Atmosphere

3
Atmosphere
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 3 ATMOSPHERE
Page
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-ii
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-iv
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Section 1 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

1.1 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
1.2 Statistical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
1.3 Data Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Section 2 Situational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14

2.1 Highlights of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
2.2 Statistical Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-25
3-i
Atmosphere
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
A Conceptual Framework on Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
B Statistical Framework on Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
C Data Assessment of the Atmosphere Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
3.1 Total Emissions from Motor Vehicles in the Metro Manila 3-25
Region by Vehicle Type, 1990
3.2 Toxic Air Contaminant Emissions in the Metro Manila Region, 3-26
1990
3.3 Stationary Source Emissions in the Metro Manila Region, 1990 3-27
3.4 Philippine Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1990 3-28
3.5 Chemical Importations, 1993 – 1995 3-30
3.6 Number of Forest Fire and Area Affected, 1987 – 1998 3-31
3.7 Volcanic Eruption, 1987 – 1998 3-32
3.8 Historical Climate Data of the Philippines, 1966 – 1997 3-33
3.9 Annual Frequency of Tropical Cyclone, 1961 –1998 3-35
3.10 Average Concentration of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 3-37

and SO2 in the Atmosphere by Air Quality, 1987 – 1998
3.11 Morbidity Due to Respiratory Diseases, 1989 – 1994 3-38
3.12 Air Pollution Control Compliance Statistics, 1990 – 1995 3-39
3.13 Number of Vehicles Apprehended for Smoke-Belching, 3-42

1994 – 1998
3.14 Budget for Environmental Management, 1990 - 1998 3-43
3-ii
Atmosphere
Table No. Title Page
3.15 Climatological Normals by Month and by Selected Station, 3-44

1961 – 1995
3.16 Summary of Emissions from All Sources in Metro Manila, 1990 3-52
3.17 Area Source Emissions in the Metro Manila Region, 1990 3-53
3-iii
Atmosphere
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
1 Maximum, Minimum and Average Concentration of Total 3-14

Suspended Particulates (TSP), 1990 - 1997
2 Annual Maximum Daily Mean of Air Pollutants, 1994 and 1995 3-15
3 Number of Potential Air Pollutive Firms with APCD With and 3-16
Without Permit to Operate, 1990 -1995
4 Number of Vehicles Apprehended for Smoke-Belching, 3-17

1994 –1998
5 Average Minimum Temperature (Celsius), 1966 - 1996 3-19
6 Average Mean Temperature (Celsius), 1966 - 1996 3-19
7 Frequency of Tropical Cyclone, 1966 – 1996 3-22
8 Average Rainfall, 1966 - 1996 3-23
9 Average Relative Humidity, 1966 - 1996 3-23
10 Average Mean Sea Level Pressure, 1966 - 1996 3-24
3-iv
Atmosphere
INTRODUCTION
One of the major environmental concerns that have received local and
international attention pertains to the condition of the atmosphere. Its quality and
characteristics have impacts far-reaching than other environmental components. A
heavily polluted atmosphere can threaten human health and undermine the productivity of
the population. It can also have damaging effects on ecological and cultural properties.
The quality of the atmosphere of a particular location (microclimate) or country is

the long-term summation of atmospheric elements-such as solar radiation, temperature,
humidity, precipitation type (frequency and amount), atmospheric pressure and wind
(speed and direction)- and their variations.
1. FRAMEWORK
1.1 Conceptual Framework
As in the other components of the environment, the conceptual framework for the
atmosphere component follows that of the UN Framework for the Development of
Environment Statistics (UNFDES) which is composed of the following information
categories: (a) social and economic activities and natural events; (b) environmental
impacts of activities and events; (c) responses to environmental impacts; and (d) stocks
and inventories (see Table A). The information categories of FDES reflect the fact that
environmental problems are the results of human activities and natural events. Human
activities and natural events have an impact on the environment which in turn provokes
individual and social responses to avoid or mitigate these impacts.1
The activities identified to have impact on atmosphere include: (a) stationary and
mobile sources such as industrial firms and motor vehicles; (b) solar energy generation;
and (c) natural events and man-made disasters such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires,
storms. Emissions and long-range transport of air pollutants bring about acidification of
lakes, rivers, and soil thereby affecting water and land quality as well as the quality of
biota and ecosystems. Ambient concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere not only
lead to climate change and depletion of the ozone layer but have consequential effects to
human and non-human biota as well.
1
Concepts and Methods of Environment Statistics/St atistics of the Natural Environment, A Technical
Report. United Nations, New York. 1991.
3-1
Atmosphere
3-2
Atmosphere
Responses to environmental impacts may either be defensive/curative (clean-up)

or preventive (i.e., modifying or regulating human behavior). Responses identified in the
framework for the atmosphere component involve air pollution monitoring and control,
and disaster management. These are responses done by the government through
legislation, regulations and provision of budget for air quality monitoring and disaster
management.
Stocks describe the state of the economy and of the environment, whereas flows
describe the changes thereon. Data on climate conditions and air quality as well as
emission inventory and inventory of areas vulnerable to air pollution comprise the
information for stocks and inventories. These variables, particularly, data on climate and
air quality serve as basis in assessing the rate of natural productivity and the ambient
quality of the environment.
The conceptual framework was basically patterned after the UN FDES with inputs
coming from various government agencies involved in the generation of statistical
information that deal with environmental concerns and programs on air pollution and
weather monitoring. These agencies include the: Environmental Management Bureau
(EMB) and Metropolitan Environmental Improvement Program (MEIP) of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA); Metro Manila
Development Authority (MMDA) and the National Statistical Coordination Board
(NSCB).
1.2 Statistical Framework
The statistical framework for the atmosphere component presents the various
statistical topics under each information category and the corresponding statistical
variables (see Table B). The statistical topic, emission of air pollutants for instance, is
measured through the following variables: toxic air emission from motor vehicles;
industrial emissions from factories, industrial plants, etc.; greenhouse gas emissions;
methane gas from rice production; and the importation and consumption of chloro-fluoro
carbon (CFC) and other ozone depleting substances. Solar generation is measured in
terms of the amount of energy it generated while natural events and man-made disasters
such as forest fires, volcanic eruptions and weather/climate hazards are gauged by the
number of occurrences and the area affected.
3-3
Atmosphere
3-4
Atmosphere
3-5
Atmosphere
3-6
Atmosphere
3-7
Atmosphere
1.3 Data Assessment
In view of the importance of the framework, the variables contained therein were
individually assessed in terms of availability, geographic disaggregation, and frequency
of data generation and manner of collection (See Table C).
As shown in Table C, most of the statistical variables are available from the EMB-
DENR which is the agency tasked to monitor the quality of Philippine environment in
terms of selected environmental parameters and indicators. The agency is likewise
mandated to process and issue Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) applications.
Specifically, the variables obtained from EMB include: air emissions from industries,
importation and consumption of chloro-fluoro-carbon (CFC) and other ozone-depleting
substances, average concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) and sulfur
dioxide in the atmosphere by air quality monitoring station, application and issuance of
ECCs, expenditures for air quality monitoring, number and list of legislation, and air
emissions by source category and by type of pollutants.
Data on natural events and man-made disasters such as forest fires occurrences
and area affected are available at DENR through the Forest Management Bureau (FMB)
while data on weather and climate conditions are provided by PAGASA. The Philippine
Institute of Volcanology (PHIVOLCS) is the source for the number and intensity of
volcanic eruptions. However, source of data on solar energy, e.g., the extent of its
utilization and its impact on fuel/electricity conservation has yet to be identified.
The effect of atmospheric pollution on human health is measured in terms of

