dr. A. C. ringen to provide an analytical solution for tho oylinder-to-cyinder intersection Droblem under intemal presave.. he base theory 4nd the frst numereal rele fram this work are contained. in References 25, 28 and. 21. Dr. Eringen has shown that the trees in sich en opening can be selated to eagle parameter, = @LDoOVD./T. Although prosent mumerical results cover only the case of an oping with & ‘membrane closure (1/7 — 0}, these results show ‘that as tho parameter 0 increas, the maximum ‘membrane sites and the maxim surface strases both shift of the longitudinal axis Although the mumevical roulte presented in theee reports cover values of @ only up to value of @ = 2.8, Van Dyke subsequently extended the renge of calealatod data up to value of = ~-80. The results from this Work show that, s the paremeter oud ea oF ‘cuufrential to the hole and the macau stiess (on both surfaces all shit off the longitcinal sis, ‘This “shift” develope St on the outzideouslace, followed by a shift in the membrane stss and ‘nally by a shift in the ince soxfans steas In ach case, as the Value off increases, the isxl- ‘mum stress increas progressively i nis land slso'moves progresivay farther awny ‘he longitudinal exia. ‘Thin strata io typical fashion forthe membrane ste, ns shown on ig A'8. " Strn profs forall three sressos sv chovr (on Fig. Ac fora valuo of @ closely approsinating that ofthe IITRY Model C-1.. Teshould be etaphe sted that tho present rule are for ls wth ‘membrane closure /7’ = 0), end thatthe work ie ‘based on ehallow ahell theory, which would pre sumably limit ita validity to diameter eats in cho order of '/s. Nevertelss, the swults may eive quaiatve trends for larger diameter ration ond they deitly indiate thet, for the casos siadind WP = 0), en instability or bulge of increasing severity develops as the velue of increas Although it ie unfortunate thet siniler data hot yet available for finite fT retin, = vious that attachment ofa nozte wil tend to = strain this localized deflection and rotation et th ‘igo of the opening. In such ease, ther = reason to believe that the high sets Semen SkateFe se OH ctu van Sot stra (in rlaton tothe nore, would be partially replaced by an sual atreae which should “posh” at epantially the same point.” In thie respect, then, TRahould benoted thatthe form of the curve forthe sul stan, shown on Fig. A2, is quit conse (nt with the form of the curves on Fig, A-6 and ‘ALT [although the peak of the curve for the model (Pig. A-2) iafarther from the omgitdinal axis than Indicated by tho calculated data|. In epite of the latter diflerenco, we fel that the caloulsted dats provides good qualitative evidence of the validity Gf the exporizgatal data under internal pressure Toading (@) For the extemal loading conditions, adg- ment ofthe validly ofthe data most ea in conaid- ‘erable measure on the intemal consistancy of the Gata ion In this opard, a detelled comparaon of tho strosees in the Set o the exas of symametrs for the three external loading conditions is con tained in Table A-5 for thos cases where the stress ‘was large enough tobe signicant(grester than 2.0, 4s). In each caso, the Value ited je an average of voadings cbicinad in the postive snd_ nog five leading dizcctions. For all such eases apres rent between ane axis of symmetay and ite coun terpart 160" opposite x within the range of 8 to 12%. Considering ventions in let radius and Aiieulty inexact placement of the goges, this ie cutee sss 49 a eof oe wth Sect ete Fm nde tata poe xcllen agrooment and there nothing inthe dats hich would indicate any serious delicency in the medal Tn the case of radial load on the nozzle, prior tsison Pann State Models "D," "E" end "R= Indiated stresses on the tranetoe aie 2-8 times ‘thoss on the longitadinal axis, In the esse of ‘Model "C-1," the ratio fe 5.7 for e, and 87 fo x The qualitative effect is therefice the same Dut the difference is ssemingly sesentustad in thin shell model ‘Inthe case of moment loading, results from Pea ‘State Model "R” gave masini sreaes ind teanaverse ‘moment. spprossnataly ‘ime thoes duo to an equal longitudinal_momen: CCaleulatons based on Biases