5.

The hydraulic diameter Dh for all 4 cases are expressed in terms of the boundary layer thickness δ as
follows:
4 Ac 4 wδ
(a) Vertical plate: Dh = = = 4δ
p w
4 Ac 4 wδ
(b) Tilted plate: Dh = = = 4δ
p w
4 Ac 4πDδ
(c)Vertical cylinder: Dh = = = 4δ
p πD
4 Ac 4(2 Lδ )
(d) Horizontal cylinder: Dh = = = 4δ
p 2L
4 Ac 4πDδ
(e) Sphere: Dh = = = 4δ
p πD
Therefore, the Reynolds number for all 5 cases can be expressed as
4m& 4 Ac ρ l Vl Dh ρ l Vl 4δρ l Vl
Re = = = =
pμ l pμ l μl μl
 6. Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure thus at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 100°C condenses
on a vertical plate which is maintained at 90°C by circulating cooling water through the other side. The rate
of heat transfer to the plate and the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The plate is isothermal. 3 The condensate flow is
wavy-laminar over the entire plate (this assumption will be verified). 4 The density of vapor is much
smaller than the density of liquid, ρ v << ρ l .
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 100°C are hfg = 2257×103 J/kg and ρv =
0.60 kg/m3. The properties of liquid water at the film temperature of T f = (Tsat + Ts ) / 2 = (100 + 90)/2 =
95°C are (Table A-9),
ρ l = 9615
. kg / m 3 5m 1 atm
−3 Steam
μ l = 0.297 × 10 kg / m ⋅ s
ν l = μ l / ρ l = 0.309 × 10 −6 m 2 / s
90°C
C pl = 4212 J / kg⋅° C
k l = 0.677 W / m⋅° C 3m
Analysis The modified latent heat of vaporization is
h *fg = h fg + 0.68C pl (Tsat − Ts )
m
= 2257 × 103 J / kg + 0.68 × 4212 J / kg⋅° C(100 − 90)° C = 2,286 × 103 J / kg
Assuming wavy-laminar flow, the Reynolds number is determined from
⎡ 1 / 3 ⎤ 0.820
3.70 Lk l (Tsat − Ts ) ⎛ g ⎞
Re = Re vertical,wavy = ⎢4.81 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ μ l h *fg ⎜ν 2 ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎦
⎡ 1 / 3 ⎤ 0.82
3.70 × (3 m) × (0.677 W/m ⋅ °C) × (100 − 90)°C ⎛ 9.8 m/s 2 ⎞
= ⎢4.81 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 1112
⎢ (0.297 × 10 − 3 kg/m ⋅ s )(2286 × 10 3 J/kg ) ⎜⎝ (0.309 × 10 −6 m 2 / s ) 2 ⎟
⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
which is between 30 and 1800, and thus our assumption of wavy laminar flow is verified. Then the
condensation heat transfer coefficient is determined to be
1/ 3
Re k l ⎛ g ⎞
h = h vertical,wavy = ⎜ ⎟
1.08 Re − 5.2 ⎜⎝ ν l2
1.22 ⎟
⎠
1/ 3
1112 × (0.677 W/m ⋅ °C) ⎛ 9.8 m/s 2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ = 6279 W/m 2 ⋅ °C
1.08(1112) 1.22 − 5.2 ⎜⎝ (0.309 × 10 −6 m 2 /s ) 2 ⎟
⎠
The heat transfer surface area of the plate is
As = W × L = (3 m)(5 m) = 15 m 2
Then the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
Q& = hA (T − T ) = (6279 W/m 2 ⋅ °C)(15 m 2 )(100 − 90)°C = 941,850 W
s sat s

