ELECTRONICS 1

REPORT No.5
POWER SUPPLIES

1st Cristopher Cueva 2nd Alex Montenegro 3rd Dennis Jimenez

dept. Electrical and Electronics dept. Electrical and Electronics dept. Electrical and Electronics
Ing. Electronics, Automation and Control Ing.Electronics and Telecommunications Ing.Electronics and Telecommunications
Sangolqui, Ecuador Sangolqui, Ecuador Sangolqui, Ecuador
cgcueva@espe.edu.ec afmontenegro1@espe.edu.ec dfjimenez4@espe.edu.ec

Abstract— which the following components are used: 1.- Input trans-
In this work, it is intended to know the types of power former; 2.- Rectifier to diodes; 3.- Filter for curling; 4.- Linear
supplies, half wave types, full wave, bridge type connection, regulator (or stabilizer). The latter is not essential.
among other things, learn to design our own source with the
features we need.
Index Terms—Power supplies, half wave, full wave, bridge type
connection.

I. OBJECTIVES
• Understand the fundamental concepts of stabilized and
adjustable power supplies.
• Visualize the waveform of the output voltage of a bridge-
like full-wave rectifier circuit.
• Visualize the waveform of the bridge type rectifier circuit
with different capacitive filters with charge and without
load.
II. INTRODUCTION
One of the stages of the power supplies is the capacitor filter,
this step is necessary because at the output of the rectification
stage the signal is not exactly continuous, but wavy, so it is
necessary to add elements that improve the signal, In this case,
it is a capacitor or capacitor. The purpose of a filter is none
other than to minimize the undulating effect of that signal; to
another wave, called ripple, and we can determine its value
by means of the wave factor, or by applying the formula. The
filters must have little resistance to the passage of the direct
current and high resistance to the passage of the alternating
current; They must also store energy when the input signal
increases, and transfer it when the energy decreases, so that
the signal becomes less undulatory.
III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. POWER SUPPLIES
The function of a power supply is to convert the alternating
voltage into a direct voltage and as stable as possible, for
Fig. 1. Voltage regulator circuit with Zener diode.
B. Input transformer:
The input transformer reduces the mains voltage (usually
220 or 120 V) to another more suitable voltage to be treated.
It is only able to work with alternate currents. this means that
the input voltage will be alternating and the output voltage
will also be.
C. Rectificador a diodos
The rectifier is responsible for converting the alternating
voltage that leaves the transformer to DC voltage. For this,
diodes are used. A diode conducts when the voltage of its
anode is greater than that of its cathode. It is like a switch that
opens and closes according to the voltage of its terminals:
The rectifier is connected after the transformer, therefore
it enters alternating voltage and it will have to take out a
continuous voltage, that is, a positive and a negative pole:
The voltage Vi is alternating and sinusoidal, this means
that sometimes it is positive and sometimes negative. In an
oscilloscope we would see this:
Rectifier on bridge
The most used rectifier is the so-called bridge rectifier, its
scheme is as follows:
 When Vi is positive the diodes D2 and D3 lead, the output
Vo being the same as the input Vi
When Vi is negative the diodes D1 and D4 lead, in such a
way that the input voltage Vi is reversed causing the output
to be positive again.
The result is as follows:

Fig. 2. Polarization of the diode.

Fig. 6. Full wave

Fig. 3. rectifier.
We see in the figure that we have not yet achieved an output
voltage too stable, therefore, it will be necessary to filter it
later.

IV. M ATERIALS
• 1 transformer
• 4 Zener diodes from 5.6[V] to [1W].
• 1 resistor from 52 [Ω] to [5W].
• 1 resistor of 470 [Ω] / [1W].
• 1 resistors of 1 [kΩ] / [1W].
• 1 capacitor of 1000 [uF] / [50V].
• 1 capacitor of 3300 [uF] / [50V]

V. P ROCESS
VOLTAGE REGULATION WITH FIXED Vin and VARI-
Fig. 4. Wave oscilloscope.
ABLE RL
• Build the circuit of Figure No. 7.

Fig. 7. Practical circuit

Fig. 5. Bridge type rectifier.

• Measure Vm1 and Vm2
 EL dc2 4.90
ILdc2 = = = 0.01053A (9)
RL 470
IL dc1 0.01051
Vr1 = = = 0.02654V (10)
2f C (2(60)(3300x10(−6) ))
IL dc2 0.01042
Vr2 = = = 0.0868V (11)
2f C (2(60)(3300x10(−6) ))
VI. ANALYSIS

TABLE I
Fig. 8. positive half cycle C URRENTS AND VOLTAGES CORRESPONDING TO CIRCUIT 1

