ADCANCE CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY-I

Prepared By: Amar Wadood

Presented To: Prof. Dr. Afzal Javaid & Tariq Ali
Roll No.: MSCE01153002
Semester: 1st Semester

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

EXPERIMENT NO.: 01

NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF HYDARULIC CEMENT

&
SETTING TIME OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

1. Scope:
i. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for
information only.
ii. This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does
not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 1.4 for a specific warning
statement.
iii. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to
skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eye
protection is recommended. Wash contact area with copious amounts of water after contact.
Wash eyes for a minimum of 15 min. Avoid exposure of the body to clothing saturated with the
liquid phase of the unhardened material. Remove contaminated clothing immediately after
exposure.

2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS:
ASTM Standards:
 ASTM C-187 This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 187; the number immediately
following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the
year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
 C 1005, Specifications for Reference Masses and Devices for Determining Mass and Volume
for Use in the Physical Testing of Hydraulic Cements.
 D 1193, Specification for Reagent Water.
 E 177, Use of the Terms Precision and Accuracy as Applied to Measurements of a Property of a
Material.

3. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE:

This method is intended to be used to determine the amount of water required to prepare hydraulic cement
pastes for testing.

4. APPARATUS:
 Reference Masses and Devices for Determining Mass conforming to the requirements of
ASTM C 1005. The devices for determining mass shall be evaluated for precision and bias at a
total load of 1000 g.
 Glass Graduates—200- or 250-mL capacity and conforming to the requirements of M 210.
 Vicat Apparatus—shall consist of a frame, A (Figure 1) bearing a movable rod B, weighing 300
g, one end, C, the plunger end, being 10 mm in diameter for a distance of at least 50 mm, and
the other end having a removable needle D, 1 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length. The rod B
is reversible, and can be held in any desired position by a set screw E, and has an adjustable
indicator F which moves over a scale (graduated in millimeters) attached to the frame A. The
paste is held in a rigid conical ring G, resting on a plane non-absorptive square base plate H
about 100 mm on each side. The rod B shall be made of stainless steel having a hardness of not
less than 35 HRC (See Note 1) and shall be straight with the plunger end, which is
perpendicular to the rod axis. The ring shall be made of a noncorroding, nonabsorbent material,
 and shall have an inside diameter of 70 mm at the base and 60 mm at the top, and a height of
40 mm. In addition to the above, the Vicat apparatus shall conform to the requirements as
indicated in Table 1.
 Flat Trowel, having a sharpened straight-edged steel blade 100 to 150 mm in length

FIGURE-1 Vicat Apparatus.

Table 1—Vicat Apparatus

Vicat Apparatus
Weight of movable rod: 300 ± 0.5 g (0.661 lb ± 8 grains)
Diameter of plunger end of rod: 10 ± 0.05 mm (0.394 ± 0.002 in.)
Diameter of needle: 1 ± 0.05 mm (0.039 ± 0.002 in.)
Inside diameter of ring at bottom: 70 ± 3 mm (2.75 ± 0.12 in.)
Inside diameter of ring at top: 60 ± 3 mm (2.36 ± 0.12 in.)
Height of ring: 40 ± 1 mm (1.57 ± 0.04 in.)
Graduated scale: The graduated scale, when compared with a standard scale accurate to within 0.1 mm at all
points, shall not show a deviation at any point greater than 0.25 mm.
Note-1 The requirement that the rod be made of stainless steel shall apply only to new Vicat apparatus or
replacement rods and not to equipment in use which meets the other requirements of T 129.

5. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY:

 The temperature of the air in the vicinity of the mixing slab, the dry cement, molds, and base
plates shall be maintained between 20 and 27.5ºC (68 and 81.5ºF). The temperature of the mixing
water shall not vary from 23ºC (73.4ºF) by more than ±1.7ºC (3ºF).
 The relative humidity of the laboratory shall be not less than 50 percent.