(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

Q& 941,850 J/s
m& condensation = * = = 0.412 kg/s
h fg 2286 × 10 3 J/kg
 7 Saturated steam condenses outside of vertical tube. The rate of heat transfer to the coolant, the rate of
condensation and the thickness of the condensate layer at the bottom are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The tube is isothermal. 3 The tube can be treated as a
vertical plate. 4 The condensate flow is wavy-laminar over the entire tube (this assumption will be
verified). 5 Nusselt’s analysis can be used to determine the thickness of the condensate film layer. 6 The
density of vapor is much smaller than the density of liquid, ρ v << ρ l .
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 30°C are hfg = 2431×103 J/kg and ρv =
0.03 kg/m3. The properties of liquid water at the film temperature of T f = (Tsat + Ts ) / 2 = (30 + 20)/2 =
25°C are (Table A-9),
ρ l = 997.0 kg / m 3 D = 4 cm
Steam
μ l = 1002
. × 10 −3 kg / m ⋅ s
30°C
ν l = μ l / ρ l = 1005
. × 10 −6 m2 / s
C pl = 4180 J / kg⋅° C Condensate L=2m
k l = 0.607 W / m⋅° C
20°C
Analysis (a)The modified latent heat of vaporization is
h *fg = h fg + 0.68C pl (Tsat − Ts )
= 2431 × 103 J / kg + 0.68 × 4180 J / kg⋅° C(30 − 20)° C = 2459 × 103 J / kg
Assuming wavy-laminar flow, the Reynolds number is determined from
0.820
⎡ 3.70 Lk l (Tsat − Ts ) ⎛ g ⎞
1/ 3
⎤
Re = Re vertical,wavy = ⎢4.81 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ μ l h *fg ⎜ν 2 ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎦
0.82
⎡ 3.70 × (2 m) × (0.607 W/m ⋅ °C) × (30 − 20)°C ⎛ 9.8 m/s 2 ⎞
1/ 3
⎤
= ⎢4.81 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 133.9
⎢ (1.002 × 10 −3 kg/m ⋅ s)(2459 × 10 3 J/kg ) ⎜⎝ (1.005 × 10 −6 m 2 / s) 2 ⎟
⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
which is between 30 and 1800, and thus our assumption of wavy laminar flow is verified. Then the
condensation heat transfer coefficient is determined to be
1/ 3
Re k l ⎛ g ⎞
h = hvertical,wavy = ⎜ ⎟
1.08 Re − 5.2 ⎜⎝ ν l2
1.22 ⎟
⎠
1/ 3
133.9 × (0.607 W/m ⋅ °C) ⎛ 9.8 m/s 2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ = 4132 W/m 2 ⋅ °C
1.08(133.9)1.22 − 5.2 ⎜⎝ (1.005 × 10 −6 m 2 /s) 2 ⎟
⎠
The heat transfer surface area of the tube is As = πDL = π (0.04 m)(2 m) = 0.2513 m 2 . Then the rate of heat
transfer during this condensation process becomes
Q& = hA (T − T ) = (4132 W/m 2 ⋅ °C)(0.2513 m 2 )(30 − 20)°C = 10,385 W
s sat s
(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from
Q& 10,385 J / s
m& condensation = * = = 4.22 × 10 -3 kg / s
h fg 2459 × 10 J / kg
3

(c) Combining equations δ L = k l / hl and h = (4 / 3)hL , the thickness of the liquid film at the bottom of
the tube is determined to be
4k 4(0.607 W / m⋅° C)
δL = l = = 0.196 × 10-3 = 0.2 mm
3h 3(4132 W / m 2 ⋅° C)
 8. Saturated steam at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 55°C condenses on the outer surface of a vertical
tube which is maintained at 45°C. The required tube length to condense steam at a rate of 10 kg/h is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The tube is isothermal. 3 The vertical tube can be
treated as a vertical plate. 4 The density of vapor is much smaller than the density of liquid, ρ v << ρ l .
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 55°C are hfg = 2371×103 J/kg and ρv =
0.1045 kg/m3. The properties of liquid water at the film temperature of T f = (Tsat + Ts ) / 2 = (55 + 45)/2 =
50°C are (Table A-9),
ρ l = 9881
. kg / m 3 D = 3 cm
−3
μ l = 0.547 × 10 kg / m ⋅ s Steam
−6 55°C
ν l = μ l / ρ l = 0.554 × 10 m / s 2