incidence of respiratory diseases and data on this is available at the Department of Health
(DOH) on an annual basis.
Changes in the mean sea level and tidal patterns which is an indicator of the extent
of global warming are provided by PAGASA annually.
While most of the data on Responses to Environmental Impacts, i.e., pollution

research and surveillance; standards, control and enforcement are available at the EMB-
DENR, the MMDA and the local government units (LGUs) are among those identified to
have data on vehicles apprehended for smoke-belching. Variables relating to disaster
management in terms of timely information dissemination of volcanic activity and
typhoons are sourced from PHIVOLCS, PAGASA and the various Disaster Coordinating
Councils of the Department of National Defense (DND). However, sources of data on
private sector responses such as investments in air emission control, installation of
pollution abatement equipment and production of environmentally benign products by
industries and recycling of household wastes by individuals or households have yet to be
identified.
3-8
Atmosphere
Data on Stocks and Inventories, particularly, on climate conditions, (e.g.,

temperature, typhoon occurrences, rainfall, hours of sunshine and humidity range) are
available at the PAGASA by geographical area on an annual basis.
3-9
Atmosphere
3-10
Atmosphere
3-11
Atmosphere
3-12
Atmosphere
3-13
Atmosphere
2. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
2.1 Highlights of Results
Air Quality
Being the most industrialized area in the Philippines, Metro Manila has been the
focus of government efforts in terms of air quality monitoring. Two major sources of air
pollution in the metropolis that have been identified are industrial firms and motor
vehicles.
To monitor the extent of pollution in the air, the government, through the EMB-
DENR, has set up air quality monitoring stations initially in Metro Manila. As of 1997,
there were 14 air quality monitoring stations: eight stations were operated manually for
TSP and six automatic fixed stations for TSP, SOX, NOX, THC, O2, CO where
meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind direction
were maintained. In 1998, new ones in other locations replaced seven of these stations.
Stations in Valenzuela, Quezon City (Pag-asa) and Las Piñas are the only three left
among the old stations.
Figure 1. Maximum, Minimum and Average Concentration of

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), 1990 to 1997
350
Max
300
Min
250 Averag
e
200
150
100
50
0
Valenzuel Ermita Makati Quezon Las Pinas Pasig Pasay Paranaqu
a City City City e
From 1987 to 1997, the EMB has obtained statistics on the average concentration
of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2) emitted by motor
vehicles, industrial firms, and other sources as measured by its various monitoring
stations. A comparison of the 1990 figures on the average concentration of TSP
3-14
Atmosphere
As part of the government pollution control program, the DENR required

industrial firms to install and operate air pollution control device pursuant to P.D. 984,
otherwise known as the “Pollution Decree of 1976”. This mechanism institutionalized by
the government was well received by the private sector. In 1990, out of a total of 3,469
firms identified as potential pollutive firms, 2,982 (86.0 percent) have installed air
pollution control device (APCD). However, only 1,989 have permits to operate an APCD.
Table 3. Number of Potential Air Pollutive Firms With and Without APCD
1990 to 1995
Year Potential W/ APCD W/O APCD

Total W/ Permit to W/ Out Permit
Operate to Operate
1990 3,469 2,982 1,989 993 487
1991* 3,215 2,849 2,014 835 366
1992* 2,622 2,241 1,484 757 381
1993* 4,250 4,123 2,093 2,030 127
1994* 4,182 4,092 1,454 2,638 90
1995 4,330 4,255 1,692 2,563 81
Source: EMB.
*incomplete data
Figure 3. Number of Potential Air Pollutive Firms With APCD

With and Without Permit to Operate, 1990 to 1995
5,000
4,000 W/out Permit to Operate

With Permit to Operate
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Notwithstanding the completeness of data for the entire country (not all data from
the regions are available for all the years), the figures indicated that there is a growing
trend in the number of potential pollutive firms and a corresponding increase in the
number of firms with APCD during the period 1990-1995 (Table 3). However, while
the number of potential air pollutive firms which acquired APCD increased, the
number of complying firms (with permits to operate) decreased (Figure 3).
3-16
Atmosphere
All these efforts towards strengthening air quality monitoring capability of the
government are indeed worth pursuing if we are to consider the effects caused by various
air pollutants to the climate.
Changes in climate depend on the emission of greenhouse gases spewed into the
atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include those pollutants mentioned above such as carbon
dioxide, CFCs, methane gas, nitrogen compounds, and ground level ozone. Nitrogen
compounds, which primarily come from automobiles and electric power-generating
plants, not only contribute to global warming but also play a major role in the production
of secondary air pollution that create photochemical smog. They also contribute to the
development of acid rain.
Methane, another greenhouse gas, is produced from decaying rice paddies,

wetlands, biomass fires such as burning forests, coal mining, landfills, animal wastes and
sewage. Methane gas is created naturally as a waste product of anaerobic bacteria (living
with little or no oxygen) in waterlogged soils and wetlands. Carbon dioxide emitted in
the air, meanwhile come from burning fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and from the
destruction of tropical rainforests. CFCs, which likewise contribute to the warming of the
world, are most commonly used as refrigerants (e.g., freon) and in making foams for use
in insulation and plastic containers, and as propellants in aerosol containers. They go into
the air by escaping from the products cited.
With the increasing emission of greenhouse gases, their concentrations in the