curves predict! « similar diferencs, although the abrolute values of ‘the calculated stresee were somewhst lower ‘ho mossured ones in both cages,” For equiv ‘ements an Model “C-1," the maximiem stems Gus toa teanaverse moment are 4-5 times ne set fs those due to e longitudinal moment, with 0 ‘maximum srese being feat 60-70" of Tons! tudinal axie i the later ese; for te stress dizetly tn the longitudinal exis, the ration ace 22.1 and 5.0 for «, and. a respactively. ‘The comparative of ‘ats ‘noted tn the Pent State and IIT models sre therefore qualitatively simile, with che ded foc co Strain She“Longitadion| manent (100008) ‘retaavee moment (0008) ‘Radia ood (10004 pall tor of en apparent “instability” floes bulging in ‘the thin shell model. In the lator comnoction, it ‘Should be noted thatthe tres atta for tho eal frees, oy under Tongtudinel moment, as chown fon Fig. AS, i remarkably similar to thet under Internal preeure, Fig. A-2 (which, ar as already bbeon shown, wotld seem to be qualitatively con Seton its cleulted dat}. ‘On the basis of the forgoing, there sss to be no retson to question the qualitative valldity of the ‘Sata* Tho reason forth hgh streaee on or adi fant to tho transvors exis appear to bo thet, fn ‘hin shel, the longitudinal axis isvlatvely Boxble and fro to deform, and that fvellable, it would seem that lege pert of Bi Inara’ “extended range” data may be unconserv ‘ive; furtber Ie would spate thst the cory Un sholrepion of is original datat * may be signis: Canty lowe That i value of y ~ 200 and f= 0.25 would coneepond toa value of = [(d4/D.) ‘VaAjT| of spprosinataly 695. However, the TIT model, with a valuo of @ only lightly higher ‘han thie, shows a vary wll developed condition of ftabilty under longitudinal moment and a {ated shift ofthe Joed to the traneveros ane wn Ger the other two loading conditions. On the basis ofthe date reviewed above iti considered that the Orginal data is open to question et dD, ratios (renter than 016 for y= 100and grater than 0.10 for + ~ 300 (ie, for values of 2 proatar than sey, 20-25). ‘Since the experimental data indicates that cho extended range of Billaard’s data may be in oor by factors of as auch a3 5.0, ¢ semod noceeery to provide interim “corrections” to Bilas’: curves {ntilsuch timo as better analytical methods are de veloped. to compute. thooo strewes. | Unfoct Italy, ye have. litle basis beyond the exper ‘mental dita on which to make these “cores find time may prove that theic oly virtue is that ‘hey are in the “eae direction.” Because of sis Uncertainty, st seme necoemry to document he fract manner in which the curves hive. boon ‘modied, et outlined in th following pets grape. A.S3.4 RepvorION oF DATA. Im proposing sny ‘odiication to Bijlara’s curves, the fst probls {orbe faced is that of placing the experimental and faleulated data on an equivalent bass which wo Ihave endeavored todo by “eorrecting” tho expor- rental data for local atreas Intansiestion. Tho ‘ext step isto try to break the exparmantal data own into membrane and banding oonsponens, 5 ‘order to determine the nature of the specific mv ‘ations required. For both tho Pana Scate and IITRT models, stan distributions wero obtained fn both the néarle and hell on the arse of metry. Inthe este of the ITT modal all auch data can be broken down into merabrane end beuding Componente except forthe reading directly th Allee (the closest "valid" points being «in. from the file on both the nozale and shel). Such dats teem to indice thatthe membrane components Of eree a eelvuleted from Bijlasnd re tive fecurate, but that the bending components are ‘ometimee greatly in eror- Als, in 2 number of aes, the Bending stress le large Intention to tho ‘membrane een for ach cased, lrge percentage Inoresses membrane streae Would be quite in sffectual in correcting the overall tots For these fo reasons, it was decided thatthe major com tlons should be made to the bending stress cv Although tslaively minor shmnges have. be made tothe membrane curve in a couple of caoi st Fa ASMoment si oe fo» cumin AS2 Cincomrennirrat, (Thansvenst) Mo: (e) Cireumferentiat Shell Stress, o,: In the case of