C pl = 4181 J / kg⋅° C
Condensate Ltube = ?
k l = 0.644 W / m⋅° C
45°C
Analysis The modified latent heat of vaporization is
h *fg = h fg + 0.68C pl (Tsat − Ts )
= 2371 × 103 J / kg + 0.68 × 4181 J / kg⋅° C(55 − 45)° C = 2399 × 103 J / kg
The Reynolds number is determined from its definition to be
4m& 4(10 / 3600 kg / s)
Re = = = 2155
.
pμ l π (0.03 m)(0.547 × 10 −3 kg / m ⋅ s)
which is between 30 and 1800. Therefore the condensate flow is wavy laminar, and the condensation heat
transfer coefficient is determined from
1/ 3
Re k l ⎛ g ⎞
h = h vertical, wavy = ⎜ ⎟
1.08 Re − 5.2 ⎜⎝ ν l2
1.22 ⎟
⎠
1/ 3
215.5 × (0.644 W/m ⋅ °C) ⎛ 9.8 m/s 2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ = 5644 W/m 2 ⋅ °C
1.08(215.5) 1.22 − 5.2 ⎜⎝ (0.554 × 10 −6 m 2 /s ) 2 ⎟
⎠
The rate of heat transfer during this condensation process is
Q& = mh
& * = (10 / 3600 kg / s)(2399 × 10 3 J / kg) = 6,664 W
fg

Heat transfer can also be expressed as

Q& = hAs (Tsat − Ts ) = h(πDL )(Tsat − Ts )
Then the required length of the tube becomes
Q& 6664 W
L= = = 1.21 m
h(πD)(Tsat − Ts ) (5844 W / m ⋅° C)π (0.03 m)(55 − 45)° C
2
 9. Saturated steam at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 100°C condenses on a plate which is tilted 40°
from the vertical and maintained at 80°C by circulating cooling water through the other side. The rate of
heat transfer to the plate and the rate of condensation of the steam are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The plate is isothermal. 3 The condensate flow is
wavy-laminar over the entire plate (this assumption will be verified). 4 The density of vapor is much
smaller than the density of liquid, ρ v << ρ l .
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 100°C are hfg = 2257×103 J/kg and ρv =
0.60 kg/m3. The properties of liquid water at the film temperature of T f = (Tsat + Ts ) / 2 = (100 + 80)/2 =
90°C are (Table A-9),
ρ l = 965.3 kg / m 3
μ l = 0.315 × 10 −3 kg / m ⋅ s Vapor
100°C
ν l = μ l / ρ l = 0.326 × 10 −6 m2 / s
40°
C pl = 4206 J / kg⋅° C Condensate
k l = 0.675 W / m⋅° C Inclined 2m
plate
Analysis The modified latent heat of vaporization is
80°C
h *fg = h fg + 0.68C pl (Tsat − Ts )
= 2257 × 103 J / kg + 0.68 × 4206 J / kg⋅° C(100 − 80)° C = 2,314 × 103 J / kg
Assuming wavy-laminar flow, the Reynolds number is determined from the vertical plate relation by
replacing g by g cosθ where θ = 60° to be

⎡ 1 / 3 ⎤ 0.820
3.70 Lk l (Tsat − Ts ) ⎛ g cos θ ⎞
Re = Re tilted, wavy = ⎢4.81 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ μ l h *fg ⎜ ν2 ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ l ⎠ ⎦
0.82
⎡ 3.70 × (2 m) × (0.675 W/m ⋅ °C) × (100 − 80)°C ⎛ (9.8 m/s 2 ) cos 40 ⎞ ⎤
1/ 3