6. PROCEDURE:
 Preparation of Cement Paste—Mix 650 g of cement with a measured quantity of clean water
following the procedure prescribed in Section 6 of T 162. The water shall conform to the
numerical limits of ASTM D 1193 for Type III or Type II grade of reagent water.
 Molding Test Specimen—Quickly form the cement paste, prepared as described in Section 6.1,
into the approximate shape of a ball with gloved hands. Then toss six times through a free path
of about 150 mm (6 in.) from one hand to another so as to produce a nearly spherical mass that
may be easily inserted into the Vicat ring with a minimum amount of additional manipulation.
Press the ball, resting in the palm of one hand, into the larger end of the conical ring G, Figure
1, held in the other hand, completely filling the ring with paste. Remove the excess at the larger
end by a single movement of the palm of the hand. Place the ring on its larger end on the base
plate H, and slice off the excess paste at the smaller end at the top of the ring by a single oblique
stroke of a sharp edged trowel held at a slight angle with the top of the ring, and smooth the top,
if necessary, with a few light touches of the pointed end of the trowel. During these operations
of cutting and smoothing, take care not to compress the paste.
 Consistency Determination—Center the paste confined in the ring, resting on the plate, under
the rod B, Figure 1, the plunger end C of which shall be brought in contact with the surface of
the paste, and tighten the setscrew E. Then set the movable indicator F to the upper zero mark
of the scale, or take an initial reading and release the rod immediately. This must not exceed 30
seconds after completion of mixing. The apparatus shall be free of all vibrations during the test.
The paste shall be of normal consistency when the rod settles to a point 10 ± 1 mm below the
original surface in 30 seconds after being released. Make trial pastes with varying percentages
of water until the normal consistency is obtained. Make each trial with fresh cement.
 Determine the penetration of the 1-mm needle at the start. If a penetration reading of 4-7mm is
obtained then note down the time as the initial setting time otherwise keep checking the
penetration reading after every 10min thereafter until a penetration reading of 4-7 mm is
obtained which will be the initial setting time of the cement. Make each penetration test at least
5 mm away from any previous penetration and at least 10 mm away from the inner side of the
mold.
 Now fix the final setting time plunger in which the smaller needle has the diameter of 1mm and
the diameter of the outer needle is 5mm. Drop the rod of the Vicat apparatus and note down the
time when the smaller 0.5 mm diameter needle completely penetrates into the paste and the outer
needle leaves no impression on the cement surface.

7. PRECISION AND BIAS

The single operator-instrument precision has been found to be 0.25(1S), and the multi laboratory precision
has been found to be 0.35(1S) as defined in ASTM E 177; therefore, the results of two properly conducted
tests by the same operator in a laboratory should agree within 0.7 percentage point, and test results
between two laboratories should agree within 1.0 percentage point 95 percent of the time.
 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
Standard Consistency of Cement:
Cement Type= Hydraulic Cement
Percentage of Water= Volume of Water/Quantity of Waterx100

Sr. Weight of Cement %age of Wt/Vol of Temperature Mixing Scale

No. Water Water Time Reading
1gm=1mL

1. 650 g 26 169 23° C 3-4 min 9mm

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

The %age by Weight of Water with respect to Cement to produce Standard Consistency= _26%__

Initial and Final Setting Time:

Initial Setting Time=______4 Hours (240 min)______

Final Setting Time=_______10.5 Hours_(630 min)___

Comments:
After performing the experiment we have concluded the results that the initial setting time of
cement is 4 hr and final setting time of cement paste is 10 hr and 30 mins. The minimum initial
setting time is 45 minutes and maximum final setting time is 10 hrs. As the Initial and Final setting
time is little high the prescribed range. The requirements of temperature and humidity were not
taken into account in the lab. Usually in fields a larger initial setting time is preferred so that we
can mix, transport and place the concrete easily as some times concrete mixers have to transport
concrete to some places which are not very close to the concrete plant and in the same time a smaller
value of the final setting time is always preferred in order to avoid large expenditures on the form
work or shuttering as it plays a vital role in the economy of a construction project.
EXPERIMENT NO.: 02

Concrete Slump Test

1. Definition
 Slump is a measurement of concrete's workability, or fluidity.
 It's an indirect measurement of concrete consistency or stiffness.
A slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete. The consistency, or stiffness,
indicates how much water has been used in the mix. The stiffness of the concrete mix should be matched
to the requirements for the finished product quality

2. Concrete Slump Test

The concrete slump test is used for the measurement of a property of fresh concrete. The test is an
empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures consistency
between batches. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure.

3. Principle
The slump test result is a measure of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of concrete under the
action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete.

4. Referenced Documents:
ASTM Standards
C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
C172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
C231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics.

5. Apparatus
 Slump cone,
 Scale for measurement,
 Temping rod (steel)
 6. Procedure of Concrete Slump test:
 The mold for the slump test is a frustum of a cone, 300 mm (12 in) of height. The base is 200 mm
(8in) in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of 100 mm (4 in).
 The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete in three layers,
whose workability is to be tested .
 Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16 mm (5/8 in) diameter steel rod, rounded at the
end.
 When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off (leveled with mould
top opening) by means of screening and rolling motion of the temping rod.
 The mould must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that it could not
move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means of handles or foot - rests
brazed to the mould.
 Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is slowly and carefully
lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.
 The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.
 The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and the temping rod
is placed over the cone so that it should also come over the area of slumped concrete.
 The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scale. (usually measured to the
nearest 5 mm (1/4 in)

7. Precautions
In order to reduce the influence on slump of the variation in the surface friction, the inside of the mould
and its base should be moistened at the beginning of every test, and prior to lifting of the mould the area
immediately around the base of the cone should be cleaned from concrete which may have dropped
accidentally.