the thick abel modal (Mode! “It, the esleuated stent, «waa about 14% lower than the maximum, teased value Iafler adjostment for lon! sires: intensification). Inthe actual mode, the location (oC inaxinuin stress would perhape be comatraed ae Ding neress the base of the norzle rather than in the shel, however, Hijlaare’s theory for eylind fal shall dow fo accounl the efeet of Felative simon of nozzle and abel Taio), and Fora stiffer norle, the location of this xem Slreas could very” well be sifted dow Isto the Shell “Therefore, in the interest of comers, fand. unl! beter methods of analysis econ ‘voilable, he maximum measured stcst woe tionted ae though it were inte sell. "The bend- ing component ofthe stress was about 90" of the total, and ll of the correction was made to this Stress component, amounting. an increase of fpproximaely 16". "Taisrelaively minor come ton indicated on Fig. £8. ‘Tn the eae thethin shall node del "C-1"), the eslelatedcrcumevential tres im the shel tras low by a factor of 2.7 fn tslaton to the meas tied value.” ‘The esleulted value of the mem- brane ees was abou 20-25"; low in elation to = reagured value, Inch away inthe shell indieat Tay Ee i Fe AbMemorane fe Mei QU/0 do Scumeen ing that the curves for the membrane sos: may converge too rapidly inthe thin sholl vsion {oehich eppents enttely posible, on the basi o simple inepection). "This portion af the carve has boon revised accordingly, nw shown on Fig. 8-0 Actually, the effet of thi correction alos Tiible fn terns of the total dilerance beeen the alulated and measured slivste, neo the 0) Taine sir is but avery sal part of tho to sires.” ‘The resulting eorecton vo Tending sive smoumts Uo a factor ol shows om Hig AS Tm the eaae ofthe bending streaes, the exper mentally determined points fom Models "It and "C-1" pose a prob in thal the curves are se ingly compremod inlo a very narvow ban a high valuce of soso, ifthe thin shell curves are rast tevin i egied in the for of those curves. ‘The yews shown on Fig. A-8 recent the best judgment the authors on Ue basis ofthe led information fvallale, However, ite warned that these os fre not necessarily cvveet and their only vise tay be thot they ave more comervative than the riginal curves. (0) Fongitudinal Shel Stress, 2,2 "The rea corrections for the longitedinal shell co ‘wore very snlar to those described sbove foSead except that no cometion of the membrane stest Sos considered warranted. The covrections to the ‘banding component of thestres are shown on Fi, 10, amounting to roughly 10%, for Model "Rt Ganda factor of 2.72 for Mod "C1." AG LonerrupmiaL (Ik-Puane) Mowe. Consideration of corections required tothe curves Folongtadinal manent ie complested by the fact {iat forthe thin shell rede, Use masa stress tree ofthe longitdinal axa. Under the eireum: lances, it wae decided to provide two sels of arvee; one applying to the longitudinal axis and the other covering. the anaximum atrewea. Ac fully, would appeer that only the maxinam reese ave of neces, since the available date (Figs AZand A) indicte that thestreases du to internal pessute and longitudinal moment peak at the same location and must be considered tative {atleast in the case of the axl stron, terwhich ithe critical stress). A detailed deserip- {ion of Use eoreections follows (@) Circumferential Shell Sires, oq) on the Lang luda Asia In Ue case of Mtodal "Ry" there ‘lr correction wan flatvely modest, and Was Spied only tothe bending component.” This or fection aunounted to about 18", ae shown oh Fig. AL Tn the case of Model “C-1," measured data '/, Fe h-Mome Mg leetirno Inch away i oth the nozsie and shel! gave men: Tiane stresses spproxinately 30° faleolted vale, nlso, simple inspection of the ‘orignal curves would indicate posible too-apid convergence in the Uhn-shell region. Under this ‘ceummatance, the membrane curves were adjusted “ipmard a conmenssrate amount, co indicat Fig. A-12. "The reminder of the required tion was applied to. the bending com rn was adjusted upward by a falar o Idleated on Fig, A-1L (8) Longitudinal Sha Sires, eon the Longitudinal ‘Anise ‘Similar cotrections were required for the