atmosphere also go up which, in turn, cause the temperature of the earth to rise. The rise
in earth’s temperature, meanwhile, leads to changes in the patterns of precipitation and
the sea level to rise.
Climate Condition
The changes in climate have adverse effects not only on our ecological and socio-
economic systems but on human health as well. Thus, there is a growing concern over
various manifestations of climate changes like the pollution-induced global warming and
the El Niño phenomenon.
A study2 made by the NSCB in 1998 on the various climate data generated by
PAGASA from 1966 to 1996 indicated a shift to a warmer climate. A close examination
of the temperature in the Philippines from the period 1966 to 1996 revealed that from
1987 onwards, the average minimum temperatures recorded were higher than the normal
minimum temperature of 22.95 oC, suggesting that the climate in the country is getting
warmer (Fig.5). Similarly, the average mean temperature observed in the same period has
not fallen below the normal mean temperature of 27.03 oC (Fig. 6). Meanwhile, a
comparison between the average maximum temperature of El Niño and non-El Niño
2
National Statistical Coordination Board, “NSCB Statistics Series ”, April 1998, Philippines
3-18
Atmosphere
to heavy rainfall which leads to floods, hurricanes, etc. On the other hand, formation of
clouds in the west is weakened, thereby, reducing rainfall and causing dry spell 3.
Simultaneous occurrence of above normal Pacific sea surface temperature (SST)

and below normal Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) indicate a global-scale climate
variation defined as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The SOI is
the difference in standardized atmospheric pressures over the southeastern Pacific and the
Indian Ocean and Australia 4.
A total of eight El Niño or ENSO–related drought episodes/periods have been

listed by PAGASA as occurring in the country from 1966 to 1996. These were in 1968-
69, 1972-73, 1976-77, 1982-83, 1986-87, 1989-90, 1991-92 and 1994-95.
Data on the various climate variables for the past three decades are given in Table
4. Annual data presented were obtained by averaging the data recorded by the different
PAGASA stations located nationwide.
Table 4. Historical Climate Data of the Philippines, 1966-1996
YEAR Frequency of Average Average Average Average Mean Average Average

Tropical Rainfall Minimum Maximum Temperature Relative Mean Sea
Cyclones Temperature Temperature Humidity Level
Pressure
1966 23 2471.2 22.98 31.26 27.12 81.08 1011.05

1967 21 2361.8 22.67 30.63 26.65 80.83 1010.87
1968* 15 1876.7 22.61 31.04 26.83 79.52 1011.07
1969* 15 1985.6 22.86 31.34 27.10 80.31 1010.99
1970 21 2613.3 23.09 31.16 27.13 81.50 1010.32
1971 27 2902.0 22.58 30.41 26.49 82.29 1009.79
1972* 17 2577.6 22.76 30.96 26.86 81.39 1010.60
1973* 12 2438.5 22.82 31.30 27.06 80.16 1010.69
1974 23 2680.3 22.74 30.68 26.71 81.46 1009.39
1975 15 2378.1 22.81 30.95 26.88 81.48 1009.96
1976* 22 2455.3 22.62 30.64 26.63 81.11 1010.18
1977* 19 2131.0 22.88 30.98 26.93 80.91 1010.38
1978 25 2392.9 22.81 30.91 26.86 81.11 1009.79
1979 22 2021.6 22.94 31.04 26.99 80.98 1009.94
1980 23 2418.1 22.90 30.87 26.89 82.61 1009.98
1981 23 2274.8 22.90 30.98 26.94 81.89 1010.05
1982* 21 2162.4 22.90 30.98 26.94 81.62 1009.93
3
Cristobal B., 1997, “What You Should Know About El Niño,” November 1997 Issue of Panorama,
Philippines
4
Climatology and agrometeorology Branch of PAGASA, 1994, “Primer on El Niño/Southern Oscillation,”
Quezon City, Philippines.
3-20
Atmosphere
YEAR Frequency of Average Average Average Average Mean Average Average

Tropical Rainfall Minimum Maximum Temperature Relative Mean Sea
Cyclones Temperature Temperature Humidity Level
Pressure
1983* 23 1991.3 23.02 31.53 27.27 80.32 1010.83

1984 20 2488.0 22.93 31.02 26.98 82.34 1009.13
1985 17 2584.6 22.95 31.23 27.09 81.64 1008.92
1986* 21 2571.5 22.81 31.03 26.93 81.56 1009.50
1987* 16 1847.6 23.16 31.73 27.45 80.08 1010.53
1988 20 2539.9 23.34 31.67 27.50 81.19 1009.37
1989* 19 2508.1 23.08 31.24 27.16 81.73 1009.43
1990* 20 2386.4 23.18 31.49 27.37 81.33 1009.92
1991* 19 2050.6 23.05 31.32 27.22 81.26 1010.14
1992* 15 1929.9 22.97 31.40 27.22 80.67 1010.31
1993 32 2242.7 22.99 31.16 27.13 81.49 1008.24
1994* 25 2182.5 23.21 31.15 27.18 81.81 1010.01
1995* 16 2560.6 23.27 31.03 27.15 82.71 1010.20
1996 17 2518.0 23.47 30.85 27.16 83.08 1009.56
El-Niño Years 18 2228.5 22.95 31.20 27.08 81.03 1010.29

Average
Overall 20 2340.1 22.95 31.10 27.03 81.34 1010.03
Average/
Normal
Non-El Niño 22 2459.2 22.94 30.99 26.97 81.66 1009.76
Years Average
Difference -4a -230.7 a 0.01ns 0.21a 0.11ns -0.63a 0.53a

Between El
Niño Years and
Non-El Niño
Years Average
* El Niño Years
a
Significant at 5% level of significance
ns
Not Significant
Source: PAGASA
In the past 38 (1961 – 1998) years, the PAG-ASA has recorded a total of 761
tropical cyclones in the Philippine area of responsibility, with an average of 20 typhoons
per year. The most number of typhoons was experienced in 1993 where 32 typhoons
entered the country while in 1998, only 11 typhoons were recorded to have hit the
country, the least in the previous years. Relating this variable to the El Niño
phenomenon, the NSCB study reveals that El Niño years tend to exhibit, on the average,
less number of tropical cyclones as shown in Table 4. The average frequency of tropical
cyclones for El Niño years, which is 18, is lower than the non-El Niño years average of
22 and also lower than the normal or overall average of 20 for the whole period (1966 -
1996). A look at the annual occurrences of tropical cyclones in Figure 7 further shows
3-21
Atmosphere
2.2 STATISTICAL TABLES

Table 3.1
TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES IN THE METRO MANILA REGION BY VEHICLE TYPE
1990
(tons per year)
Vehicle Fuel Pollutants