8. Types of Slump

The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the slump is
termed as;

i. Collapse Slump
ii. Shear Slump
iii. True Slump
Collapse Slump
In a collapse slump the concrete collapses completely. A collapse slump will generally mean that the mix is too
wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which slump test is not appropriate.

Shear Slump
In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideways. OR
If one-half of the cone slides down an inclined plane, the slump is said to be a shear slump.
 If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test is repeated.
 If the shear slump persists, as may the case with harsh mixes, this is an indication of lack of
cohesion of the mix.
True Slump
In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape
 This is the only slump which is used in various tests.
 Mixes of stiff consistence have a Zero slump, so that in the rather dry range no variation can be
detected between mixes of different workiability.
However , in a lean mix with a tendency to harshness, a true slump can easily change to the shear slump type or
even to collapse, and widely different values of slump can be obtained in different samples from the same mix;
thus, the slump test is unreliable for lean mixes.

9. Applications of Slump Test

 The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different batches of similar concrete under field
conditions and to ascertain the effects of plasticizers on their introduction.
 This test is very useful on site as a check on the day-to-day or hour- to-hour variation in the
materials being fed into the mixer. An increase in slump may mean, for instance, that the
moisture content of aggregate has unexpectedly increases.
 Other cause would be a change in the grading of the aggregate, such as a deficiency of sand.
 Too high or too low a slump gives immediate warning and enables the mixer operator to remedy
the situation.
 This application of slump test as well as its simplicity, is responsible for its widespread use.
 Slump Compacting
Degree of workability Use for which concrete is suitable
mm in Factor

Very dry mixes; used in road

Very low 0-25 0-1 0.78 making. Roads vibrated by power
operated machines.

Low workability mixes; used for

foundations with light
Low 25-50 1-2 0.85
reinforcement. Roads vibrated by
hand operated Machines.
Medium workability mixes;
manually compacted flat slabs using
crushed aggregates. Normal
Medium 50-100 2-4 0.92
reinforced concrete manually
compacted and heavily reinforced
sections with vibrations.
High workability concrete; for
sections with congested
High 100-175 4-7 0.95
reinforcement. Not normally
suitable for vibration

Table: Workability, Slump and Compacting Factor of concrete with 19 or 38 mm (3/4 or 11/2 in) maximum size
of aggregate.

PERFORMING THE TEST IN THE CONCRETE LAB UOL, LAHORE CAMPUS

 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
Mix Ratio: 1:2:4

Sr. No. W/C Ratio Initial Level Final Level Slump

1 0.6 12” 9.5” 2.5”
2 0.7 12” 9” 3”
3
4

Comments:
A change in slump height would demonstrate an undesired change in the ratio of the concrete ingredients; the
proportions of the ingredients are then adjusted to keep a concrete batch consistent. This homogeneity improves
the quality and structural integrity of the cured concrete. From the performed experiment we came to know that
our mean slump value was 2.75” which describes that it is True Slump and its workability is medium.
 EXPERIMENT NO.: 03

Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates

1. Scope & Significance:
 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of fine and coarse
aggregates by sieving.
 This test method is used to determine the grading of materials proposed for use as aggregates
or being used as aggregates.
 Accurate determination of materials finner than 75 micron (Sieve No 200) cannot be achieved
by this test
2. Related Theory:
 Fineness Modulus
It is the cumulative percentage retained on standard sieve 150μm or sieves No 100 and above divided by 100. It is
a single factor or an empirical number which we get from the results of sieve analysis. The value of FM will not
change if we add nonstandard sieves in standard set of sieves. The information obtained from fineness modulus is
helpful in the following ways;
 Fineness modulus tells us directly whether the material is well-graded or gap-graded.
 Fineness modulus gives us an overall idea whether the material is fine or coarse. Higher the
value of FM coarser will be the aggregate.