Foneitudinal shell tree, enenpt that no cotoution of the membrane curves were considered. ranted. The increase inthe bending component ofthe atose we approximately 60", In the caso of Model "Ry" 'and a factor of 875 in the caso of ‘Model “C-1." ex indicated Fig. A-15 (©) Maximum Stresee: The only basis for esi mating the progressive divergence ofthe maxim, eeees from the lmgitudinal sss sau that the fect is snlar to that indicated by the cele lated data under internal presuce (pothaps a Jlsted to be consistent wilh Model C1), which is Indieated grepbieally on Fig. A. Asa cowl lvy, ittwas slic assutned tt the msainunstoss> to intesnalpresture and longitudinal moment haveFe Ait-Mennan oe fn) 66 8 ner Co ne ve A rszure (eangons ana Von wee = the seme orientation and are directly additive. Una further data become available, the osencs ‘om ofthese stsesses wil be taken ae itsumfore tial and axial sith respect fo the nace, v8 ‘respectively (which correspands f the orientation of the strain gagre on Model C-1 and to the ‘arminology whieh has been generally used in the ‘inforcodoponings program). For estively small ‘rales of where the maximum sires are on the Tongitadinal axis, ¢. — oy and wy = oy) carves for cand were therefore obtained throug. xtion of the curves for ry and ey, eepoctively ‘Aso, since no bass available for modifying th ‘membrane sree, an that componeat of the lappenrs to be selaively sal in relation to the bending component, the curves for membrane street on the longitudinal exis ware citranty ‘sumed to apply, and the necessary correction ‘ade‘o the bendingourves.. The resulting modi Caton to the curves are ag shows on Fics. nd ALI6 for om and vy expectvely AS34_ Dingor AXIAL Loan. Bijlaerd’s test ‘ment of axlal lad ealeulated the sees st the c=n fer of mn attachment onan unpiercedsbel, having © uniformly distributed load. Per ths wake of ci fervatism, and in sn effort to tare nto account the pity of the etachment, he then assumed thst these values would spply atthe edge ofthe ettac ment." However, a8 noted in Reference 17Fie, AI Mont Miho) alone mame thie procedure dose not distinguish betmeen the vyaluer at the edge of the attachment om the Tongitadinel sul of the shell ve. the tranaveres axe of the shell. A summary ofthe experimental re sults in comparison with the calculated (as teken from Table 3 of Reference 17, for Attachment 2 shown in Table A.6. From this comparison, wll be motel thet the egreement between theory and siperiment was gulte good on the transverse axis but that the thoareticl enue were conservative by afactoref, say 15-20, as pplied tothe stresses ‘on the longitudinal exis.” Prof. Cranch therefore tsggested that, inthe oat of the citoxmferential Stress, 08 the logitdinl nx, no shift” dn the ‘Sree from the center ofthe attachment ¢o its edge Js noceesry, However, tho only ealelated date Fi. 6 Moment MM Ra suet engin morse svallabl forthe edges ofthe attachment es those btainable fom a eros plo ofthe curves pees Jn Reference 10; further, the later date wore for Vale of « ~ 4 rather than 8, and rete limited to ‘values of? no greater than 0.28, Under thse ‘umstances, the comparisons of Tables AS and -< ‘were made on the basis thet Blasts celossted iuases, forthe center of the attache at the edge of the sttachment on both ths long tudinal and transverse axes (eventhough the able evidence fora modal wal thn he poe limits of Bijaard’s theory Indicated thatthe caleulated stremcs might be apprsisly con {ive.as applied tothe longitudinal sx). "The text results on the longidinal sx Models "R” and “C-1" indicate that Bil foamy (one hs oof wa eh ‘ Tubolaed stron at cg ofstachnent were obtained by exteaplution ot encaured eluent‘ves for axil loud are appreciably conservative pblied fo the recs ot the longitadial exis, fn wes the cave for Cornell Attachment 2. How: fever, a8 applied to tho streans on the transverse ‘xi they aze slightly inadoquate for thick shell (Medel "R"), and froetly inadequate for thin shells (Model "C-1") in tho latter case the calea- Jeted values wore low by 2 factor of 25-20 for ile ey) and about 48 for eg). Further ‘More, plot of the tstraults would