Type Used TOG CO NOX SOX Lead Pmex* PMTw** PM10
Cars Gas 30,039.56 213,672.03 11,556.23 42.53 202.60 386.60 479.38 576.03
Diesel 314.06 938.36 955.98 845.56 0.00 286.10 59.13 298.30
UV Gas 42,049.39 280,441.73 14,640.68 63.54 154.26 544.59 562.74 766.42
Diesel 3,573.23 13,111.87 7,192.97 6,695.44 0.00 4,530.85 624.25 4,599.31
Trucks Gas 577.49 11,770.02 1,276.38 121.47 4.09 16.24 68.20 43.42
Diesel 7,944.81 26,625.86 26,840.58 2,284.62 0.00 3,220.87 450.92 3,272.40
Buses Gas 32.29 696.46 75.53 7.19 0.24 0.96 15.95 7.34
Diesel 997.94 3,344.45 3,371.42 286.97 0.00 404.57 56.64 411.04
MC/TC Gas 15,425.57 22,025.37 306.25 2.93 46.11 1,466.45 45.46 1,475.84
Total Gas 88,124.30 528,605.61 27,855.07 237.66 407.30 2,414.84 1,171.73 2,869.05
Total Diesel 12,830.04 44,020.54 38,360.95 10,112.59 0.00 8,442.39 1,190.94 8,581.05
Grand Total 100,954.34 572,626.15 66,216.02 10,350.25 407.30 10,857.23 2,362.67 11,450.10
*PM exhaust emissions
**PM tire wear emissions
Source: Environmental Management Bureau, DENR

(Philippine Environmental Quality Report, 1990 - 1995)
Table 3.2
TOXIC AIR CONTAMINANT EMISSIONS IN THE METRO MANILA REGION
1990
(tons per year)
Vehicle Ethylene Dichloride Ethylene Dibromide Benzene Lead Asbestos

Type a b c a b c a b c
CARS: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.220 0.000 0.000 1.240
Gas 2.590 15.600 1.800 0.450 0.312 0.309 112.640 42.590 300.400 202.600 10.050
UV: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.180 0.000 0.000 13.090
Gas 1.910 21.860 2.520 0.340 0.320 0.433 1616.320 42.790 420.490 154.260 11.800
TRUCKS: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 182.730 0.000 0.000 5.580
Gas 0.052 0.300 0.035 0.009 0.003 0.006 22.920 0.380 5.770 4.090 0.840
BUSES: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.950 0.000 0.000 0.700
Gas 0.003 0.017 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 1.360 0.000 0.320 0.240 0.050
MC/TC: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Gas 0.579 8.020 0.926 0.100 0.070 0.160 688.290 0.900 154.260 46.110 1.910
TOTAL: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 295.080 0.000 0.000 20.610
Gas 5.134 45.797 5.283 0.900 0.705 0.908 2441.530 86.660 881.240 407.300 24.650
a - Exhaust Emissions
b - Evaporative Emissions
c - Emissions from Gas Production, Storage and Fuel Service Stations
Source: Environmental Management Bureau, DENR

(Philippine Environmental Quality Report, 1990 - 1995)
Table 3.3
STATIONARY SOURCE EMISSIONS IN THE METRO MANILA REGION
1990
(tons per year)
SIC Emission Source Pollutants
Code Description TOG CO NOX SOX PM PM10
20 Food & Kindred Products Manufacturing 334.09 61.93 397.12 1,121.14 340.81 211.30
21 Tobacco Manufacturing 1.61 4.47 36.17 93.64 8.79 6.15
22 Textile Mill Products 32.81 297.21 1,205.14 6,729.46 172.28 120.60
24 Lumber and Wood Products 45.38 129.65 484.55 90.38 831.65 332.66
26 Paper and Allied Products 618.41 1,766.48 1,262.16 158.76 1,596.40 1,117.48
27 Printing and Publishing 0.20 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.01
28 Chemical and Allied Products 90.41 14.96 145.09 411.13 37.07 21.60
29 Petroleum and Coal Products 3.91 8.86 14.66 62.23 832.30 499.38
30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products 32.64 9.19 97.72 278.70 21.58 15.11
32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products 220.54 20.48 475.32 360.30 102.93 92.64
33 Primary Metal Industries 264.17 553.78 39.78 133.28 65.94 46.15
34 Fabricated Metal Products 14.96 470.55 10.92 34.42 447.09 312.96
35 Machinery Except Electrical 1.68
36 Electric and Electronic Equipment 27.16 20.44 91.38 185.88 7.71 6.71
37 Transportation Equipment 24.31 0.08 0.36 0.02 0.04 0.03
39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries 0.01 0.11 1.17 3.37 0.26 0.18
49 Electric, Gas and Sanitary Services 102.58 683.84 9,117.82 68,331.23 4,849.54 4,704.05
53 Gen. Merchandise Stores 0.05 0.15 0.70 0.05 0.05 0.04
70 Hotels and Other Lodging Places 0.38 2.55 22.62 54.43 4.37 3.80
72 Personel Services 0.06 1.00 9.76 31.52 2.04 1.78
80 Health Services 0.38 0.63 5.98 13.68 1.95 1.70
Total 1,815.74 4,046.38 13,418.49 78,093.63 9,322.81 7,494.32

Source : Environmental Management Bureau, DENR.
(Philippine Environmental Quality Report, 1990-1995)
Table 3.4
PHILIPPINE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
1990
(Gg)
Categories CO2 Emissions CO2 Removals CH4 N2 0 NOX CO

1. All Energy 38,638
A. Fuel Combustion
1. Energy & Transformation 12,133 NE NE NE NE
2. Industry 8,474 NE NE NE NE
3. Transport 10,634 NE NE NE NE
4. Small Combustion 4,194 NE NE NE NE
5. Othersa 3,203 NE NE NE NE
6. Traditional Biomass 48121b 221 0.9 32.5 1,837
Burned for Energy
B. Fugitive Emissions 8.8
1. Coal Mining 7.8
2. Oil 1.0
2. Industrial Processes 3,286
1. Cement 3,272
2. Paper and Pulp 14
3. Solvent and other
Product Usec
4. Agriculture 680.5
A. Enteric Fermentation 243.7
B. Manure Management 70.1
C. Rice Cultivation 366.7d
D. Agricultural Soils NE NE NE NE NE
E. Prescribed Burning of NE NE NE NE NE
Savannahs
F. Field Burning of NE NE NE NE NE
Agricultural Residues
G. Others NE NE NE NE NE
Table 3.4 (continued) ...
Categories CO2 Emissions CO2 Removals CH4 N2 0 NOX CO
5. Land Use Change and 87,924 3,162