 It also indicates the surface area of the particles. Lower the surface area of the aggregate, the
required amount of fresh cement paste to cover the aggregate particles will be less and thus less
water is required.
 Larger value of FM is preferred for fine aggregates. For a good fine aggregate, the FM should
be between 2.3 and 3.1 (ASTM Range for fine aggregates).
 A FM of 4 can be interpreted to means that the fourth sieve from bottom i.e. sieve No. 16 is the
average size of the aggregate particles in the given sample.
3. Referenced Documents
ASTM Standards:
 C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
 C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction
Materials

4. Apparatus:
 Standard set of sieves
 Sieve shaker
 Sample of the aggregate.
 Balance
 Oven
5. Sieve Analysis
It is the operation of dividing the aggregate into various fractions, each consisting of particles of same size.
OR
It is the operation of determining the particle size distribution of the given specimen.
The standard approach is to designate the sieve sizes by nominal aperture sizes in mm or μm (micron).
1 mm = 1000 μm (micron)
Notes: Sieve No 4 is the dividing line between coarse and fine aggregate. Well graded coarse aggregates of large
size will reduce shrinkage of concrete by 50%.

6. Functions of Sieve Analysis

Sieve analysis is performed on coarse and fine aggregates to in order to check their gradation. This gradation gives
an indirect measure if the workability and average particle size.
7. SET OF SIEVES
The set of sieves used for the process of sieve analysis can be designated as;
ASTM STANDARD SIEVE (mm) ASTM STANDARD SIEVE (Inches)
75 (3”)
37.5 (1 ½ “)
19 (¾”)
9.5 ( 3/8” )
4.75 Sieve No. 4 (3/16”)
2.36 Sieve No. 8 (3/32”)
1.18 Sieve No. 16
600um Sieve No. 30
300um Sieve No. 50
150um Sieve No. 100
8. Procedure:
Take 2 kg of the oven-dried sample. The sample should be perfectly dry because if there is some moisture content
present then the particles will stick together and will not pass through the sieves.
Temperature of the oven = 110±5 °C
Place the set of standard and non-standard sieves one above another with the smallest aperture opening at the
bottom. The pan is placed at the bottom-most position. This experiment can be performed manually or with the aid
of a machine called “sieve shaker”. The manual method should be performed in a proper sequence which is as
follows;
 Forward and backward motion
 Left and right motion
 Clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) motion
 Frequent jolting.
Time elapsed for the sieving process is 3-5 minutes and should not be less than 3 minutes .Weigh the mass retained
on each sieve and calculate the percentage passing through each sieve. Then the FM can be calculated by using the
relation;

Following points must be kept in mind while calculating the FM;

 Only sum up the values of standard sieves and do not include the values of the non-standard
sieves.
 Only add the sieves of 150μm and above sizes.
 If any standard sieve is missing, we may use the value of next higher sieve.
Adding extra sieves does not change the result of FM.

PERFORMING THE TEST IN THE CONCRETE LAB UOL, LAHORE CAMPUS

 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
Sample Type: Sand
Sample Weight: 500 gm

Cumulative % Cumulative
Sieve No. Sieve Size Mass Retained % Retained
Retained % Passing
(gm) (%) (%) (%)
4 4.75
8 2.36
16 1.18
30 600µm
50 300µm
100 150µm
Pan Pan

Cumulative Percentage Retained up to Particle Size 150 µm=

Fineness Modulus=

Sample Type: Aggregate.

Sample Weight: 2000 gm

Cumulative % Cumulative
Sieve No. Sieve Size Mass Retained % Retained
Retained % Passing
(gm) (%) (%) (%)
1” 25.4
¾” 19
½” 12.5
3/8” 9.5
3/16” 4.75
3/32” 2.36
Pan Pan

Cumulative Percentage Retained up to Particle Size 2.36=

Fineness Modulus=

Comments:

The experiment has been performed successfully and the fineness modulus of different samples have been calculated
which are mentioned above. The grading curve of the samples is shown below.
 COARSE AND FINE AGGREGATE GRAIN DISTRIBUTION CURVE

120

100
Percentage Passing (%)

80

60

40

20

0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Sieve Size(mm)

Fine Aggregate Curve

Coarse Aggreagate Curve

 EXPERIMENT NO.: 04

MODULUS OF ELASTICICTY OF CONCRETE

1. Scope & Significance:
 This test method covers determination of (1) chord modulus of elasticity (Young's) and (2)
Poisson's ratio of molded concrete cylinders and diamond-drilled concrete cores when under
longitudinal compressive stress.
 To plot stress-strain curve for concrete of given mix proportions and to determine the modulus
of elasticity by means of compress meter as per IS: 516-1959.

