Nur Ramziahrazanah Jumat

nramziah@ums.edu.my
What is growth?

 Is a non reversible increase of size and

weight of an organism.

What is development?
 Unspecialised cells or tissues change in form,
shape and degree of complexity for specific
functions.
How does growth and development
occur?

 Growth is the result of:

 Cell division increases the number
of cells
 Cell enlargement increases the
size of cells

 Development involves: growth,

morphogenesis (acquisition of
form and structure) and
differentiation.
 Cell differentiation makes the
cells become specialized for
specific functions
Measurement of Microbial
Growth
 Direct methods not requiring
incubation:
 Direct microscopic counts
 Electronic cell counter
 Flow cytometry- a light sensitive
detector records changes in light
transmission as cells pass through
a tube

Electronic cell counter

Direct microscopic counts by
using haemocytometer

Dead cells

Live cells

Flow cytometer
 Measurement of Microbial Growth
 Direct method requiring incubation:
 Most probable number
A method to estimate the number of viable microorganisms by
preparing a dilution series to no growth and the combination of
positives is used to look the most probable number in a MPN table.

Example:

MPN index/100
ml= 26.
Statiscally, this
means that 95%
of the samples
contain 12-65
bacteria with 26
being the most
probable
number
Measurement of Microbial
Growth

 Indirect method:
 Turbidity-
spectrophotometer
Measure the amount of
light that passed through a
suspension of cells.

Plot standard curve to

generate cell number.
Measurement of growth

 Plant growth
 Number of frond
 Fresh and dry weight
 Leaf surface area
 Number of annual growth ring
Measurement of growth

 Animal growth rate

 Weight measurement; percentage of
weight increase
 Growth rings in bivalve
Growth curves
Sigmoid growth curve- for plant/animal
 A-Lag phase
A B C D
 B-Exponential
phase
 C-Transitional @
Linear phase
 D-Stationary
phase
Growth is
hindered.
Growth curves

Sigmoid growth curve

 A-Lag phase
A B C D - Cell division & cell
enlargement
occur at slow
pace
- Organism is trying
to adapt to new
Growth is environment
hindered.
 Growth curves
Sigmoid growth curve

B D  B-Exponential/
A C
Lag phase
- Growth is at fast
pace due to
sufficient food
and availability of
Growth is
space.
hindered.
- Mitosis increases
the number of
cells
exponentially.
Growth curves
Sigmoid growth curve
 C- Transitional/
A B C D Linear phase
- Growth is slowing
down due to
maturity or
limited by food
supply & space.
Growth is
hindered.
Growth curves
Sigmoid growth curve
 D- Stationary/
A B C D Equilibrium phase
- Growth stops.
- Organism has
reached maturity.

Growth is
hindered.
 Growth curves
J Growth Curve -bacteria & protozoa (microorganisms)

 An organism
increases rapidly in
an exponential
form, but then
suddenly stops due
to environmental
resistance or some
other factor
suddenly becomes
effective.
 Allometric vs Isometric?

 Allometric growth can be seen when some

organs grow faster than others in organism.
E.g. Human growth
 Lymphoid tissues grow rapidly in a child
compared to teenagers but reproductive
system only starts growing at puberty.

 Isometric growth can be seen when different

organs or regions of an organism grow at the
same relative growth rate as one another.
E.g. Fish, salamander & grasshopper.
Growth pattern(Allometric growth)
Growth pattern (Isometric growth)
Ecdysis
 Occurs in arthropods.

Crustacean

Insects
Ecdysis

Cicada
Ecdysis

 Is the process of shedding the exoskeleton of an

organism periodically.
 The exoskeleton (insects) is made of chitin (cannot
expand to accommodate the growth of the organism).
 Ecdysis is an essential growth process for insects and
some arthropods which have stiff exoskeleton.
Metamorphosis

 Is the change of form in an organism.

 Two types of metamorphosis
 1) Complete
 88% insects go through complete
metamorphosis
 4 stages
 2) Incomplete
 12% insects go through incomplete
metamorphosis
 3 stages
Complete Metamorphosis

Larva

Pupaa
Incomplete Metamorphosis

- Nymph emerge
from eggs &
resemble the adults
but the wings are
absent.
Dormancy

 Plays important role in the survival of an

organism.
 It is a period of life of an organism when
growth development and physical activity
suspended.
 It helps organism to survive during extreme
condition.
 Animal Dormancy
 1) Hibernation (winter sleep)
- to avoid damage from low temperature.

Polar Bear Hedgehog

 Animal Dormancy
 2) Aestivition (Summer sleep)
- to avoid damage from soaring temperature.

Other animals:

Amphibians (frogs,
toads)

Reptiles (Lizards,
Turtles)

Lungfish
Animal Dormancy

 3) Diapause- Insects
 A suspension of development that
can occur at embryonic, larval,
pupal or adult stage.
 Due to environmental conditions
(daylight, temperature & food
availability) or can be obligatory
part of life cycle.

Manduca sexta
(moth)
 Plant Dormancy
 1) Seed coat or external dormancy- legume family
 Seed coat is impermeable to O2 and water

 2) Internal (endogenous) dormancy- southern sugar maple

(cool condition), vegetative seed (dry storage)
 A term that consists of a number of physiological conditions
that delay germination
 after-ripening period