Forestry 4,069 3,162
A. Changes in Forest and 83,855 97.9 0.7 24.3 857
Other Woody Biomass Stocks
B. Forest and Grassland
Conversion
C. Abandonment of Managed NE
Lands
D. Others NE
6. Waste NE NE
TOTAL 129,848 3,162 1008.2
International Bunkers 1280b
Source : PAG-ASA
a
includes non-energy use and unaccounte sources
b
not included in the total
c
source of NMVOC which is not estimated
d
if IPCC emissions factors are used, the value is 1468 Gg
NE means not estimaed
Table 3.5
CHEMICAL IMPORTATIONS
1993 - 1995
(metric tons)
Chemicals 1993 1994 1995

CFC-11 996.9900 1,727.2366 1,231.0931
CFC-12 1,911.1630 2,132.6120 2,094.9207
HCFC-22 934.6080 1,437.7120 1,667.5931
CFC-115 14.3260 1.5080 5.9920
CFC-502 44.8700 42.9214 27.6482
Methyl Bromide - - 15.8400
HCFC-1416 - 29.4200 74.8836
CTC 40.3000 121.7500 100.8000
Chloroform 25.5000 20.3000 -
TCA 129.5400 59.8200 40.2800
1,1,1, Trichloroethane - 39.0520 39.4200
CFC-13 0.7260 0.1452 -
CFC-113 44.8400 46.0850 65.1710
HCFC-123 - 6.1688 2.7216
BCF-Halon R11 7.7140 24.1560 33.6000
Total 4,150.5770 5,688.8870 5,399.9633
Table 3.6
NUMBER OF FOREST FIRE AND AREA AFFECTED
1987 to 1998
Estimated Value Area Affected

Year Number
(Pesos) (hectares)
1987 5,386.00
1988 423.00
1989 675.00
1990 11,872.00
1991 5,871.97
1992 1106 185,463,558.30 51,310.38
1993 595 165,866,132.73 15,329.88
1994 218 20,685,649.80 7,720.77
1995 280 50,668,410.53 10,709.69
1996 194 111,263,443.05 5,463.42
1997 147 56,066,969.52 3,561.43
1998 941 216,547,415.15 52,681.20
Source : Forest Management Bureau, DENR.
Table 3.7
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
1987 to 1998
Name of Volcano Year of Eruption No. of Eruptions Intensity (VEI) Affected Area/s
Kanlaon Volcano 1987 4 Upper Slopes of Volcano

Bulusan Volcano 1988 10 Upper Slopes of Volcano
1991 1 Upper Slopes of Volcano
Pinatubo Volcano 1991 222 5-6 Pampanga, Zambales, Tarlac
Pinatubo Volcano 1992 0-1 Inside Summit Calder
Mayon Volcano 1993 28 2-3 SE Side of Volcano
Bulusan Volcano 1994-1995 15 West Side of Volcano
1997 0
1998 0
Source: PHILVOLCS.
VEI - Volcanic Eruption Index
Table 3.8
HISTORICAL CLIMATE DATA OF THE PHILIPPINES
1966 to 1997
Average Average Average Average Average Average

YEAR Rainfall Minimum Maximum Mean Relative Mean Sea
(mm) Temperature Temperature Temperature Humidity Level
(oC) (oC) (oC) (%) Pressure
(mbs)
1966 2471.2 22.98 31.26 27.12 81.08 1011.05

1967 2361.8 22.67 30.63 26.65 80.83 1010.87
1968 1876.7 22.61 31.04 26.83 79.52 1011.07
1969 1985.6 22.86 31.34 27.10 80.31 1010.99
1970 2613.3 23.09 31.16 27.13 81.50 1010.32
1971 2902.0 22.58 30.41 26.49 82.29 1009.79
1972 2577.6 22.76 30.96 26.86 81.39 1010.60
1973 2438.5 22.82 31.30 27.06 80.16 1010.69
1974 2680.3 22.74 30.68 26.71 81.46 1009.39
1975 2378.1 22.81 30.95 26.88 81.48 1009.96
1976 2455.3 22.62 30.64 26.63 81.11 1010.18
1977 2131.0 22.88 30.98 26.93 80.91 1010.38
1978 2392.9 22.81 30.91 26.86 81.11 1009.79
1979 2021.6 22.94 31.04 26.99 80.98 1009.94
1980 2418.1 22.90 30.87 26.89 82.61 1009.98
1981 2274.8 22.90 30.98 26.94 81.89 1010.05
1982 2162.4 22.90 30.98 26.94 81.62 1009.93
1983 1991.3 23.02 31.53 27.27 80.32 1010.83
1984 2488.0 22.93 31.02 26.98 82.34 1009.13
1985 2584.6 22.95 31.23 27.09 81.64 1008.92
Table 3.8 (continued)...
Average Average Average Average Average Average