2. Related Theory:
This test method covers determination of modulus of elasticity of molded concrete cylinder or prism. The modulus
of elasticity is defined as the slope of the chord from origin to a point on the stress-strain curve representing some
percentage of ultimate strength of concrete as determined by compression test as shown in fig-1. This is called
Secant Modulus and provide a stress to strain ratio values for hardened concrete at specified age and curing
conditions.
The modulus of elasticity of concrete is a fundamental parameter in analysis and design of reinforce and plain
concrete structural members. There are two types of elastic modulus. The Static Modulus is measured by plotting
the deformation of a cylinder under an applied load, usually 30-40 percent of the ultimate load. The Dynamic
Modulus is determined by resonance method or by the measurement of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). The two
procedure don’t give the same measured value of the modulus.
The result obtained from this experiment are used to study the behavior of concrete subjected to prolonged loading
which has special importance as the concrete is not truly elastic material as it possess the ability to ‘creep’ during
and after the application of load. There are some preliminary loading cycles to remove the effect of creep; the
phenomenon has been explained in this experiment.

3. Reference Documents:
ASTM Standards
C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
C174/C174M Test Method for Measuring Thickness of Concrete Elements Using Drilled Concrete Cores
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
C617 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods

4. APPARATUS:
Compression Testing Machine; Compressor meter; Mixing Pan; Tamping Bar; Trowels; Capping Apparatus.
5. DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS:
Testing Machine: The testing machine should be of adequate capacity and capable of maintaining the stipulate
rate of loading. For the test 2000kN Compression Testing Machine is requires.
Compressor Meter: The compressor Meter is used to determine the deformation and strain on 150mm diameter
and 300mm high cement concrete cylinder specimen when subjected to compressive loads. It consists up of a frame
with a bottom ring and top ring with hardened and tapered tightening screws to firmly clamp the compressor meter
over the cylinder specimen. Two spacers hold the two frames in position. A dial Gauge typically with a range of
12mm and readable to 0.002mm is mounted on the upper ring and the tip of the top gauge rests on the anvil. The
zero on the dial gauge can be set by adjusting the anvil screw. They shall be capable of measuring the strain with
accuracy of 2x10-6. The two types of compressometer is available.
i. Compressometer with a dial gauge
ii. Compressometer with a digital indicator or LSCT transducer which can be used with data acquisition
systems through the use of loggers.

6. Procedure:
Setting Up of Compressometer
i. Assemble the top and bottom frame by keeping the spacers in position.
ii. Keep the pivot rod on the screws and lock them in position.
iii. Keep the tightening screws of the bottom and top frame unscrewed (but not completely).
iv. Place the specimen on a level surface.
v. Keep the compressometer centrally on the specimen so that the tightening screw of the bottom
and top frame are at equal distance from the two ends.
vi. Tighten the screws so that the compressometer is held on the specimen.
vii. Remove the spacers by unscrewing the spacer screws.
Testing
The procedure for measuring the static modulus of elasticity in compression is described in ASTM C469. In this
procedure, molded concrete cylinders or diamond-drilled concrete cores are subjected to a slowly increasing
longitudinal compressive stress. Longitudinal strains are determined using either a bonded or unbonded sensing
device that measures the average deformation of two diametrically opposite locations to the nearest 5 millionths
of strain. ASTM C469 does not specify the diameter of the test specimens. However, molded concrete cylinders
are usually the same size as those used for compressive strength measurements i.e. 6x12-in. or 4x8-in. (152x312-
mm or 102x203-mm) cylinders. Concrete cores must have a length-to-diameter ratio greater than 1.50.
The applied load and longitudinal strain are recorded when the longitudinal strain is 50 millionths and when the
applied load is equal to 40% of the cylinder compressive strength. Note that it is necessary to determine the
compressive strength on companion specimens prior to testing for modulus of elasticity. The modulus of elasticity
is calculated as the slope of the straight line between the 40% compressive stress point and the 50 millionths strain
point. The same procedure may be used to obtain a stress-strain curve by taking more frequent readings either
manually or automatically. ASTM C469 cautions that the modulus of elasticity values will usually be less than the
modulus derived under rapid load application and usually greater than values obtained under slow load application,
when all other test conditions remain the same.
GRAPH
A load – deflection graph is plotted for loading and nu loading conditions. Draw tangents at the initial portion of
the loading curve and at the load corresponding to the working stress of the mix. Join the initial point and the point
on the loading curve corresponding to working stress.
 OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS
Mix Ratio= 1:2:4
Cross Sectional Area= 0.01824 m2
Sr. Strain in Specimens
Load (KN) Stress (MPa)
No. I II
1. 0.5
2. 1
3. 1.5
4. 2
5. 2.5
6. 3
7. 3.5
8. 4
9. 4.5
10. 5
11. 5.5
12. 6
13. 6.5
14. 7
15. 7.5
16. 8
17. 8.5
18. 9
19. 9.5
20. 10
21. 10.5
22. 11
23. 11.5
24. 12