seam to ind ‘ate a compression ofthe curves into avery narrow ‘bend, or (more kay) "orcas over” ofthe curve. Hil abaNide Fg.A16-Benang moment JP taal P curves i considered fn, and i can only be sro that for large vale of (lq/Du)' D7 tty, above 20~the curves are probably sigs {Stuy in ero anconwervative). ‘Unter thee cunaignen, tno set of carve soshown: G) Biaandoriginal carves which ars Considered adequate (or more than adeast {beste on the longitadin! ts, and) = ced set of curves for spinon to he ranarce ‘Shick have been Balad to “smal” vals (dc/B oY D_IT,telniated in prniple Bip Ad and A Under this circumstance, no “correction” to the "jr unmet fail ong proved es oni oe po csr eg se However, sperinena as indica ha ceo ae ales might oot be adequtety conservative. Therefore, ‘ace be sped a su edges, botkon the oni and overs anes. Howeves as neted sve. hi Liter rope fone conser ecu of anorseatachedoaflalpntsoraamal-noaaeonasyidcr shou sprain tcatnncorbebaptolelatentncqretetchiee(s z)uieacne aera st Scoflapgtaicisfopeniemsnde anus tcabetaicpacsiion tocncadencnctos Senter ne ae nei op aie gh byes Rapuara hewn nemtrnteahapetstenae Oikerprmel ns omy avaible ths uci evry eat, From Table A, wl be nao tht Ie calculate sts sce siti ie eel oa oh urn nt mse ESplotad onesie birders caver mentee sta Parente tweloher models having comparable sameierraiox vie-ORNL-S (Re 32nd Prank lst mode "EF" (Re SUE SAGE SUE tae isidy npn see be Sted ieee spree 4 sasosseratve at pled othe logan xi Other cet tat ager date ts show hist genera inconteney, ut nadkon have oud ess where the lcltdcn ar nade such oe ORNE-T (Met 4) which had sewer ae folows unde ala palo 9 ale Stes KS Esper Sea KSI Outside st 22s 230 20 Incest tat oy ae Membrane ste ah om as ss Bending ie am re 085 ei beobsered hatte "bei" ofthe caleultevees were vei the galiaie consteney would Se eid eto cakaacayen al odo ewes nd ae thetwo er made of lave ge mee ro In ight oth ft Marsh 999 Reson. ee sor he cue for rial load (Fis 1C1 It have been el to eve theaon he ees spate Wit rl atest utes) san orm og ey hnown seo hl set om he longi tat doe ov rth psy fade fea ‘shh nding rea atti cnt Cn sncti ceca eles ‘teste party when tere i ao enfercemeat ime ene a Sree in SelleAPPENDIX B-STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS FOR STRI DUE TO EXTERNAL LOADS BA Introduction and Terminology Peesntly svailable analytical methods for steesees in orale, shell te, do not take into ae ‘count the localized stresses nile nd transitions ‘The following data may prove sets n performing {fatigue analysis where auch effets mise e con sidered In presenting these data, the following terminology wil be used HH = thickness of thicker section of stepped A = thickness of Uhinner section of stepped ‘bar. in += filet radios between two sections of bar, ‘or between norale and shel i, inside diameter of ssl, i ttsile diameter of moze in. (ae Fig, Ba) 4, = outside diameter of attached pipe, in (ace Fig. Bt) f= thleknes of pipe in fT thickmes of reinforced section of nore, in, (ane Fig. 4) T= thickness of Vesa wall, n 1) angle of tapsr betwean two sections of "het or nossle, dapres (coe Pig B-3 rnd Bd) Kz ~ strom concentration facto at fillet of «| ‘stepped bar in tension (as related to theatres in the fhinner member) Ky ~ dito, for stepped bar in bending (3 related to the suefaco stress of the Ihinner ember) Ky = stress concentration factor applied tothe Tembrane portion ofthe stress due to ternal nove loadings (tension ‘cave on Pig. 2; soe para 3.1) K, = stress concentration factor applied. to the bending portion of the stress due to external nozzle Toadings bend: Ing” carve on Pip. 5.2; sce para, B31) Ky = strem concentration factor at Alot of ‘epped ba fr cage of 9 0° 1 = stress concentrstion factor for inclined ‘howldee 2. Stress Concentration Factors Teterson* and Heywocd™ provide s consider. se amount of data covering the tres concena tion factors for varoos design problems including {he cnes of two-dimensional stepped har in both tension and bending. In both cages, curves are rovided ving. stress concentration factors in {ofthe The ratio of the bar andthe At radius between