YEAR Rainfall Minimum Maximum Mean Relative Mean Sea
(mm) Temperature Temperature Temperature Humidity Level
(oC) (oC) (oC) (%) Pressure
(mbs)
1986 2571.5 22.81 31.03 26.93 81.56 1009.50
1987 1847.6 23.16 31.73 27.45 80.08 1010.53
1988 2539.9 23.34 31.67 27.50 81.19 1009.37
1989 2508.1 23.08 31.24 27.16 81.73 1009.43
1990 2386.4 23.18 31.49 27.37 81.33 1009.92
1991 2050.6 23.05 31.32 27.22 81.26 1010.14
1992 1929.9 22.97 31.40 27.22 80.67 1010.31
1993 2242.7 22.99 31.16 27.13 81.49 1008.24
1994 2182.5 23.21 31.15 27.18 81.81 1010.01
1995 2560.6 23.27 31.03 27.15 82.71 1010.20
1996 2518.0 23.47 30.85 27.16 83.08 1009.56
1997 1833.7 23.30 31.10 27.03 81.60 1011.00
Source: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA).
Table 3.9
ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE
1961 to 1998
Frequency of
Year
Tropical Cyclone
1961 23
1962 21
1963 16
1964 31
1965 21
1966 23
1967 21
1968 15
1969 15
1970 21
1971 27
1972 17
1973 12
1974 23
1975 15
1976 22
1977 19
1978 25
1979 22
1980 23
1981 23
1982 21
Frequency of
Year
Tropical Cyclone
1983 23
1984 20
1985 17
1986 21
1987 16
1988 20
1989 19
1990 20
1991 19
1992 15
1993 32
1994 25
1995 16
1996 17
1997 14
1998 11
Source: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA).
Table 3.10
AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES (TSP) (ug/Ncm) AND SO2 (ppm) IN THE ATMOSPHERE BY AIR QUALITY
MONITORING STATION IN METRO MANILA
1987 to 1998
Valenzuela Ermita Makati Quezon City Las Pinas Pasig City Pasay City Paranaque
(Pedro Gil (PAGASA (Manila Memo- (Sucat Road/
Year (Municipal Hall) (Guadalupe Viejo) (Pamplona) (Ugong) (FB Harrison)
cor. Taft Ave.) Compound) rial Park) St. Rita)
TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2
1987 286 0.004 165 0.011 -- -- -- -- 109 0.007 81 0.005 173 0.006 -- -- 98 0.004
1988 147 0.015 207 0.010 -- 0.010 100 0.009 90 0.006 136 0.005 154 0.013 -- -- -- --
1989 253 -- 212 0.012 -- 0.011 168 0.009 105 -- 220 0.015 191 0.014 124 0.005 -- --
1990 253 -- 200 0.016 184 0.009 149 0.008 119 -- 181 0.023 -- -- -- 0.013 125 --
1991 257 0.012 188 0.016 188 0.013 167 0.010 107 -- 187 0.014 -- -- -- 0.010 143 --
1992 256 0.006 219 0.013 146 0.007 178 0.006 115 -- 183 0.009 -- -- -- 0.007 166 --
1993 173 0.010 164 0.021 179 0.006 121 0.007 72 -- 154 0.018 -- -- -- 0.008 169 --
1994 322 -- 164 -- 188 -- 113 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 112 -- -- --
1995 296 -- 174 -- 210 -- 133 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
1996 -- -- -- -- 302 -- -- -- 130 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
1997 307 -- -- -- 295 -- 237 -- 134 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
1998 266 -- -- -- -- -- 128 -- 113 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Source: Environmental Management Bureau.
Note: Based on 24 hours sampling
National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines for 24 hours:
TSP = 230 ug/Ncm
SO2 = 0.07 ppm
-- Data not available
Table 3.11
MORBIDITY DUE TO RESPIRATORY DISEASES
1989 to 1994
Year Bronchitis ARTI URTI
1989 951,305 875,289 840,215

1990 602,851 3,624,770
1991 725,818 2,991,718
1992 609,203
1993 903,508
1994 1,376,669
Source: PhilippineStatistical Yearbook.,
National Statistical Coordination Board
Table 3.12
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COMPLIANCE STATISTICS
1990 to 1995
1990 1991
Region Potential Air Firms with APCD Firms without Potential Air Firms with APCD Firms without
Pollutive Firms with PO without PO Total APCD Pollutive Firms with PO without PO Total APCD
Region I 179 107 60 167 12 205 125 66 191 14

Region II 281 224 3 227 54 283 229 2 231 52
Region III 389 375 10 385 4 489 467 16 483 6
Region IV 169 122 47 169 0 -- -- -- -- --
Region V 443 116 274 390 53 458 136 272 408 50
Region VI 357 152 168 320 37 368 156 174 330 38
Region VII 239 187 36 223 16 -- -- -- -- --
Region VIII 6 4 2 6 0 75 69 6 75 0
Region IX 186 54 47 101 85 -- -- -- -- --
Region X 25 10 15 25 0 15 5 10 15 0
Region XI 707 293 225 518 189 836 341 289 630 206
Region XII 189 65 105 170 19 -- -- -- -- --
NCR 280 280 0 280 0 486 486 0 486 0
CAR 19 0 1 1 18 -- -- -- -- --
Philippines 3,469 1,989 993 2,982 487 3,215 2,014 835 2,849 366
1992 1993
Region I -- -- -- -- -- 318 158 158 316 2

Region II 453 368 2 370 83 697 468 207 675 22
Region III -- -- -- -- -- 502 482 18 500 2
Region IV -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VI 438 163 204 367 71 479 153 254 407 72
Region VII 210 27 178 205 5 604 190 404 594 10
Region VIII -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region IX -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region X 12 2 12 14 0 10 2 7 9 1
Region XI 930 363 360 723 207 858 376 468 844 14
Region XII -- -- -- -- -- 221 54 163 217 4
NCR 558 558 0 558 0 561 210 351 561 0
CAR 19 3 1 4 15 -- -- -- -- --
Philippines 2,620 1,484 757 2,241 381 4,250 2,093 2,030 4,123 127
1994 1995
Region I 346 39 303 342 4 570 274 292 566 4

Region II 921 634 262 896 25 991 368 602 970 21
Region III -- -- -- -- -- 635 568 60 628 7
Region IV -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VI 489 117 335 452 37 513 44 432 476 37
Region VII 654 188 457 645 9 717 234 475 709 8
Region VIII -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region IX -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region X -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region XI 938 407 520 927 11 -- -- -- -- --
Region XII 229 38 187 225 4 231 27 200 227 4
NCR 605 31 574 605 0 679 177 502 679 0
CAR -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Philippines 4,182 1,454 2,638 4,092 90 4,336 1,692 2,563 4,255 81
Source: Philippine Environmental Quality Report 1990-1995. EMB, DENR.

APCD - Air Pollution Control Device
PO - Permit to Operate
-- Data Not Available
Table 3.13
NUMBER OF VEHICLES APPREHENDED FOR SMOKE-BELCHING
1994 to 1998
Fines Collected
Year Number
(pesos)
1994 19,041 4,546,000.00

1995 43,134 8,868,000.00
1996 26,007 4,891,050.00
1997 23,404 4,168,405.00
1998 32,978 6,576,795.00
Source : Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA).
Table 3.14
BUDGET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
1990 to 1998
(pesos)
Year DENR EMB Regional EMS