ELdc1 ELdc2 ILdc1 ILdc2 VR1 VR2

We proceed to analyze the positive half cycle: [V] [V] [mA] [mA] [mV] [mV]
Theoretical 10.532 -4.951 10.531 -10.531 26.593 -86.858
Measured 10.81 -4.78 10.7 -10.7 30 -84
p 1000 Error % 2.63 3.45 1.60 1.60 12.81 4.28
VmL1 = (12, 325 (2) − 1.4) = 10.53V (1)
1470 + 52
p 470 Table 1 shows the voltage and current values in DC,
VmL2 = (12.325 (2) − 1.4) = 4.95V (2)
1470 + 52 together with the ripple voltages. When observing the DC
Now we will analyze the negative half cycle: cycle: current and voltage corresponding to the first resistance and
comparing them with those of the second resistance, it can
be known by the law of Ohm V = IR and by the fact that
the currents are equal in modulus, that the resistance R1 is
greater than resistance R2, this is checked in the voltages
EL,dc1 ¿EL,dc2 . The ripple voltages present in the table are
the product of the capacitors used in the circuit, since the
ripple voltage is produced by the discharge of the capacitor
on the load resistance. The tao time constant (τ = RC) must
take a large value to ensure that the capacitor voltage does not
discharge significantly, therefore the higher the tao the lower
the ripple voltage present in the signal, this is corroborated
in table 1 since the ripple voltage one, corresponds to the
values of resistance and capacitance greater than those used
Fig. 9. pnegative half-cycle
in VR2 , thus |VR 2| > |VR1 |, it is said that tao has an inversely
proportional relationship with the ripple voltage (τ1 > τ2 )
p 1000
VmL1 = (12.325 (2) − 1.4) = 10.53V (3) Another important fact to emphasize are the errors generated
1470 + 52
p 470 in the table, as you can see all the values of current and voltage
VmL2 = (12.325 (2) − 1.4) = 4.95V (4) in DC are below 5%, which is a good indicator since the
1470 + 52
theoretical values are never the same as the measured values.
Izmax = 178.6mA (5) With respect to VR1 there is a significant error of 12.81%,
Analyzing VmL1 , VmL2 in both half cycles, we realize that this may be due to the prolonged use of the circuit, since
it is a full wave rectifier. Then we proceed to perform the this causes the heating of the components, which causes a
calculations applying the formulas. certain increase in the voltage, it is recommendable to make
this measurement with the circuit in optimal conditions . In
VmL1 10.53 VR2 , it is observed that the error is very close to the 5%
ELdc1 = 1 = 1
(1 + 4f CRL) (1 + (4(60)(3300x10(−6) )(1000))) allowed, this is because the ripple voltages of the circuit were
(6) the last measurements taken in practice.
= 10, 51V
VmL1 4.95 Table 2 shows the current and voltage values in DC, together
ELdc2 = 1 = 1 (7) with the ripple voltages. For circuit 2 the resistance values of
(1 + 4f CRL) (1 + (4(60)(1000x10(−6) )(470))) R1 and R2 are changed, everything else remains the same as
= 4.90V in circuit 1. The resistances used in circuit 2 are smaller than
ELdc1 10.51 those of circuit 1. This is corroborated due to the decrease in
ILdc1 = = = 0.01053A (8) voltage in DC, both in R1 and R2. Also, if the curl voltages
RL 1000
 TABLE II
C URRENTS AND VOLTAGES CORRESPONDING TO CIRCUIT 2.

ELdc1 ELdc2 ILdc1 ILdc2 VR1 VR2

[V] [V] [mA] [mA] [mV] [V]
Theoretical 19.374 -4.687 19.945 -19.945 50.366 -0.166
Measured 1 9.3 -4.89 20.3 -20.3 58 -0.20
Error % 0.78 4.33 1.77 1.77 15.15 20.48

of table 1 are compared with table 2, it can be seen that

having a lower resistance, tao is smaller, therefore the ripple
voltage rises in circuit 2. With respect to the errors presented
by the voltages and currents, they are due to the heating of
the components of the circuit and to the increase of voltage in
the transformer, since the practice lasted about two hours and
in that time the voltage tends to vary, which is not considered
in the calculations. Despite this, the errors that occur in the
ripple voltage, both in R1 and in R2, are significantly high,
so it is advisable to re-perform the measurements avoiding the Fig. 10. Current decay in resistance R1
overheating of the components of the circuit, to have a better
accuracy. It is important to add that a relevant reason for the
error in the ripple voltage is the generation of noise, which was
inserted in practice since to determine the ripple voltage the
oscilloscope was used, this noise can be produced by several
causes as: the excessive use of cable between each electrical
component or the input of interference generated by another
electrical device, for these reasons the ripple voltage presents
a large error between the theoretical and actual values.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
• The diode bridge is used as a full wave rectifier circuit
and if a parallel capacitor is added to the load resistance,
a signal similar to the DC signal will be obtained,
depending on the capacitance and resistance values.
• The ripple voltage is the variation that exists in the
output signal, which is produced by the discharge of the
capacitor over the load resistance.
• The tao time constant depends on the values of capac-
itance and load resistance of the circuit, the higher the
capacitance or the greater resistance will be the value of
tao, they fulfill a proportional relation.
• The ripple voltage depends on the tao value, because if
tao is higher, a lower ripple voltage will be obtained and
if tao is lower, a higher ripple voltage will be obtained,
they are said to be inversely proportional.
R EFERENCES
[1] Power supply; Circuit Analysis and Design (Chapter 2) Donal A. Fig. 11. Current decay in resistance R2
Neamen, McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition, 2007
[2] Full wave rectifier (Chapter 1) Thomas L. Floyd, Prentice Hall, 6th
Edition, 2002
[3] Rectifier half wave (Chapter 1 and 2) Robert T. Paynter, Prentice Hall,
7th Edition, 2006

VIII. ANNEXES