the two sections of the bar as ils trated in Fig: Fel. Heywood'a curves conform °0 ‘he flowing formulas: Tension cote Kot nding case or the cas of «plate of “infinite” width (7 vory lange in relation to Bh), these formulas would 76 dace to: {Upon comparing Heywood’s computed curves with the corresponding curves from Peterson,” it bbe found that the tension curves are quite con sietant with Peterson's data, but that the bend curves are seemingly somewhat “ow” for smal alter of r/h. The following alternate form provides n curve which ia more consistent Peterson's data. (and somewhat conservative i reintion to Hleywod's dat) o.80 weare [a] [5] arabe on mua) an (sow Sega ine Marinate an ioe rahe pti tite veal Seto i. Stree in Shale‘Sencar cess (Bt F208) 1d, whom applied to the nozzle” (ove Fig. B-4) "The ease of an inclined shoulder palo of intor- ‘xt, a discussed on page 179 of Reference 20. If the atte concentration factor obtained from Fig. [57 or G0 of Reference 29 is designated Ky and the lies: concentration factor for use inclined shoulder 8 1, the following zelationshipe apply a) Ire 9 Ka. Kat hore # ie the agle Bteoen the tapaved shoulder © {nd the square shoulder (ee Fig, B-3), and n = 1 F2Avee 0) @) Itr>h o where @) 1H A for use with Fig. BO Kat 8 . K=1 ~*~ 90 "The quantities onthe leftchand side ofthe above esa. 6, 7, and are plotted in Pig. Bol vx. the ‘quantty ofthe right-hand side 1223. Applicaton to External Loads on a Nozzle ‘The calculated strnses In the shell due to an axial lad or moment loading on a nousle ae as- Stined to apply to the junctie of the fillet ad Shel, point A in Fig. Bot. Tne stresses have been derived in tens of « mietibrane component (N/T) and s bonding component WAT") in the form: ome a ‘The stress concenteation factor, I for ihe ‘membrane component is that obtained from Big. 2 for tho tonal caso, using the appropriate ratio of filler vedivs-to-plate thickness, 7" coo Tig Bt). The factor, A, fr the bonding componont fn determined from the same figure for the bending Ts both cases, the stress concentration fsctor ia spplied tothe stresses which are perpendicular to ‘he change in'setion. In the norine! caso, Uno ee the streses which are oriented oviol’ ith respect ‘othe nasal, Le, on the cose of «spheric! vesal the longitudinal ais ofa ylindvcal veel, and tin the cas of the tmnaverse sx of eine eae Ni Ke ak"The stress concentration factor for an axis loath or fore bending moment atthe juncture of « for and ite attached pipe (Point fin Fig. Bot) Joy be btained fram Fig 87 and 0 of Reference 5p" and Fig Bherein interns of du dor nd & “These factors should be applied tothe stress i the pipe thinner member) calulated from the Conventional P/A and Afo/! relationships. "The following procedure should bo used for 8 special case of tapered nozzle as shown in Fi BS (ay. Caleulte the ees conconteation factor nat would exit at Point A tthe nozzle were of tniorm diemter ds Id) Account forte taper by sing the quantity (a0 prin place of # in the abucisa of Fig. BS Ye) "The tree athe norepipe junctre, pot Bsahould be calculated inthe sare manner as In para 5.32. 184. Application to Bars and Structural Attach- "The stress concenration at the juncture of & structorel attachment to sell, a shown in Fle Bs, may be treated Inthe same way a6 for 8 m0 Fesascovered in para, B.S. Anotter location on ihe attachment mich may be eiialy steed is Dolat Cathe juncture of the filet and the aac ‘ont. The stress a hl point maybe casio by applying the appropriate factor from Fis, 5 Rosanes ithe bar or attachment. (Nore: This Dracedure cam also be applied toa nozle provides That the moze i elativaly "igi (hick i vl on toto diameter). However, experimental tte indicate that much teatment would not be for relatively thin, Bexblenozaes Rive high bending stra hou te chicks of fie nole ao diferetiaed fom the beam #1 ta thick-walled nol BS Acknowledgment “The foregoing materia conatitates a adaptation cof material orginally presented in Reference 16 ‘Sih alded data docufventing the genesis ofthe Turverehown in Fig B-2.WRC Bulletin Series. ce onan. 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