1990 4,549,610,000 36,804,000 33,669,000
1991 3,737,663,000 20,250,000 31,258,000
1992 4,631,481,000 21,633,000 35,988,000
1993 3,665,127,000 21,078,000 79,873,000
1994 4,370,104,000 46,349,000 89,419,000 *
1995 3,231,900,000 68,736,000 121,414,000 *
1996 155,008,000
1997 90,649,000
1998 110,356,000
(Philippine Managemental Quality Report, 1990-1995)
* Including Congressional Insertion
Table 3.15
CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMALS BY MONTH AND BY SELECTED STATION
1961 to 1995
Sampling Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Ambulong, Batangas
Rainfall (mm) 18.4 7.7 17.7 31.1 124.3 255.6 335.9 331.2 283.8 229.7 173.9 97.5
Number of Rainy Days 4.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 10.0 16.0 18.0 19.0 18.0 15.0 12.0 10.0
Maximum Temperature(oC) 30.4 31.8 33.5 34.8 34.2 32.5 31.4 30.9 31.3 31.7 31.2 30.2
Minimum Temperature (oC) 21.6 21.6 22.3 23.4 24.1 24.1 23.8 23.9 23.6 23.2 23.0 22.4
Aparri, Cagayan
Rainfall (mm) 114.6 56.4 41.1 29.0 106.5 153.6 206.4 222.4 250.7 342.0 339.5 173.6
Baguio City, Benguet
Rainfall (mm) 12.1 8.1 26.3 88.8 345.2 500.6 803.1 906.0 648.2 382.0 110.5 24.4
Baler, Quezon
Rainfall (mm) 180.5 141.8 183.9 209.3 309.5 275.4 267.6 209.1 314.7 455.9 447.6 276.9
Basco, Batanes
Rainfall (mm) 176.2 126.9 92.4 66.7 171.9 241.0 278.8 417.6 365.8 344.0 290.6 244.4
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Butuan City, Agusan del Norte
Rainfall (mm) 301.7 197.4 135.9 101.3 110.8 132.1 159.9 101.5 143.6 195.1 175.9 223.6
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija
Rainfall (mm) 8.1 3.4 13.3 21.5 165.1 286.8 358.4 378.9 315.9 193.1 112.6 36.9
Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental
Rainfall (mm) 97.3 65.1 47.0 37.0 88.2 209.2 211.4 207.6 207.4 187.0 124.9 94.5
Calapan, Oriental Mindoro
Rainfall (mm) 85.7 48.9 55.6 94.3 157.8 191.1 221.0 191.3 214.2 301.3 245.3 192.0
Catarman, Northern Samar
Rainfall (mm) 425.1 231.3 183.8 134.8 138.7 194.2 210.7 149.1 202.7 324.5 511.3 539.2
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Catbalogan, Western Samar
Rainfall (mm) 219.4 138.0 126.4 101.8 154.8 223.1 270.0 198.3 255.7 280.7 324.2 283.1
Coron, Palawan
Rainfall (mm) 22.0 7.1 6.6 21.8 159.8 375.1 511.6 537.4 433.7 301.2 122.1 79.0
Cuyo, Palawan
Rainfall (mm) 8.9 0.5 5.4 37.7 184.2 380.5 433.5 430.8 372.4 297.4 132.0 44.4
Daet, Camarines Norte
Rainfall (mm) 259.0 146.6 126.4 118.2 137.8 182.3 241.2 191.5 261.9 482.9 545.4 583.0
Dagupan City, Pangasinan
Rainfall (mm) 7.7 4.3 14.4 54.6 212.3 373.9 520.2 593.0 359.9 174.2 54.0 11.2
Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte
Rainfall (mm) 135.5 59.8 61.7 86.4 163.6 233.1 215.6 210.5 225.6 278.1 352.8 247.2
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
o
Maximum Temperature( C) 30.4 30.9 31.9 33.1 33.4 32.8 32.5 32.8 32.6 32.5 31.9 31.1
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
Rainfall (mm) 78.5 52.0 45.3 40.6 65.6 107.8 118.3 105.8 135.6 157.6 137.8 97.0
General Santos, South Cotabato
Rainfall (mm) 72.4 67.2 43.8 52.4 73.6 118.3 102.2 82.1 89.8 104.0 83.0 70.0
Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur
Rainfall (mm) 670.2 504.9 431.5 311.0 239.8 254.1 203.1 183.5 201.9 241.7 365.6 561.0
Infanta, Quezon
Rainfall (mm) 333.4 218.4 166.6 164.0 220.2 248.4 264.7 186.6 298.8 626.7 623.3 616.3
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Rainfall (mm) 4.4 1.0 1.7 20.1 149.4 349.6 437.6 573.2 406.3 118.4 31.4 9.7
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Lumbia Airport, Misamis Oriental
Rainfall (mm) 79.9 52.7 37.8 43.6 108.7 210.8 246.0 209.6 210.6 181.9 120.9 105.4
Iba, Zambales
Rainfall (mm) 2.8 3.9 12.3 27.4 303.5 600.6 851.8 ###### 591.5 254.9 86.1 31.4
Maasin, Southern Leyte
Rainfall (mm) 203.9 117.0 99.8 57.3 61.7 124.3 159.1 158.6 164.2 209.4 186.3 178.3
Malaybalay, Bukidnon
Rainfall (mm) 130.6 104.0 101.0 100.6 229.2 308.6 317.8 311.9 305.6 312.0 182.5 126.8
Masbate, Masbate
Rainfall (mm) 162.2 77.4 58.9 48.7 121.5 156.3 198.5 179.4 225.1 214.7 251.3 244.8
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Puerto Princesa, Palawan
Rainfall (mm) 25.6 13.7 24.2 35.1 129.8 179.6 176.4 168.4 191.7 208.8 204.8 117.1
Romblon, Romblon
Rainfall (mm) 102.4 42.5 45.2 55.4 118.9 218.6 259.4 215.4 242.6 302.4 225.6 182.0
Roxas City, Aklan
Rainfall (mm) 96.5 42.2 46.7 51.1 124.4 244.9 264.9 230.2 230.3 297.2 249.9 147.1
San Francisco, Quezon
Rainfall (mm) 51.7 16.8 20.1 16.3 91.2 187.5 226.3 167.1 181.4 161.7 136.4 151.0
San Jose, Occidental Mindoro
Rainfall (mm) 3.7 6.1 10.9 18.7 105.5 438.4 489.8 492.9 408.3 262.1 110.5 50.1
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Sangley Point, Cavite
Rainfall (mm) 18.0 5.0 5.9 13.9 98.4 273.8 355.8 501.8 288.9 216.0 103.8 40.7
Science Garden, Quezon City
Rainfall (mm) 18.7 7.4 16.7 28.5 141.0 344.6 478.6 517.1 402.2 268.2 147.2 61.9
Surigao, Surigao del Norte
Rainfall (mm) 612.7 460.6 337.2 249.4 143.8 135.2 167.0 142.6 147.6 258.3 455.6 529.5
Tacloban City, Leyte
Rainfall (mm) 272.5 198.7 145.2 117.6 136.1 157.0 172.6 143.4 161.0 189.7 280.2 323.8
Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Rainfall (mm) 100.2 69.4 69.7 65.1 76.4 122.1 118.6 108.4 130.0 171.6 183.2 118.0
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Tuguegarao, Cagayan
Rainfall (mm) 23.8 11.5 24.1 45.8 125.2 158.1 210.3 259.6 197.0 275.4 250.4 91.0
Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Rainfall (mm) 3.0 2.4 2.1 15.0 169.5 409.4 556.9 697.9 411.7 130.8 22.0 9.5
Virac Radar, Catanduanes
Rainfall (mm) 347.1 198.3 145.6 160.6 168.1 262.0 250.4 167.5 250.8 402.5 536.0 560.0
Virac Synop, Catanduanes
Rainfall (mm) 191.7 99.3 99.9 107.7 158.4 241.7 235.1 163.5 236.0 348.3 439.5 444.9
Zamboanga City, Zamboanga del Sur
Rainfall (mm) 56.2 49.7 41.5 61.0 106.9 161.3 143.4 129.9 169.5 202.3 163.2 107.8
Source: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, DOST.
Note: Climatological Normals refer to the period averages for a uniform and relative long period
comprising at least 3 consecutive 10-year period.
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Table 3.16
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES IN METRO MANILA
1990
(tons per year)
Pollutants Source Category

Mobile Stationary Area Total
TOG 100,954.00 1,816.00 5,162.00 107,932.00
% 93.50 1.70 4.80 100.00
CO 572,626.00 4,046.00 525.00 577,197.00
% 99.21 0.70 0.09 100.00
NOX 66,216.00 13,418.00 276.00 79,910.00
% 82.86 16.79 0.35 100.00
SOX 10,350.00 78,094.00 12.00 88,456.00
% 11.75 88.28 0.02 100.05
PM 13,220.00 9,323.00 102,286.00 124,829.00
% 10.59 7.47 81.94 100.00
PM10 11,450.00 7,494.00 51,042.00 69,986.00
% 16.36 10.71 72.93 100.00
Table 3.17
AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS IN THE METRO MANILA REGION
1990
(tons/year)
Type of Area Pollutants

Source TOG CO NOX SOX PM PM10
Paved Road Travel -- -- -- -- 80,507.88 37,033.63
Structural Fires 9.25 113.08 2.57 -- 7.20 7.06
Automobile Fires 0.09 2.87 0.09 -- 2.30 1.61
Road Construction -- -- -- -- 8,478.89 5,426.49
Building Const. -- -- -- -- 13,380.19 8,563.32
Surface Coatings 381.80 -- -- -- -- --
Adhesive and Sealants 1,332.87 -- -- -- -- --
Dry Cleaning 80.87 -- -- -- -- --
Industrial Degreasing 773.30 -- 0.18 5.17 5.17
Residential Fuel 11.61 29.71 145.98 12.17 4.49 4.38
Combustion
Commercial Aircraft 161.54 378.93 127.17 -- --
Gasoline Dispersing 2,410.92 -- --
Facilities
Total 5,162.25 524.59 275.81 12.35 102,386.12 51,041.66
Source: Environmental Management Bureau

Atmosphere

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Atmosphere

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-ii

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-iv

Section 1 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

Section 2 Situational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14

Table No. Title Page

A Conceptual Framework on Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

B Statistical Framework on Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

C Data Assessment of the Atmosphere Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

3.4 Philippine Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1990 3-28

3.5 Chemical Importations, 1993 – 1995 3-30

3.7 Volcanic Eruption, 1987 – 1998 3-32

3.8 Historical Climate Data of the Philippines, 1966 – 1997 3-33

3.9 Annual Frequency of Tropical Cyclone, 1961 –1998 3-35

3.10 Average Concentration of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 3-37

3.11 Morbidity Due to Respiratory Diseases, 1989 – 1994 3-38

3.12 Air Pollution Control Compliance Statistics, 1990 – 1995 3-39

3.13 Number of Vehicles Apprehended for Smoke-Belching, 3-42

3.14 Budget for Environmental Management, 1990 - 1998 3-43

Table No. Title Page

3.15 Climatological Normals by Month and by Selected Station, 3-44

Figure No. Title Page

1 Maximum, Minimum and Average Concentration of Total 3-14

4 Number of Vehicles Apprehended for Smoke-Belching, 3-17

5 Average Minimum Temperature (Celsius), 1966 - 1996 3-19

6 Average Mean Temperature (Celsius), 1966 - 1996 3-19

7 Frequency of Tropical Cyclone, 1966 – 1996 3-22

8 Average Rainfall, 1966 - 1996 3-23

9 Average Relative Humidity, 1966 - 1996 3-23

10 Average Mean Sea Level Pressure, 1966 - 1996 3-24

The quality of the atmosphere of a particular location (microclimate) or country is

Responses to environmental impacts may either be defensive/curative (clean-up)

1.2 Statistical Framework

1.3 Data Assessment

The effect of atmospheric pollution on human health is measured in terms of

While most of the data on Responses to Environmental Impacts, i.e., pollution

Data on Stocks and Inventories, particularly, on climate conditions, (e.g.,

Figure 1. Maximum, Minimum and Average Concentration of

As part of the government pollution control program, the DENR required

Year Potential W/ APCD W/O APCD

Figure 3. Number of Potential Air Pollutive Firms With APCD

4,000 W/out Permit to Operate

Methane, another greenhouse gas, is produced from decaying rice paddies,

With the increasing emission of greenhouse gases, their concentrations in the

Simultaneous occurrence of above normal Pacific sea surface temperature (SST)

A total of eight El Niño or ENSO–related drought episodes/periods have been

Table 4. Historical Climate Data of the Philippines, 1966-1996

YEAR Frequency of Average Average Average Average Mean Average Average

1966 23 2471.2 22.98 31.26 27.12 81.08 1011.05

YEAR Frequency of Average Average Average Average Mean Average Average

1983* 23 1991.3 23.02 31.53 27.27 80.32 1010.83

El-Niño Years 18 2228.5 22.95 31.20 27.08 81.03 1010.29

Difference -4a -230.7 a 0.01ns 0.21a 0.11ns -0.63a 0.53a

2.2 STATISTICAL TABLES

Vehicle Fuel Pollutants

Source: Environmental Management Bureau, DENR

Vehicle Ethylene Dichloride Ethylene Dibromide Benzene Lead Asbestos

Source: Environmental Management Bureau, DENR

SIC Emission Source Pollutants

Code Description TOG CO NOX SOX PM PM10

Total 1,815.74 4,046.38 13,418.49 78,093.63 9,322.81 7,494.32

Categories CO2 Emissions CO2 Removals CH4 N2 0 NOX CO

Categories CO2 Emissions CO2 Removals CH4 N2 0 NOX CO

5. Land Use Change and 87,924 3,162