= ⎢4.81 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 1197
⎢ (0.315 × 10 − 3 kg/m ⋅ s )(2314 × 10 3 J/kg ) ⎜⎝ (0.326 × 10 −6 m 2 / s ) 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
which is between 30 and 1800, and thus our assumption of wavy laminar flow is verified. Then the
condensation heat transfer coefficient is determined from
1/ 3
Re k l ⎛ g cos θ ⎞
h = h tilted, wavy = ⎜ ⎟
1.08 Re − 5.2 ⎜⎝ ν l2
1.22 ⎟
⎠
1/ 3
1197 × (0.675 W/m ⋅ °C) ⎛ (9.8 m/s 2 ) cos 40 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ = 5438 W/m 2 ⋅ °C
1.08(1197) 1.22 − 5.2 ⎜⎝ (0.326 × 10 −6 m 2 /s ) 2 ⎟
⎠
The heat transfer surface area of the plate is: A = w × L = (2 m)(2 m) = 4 m 2 .
Then the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
Q& = hA(T − T ) = (5438 W/m 2 ⋅ °C)(4 m 2 )(100 − 80)°C = 435,000 W
sat s
(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from
Q& 435,000 J / s
m& condensation = * = = 0.188 kg / s
h fg 2314 × 103 J / kg

Discussion We could also determine the heat transfer coefficient from hinclined = hvert (cosθ )1/ 4 .
 10. Saturated ammonia vapor at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 10°C condenses on the outer surface of
a horizontal tube which is maintained at -10°C. The rate of heat transfer from the ammonia and the rate of
condensation of ammonia are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The tube is isothermal.
Properties The properties of ammonia at the saturation temperature of 10°C are hfg = 1226×103 J/kg and
ρv = 4.870 kg/m3 (Table A-11). The properties of liquid ammonia at the film temperature of
T f = (Tsat + Ts ) / 2 = (10 + (-10))/2 = 0°C are (Table A-11),

ρ l = 638.6 kg/m 3 Ammonia

-10°C
10°C
−4
μ l = 1.896 × 10 kg/m ⋅ s
−6
ν l = 0.2969 × 10 m 2 /s Dtube = 2 cm
C pl = 4617 J/kg ⋅ °C Ltube = 8 m

k l = 0.5390 W/m ⋅ °C
Analysis The modified latent heat of vaporization is
h *fg = h fg + 0.68C pl (Tsat − Ts ) Condensate

= 1226 × 10 3 J/kg + 0.68 × 4617 J/kg ⋅ °C[10 − (−10)]°C = 1288 × 10 3 J/kg

Noting that the tube is horizontal, the condensation heat transfer coefficient is determined from
1/ 4
⎡ gρ l ( ρ l − ρ v )h *fg k l3 ⎤
h = h horizontal = 0.729 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ μ l (Tsat − Ts ) D ⎥⎦
1/ 4
⎡ (9.81 m/s 2 )(638.6 kg/m 3 )(638.6 − 4.870 kg/m 3 )(1288 × 10 3 J/kg )(0.5390 W/m ⋅ °C) 3 ⎤
= 0.729 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ (1.896 × 10 − 4 kg/m ⋅ s)[10 − (−10)]°C(0.02 m) ⎦
= 7390 W/m 2 .°C
The heat transfer surface area of the tube is
As = πDL = π (0.02 m)(8 m) = 0.5027 m 2
Then the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
Q& = hA (T − T ) = (7390 W/m 2 .°C)(0.5027 m 2 )[10 − (−10)]°C = 74,300 W
s sat s

(b) The rate of condensation of ammonia is determined from

Q& 74,300 J/s
m& condensation = * = = 0.0577 kg/s
h fg 1288 × 10 3 J/kg
 11. Saturated steam at a pressure of 4.25 kPa and thus at a saturation temperature of Tsat = 30°C (Table
A-9) condenses on the outer surfaces of 100 horizontal tubes arranged in a 10×10 square array maintained
at 20°C by circulating cooling water. The rate of heat transfer to the cooling water and the rate of
condensation of steam on the tubes are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The
Saturated
tubes are isothermal.
steam
Properties The properties of water at the saturation
temperature of 30°C are hfg = 2431×103 J/kg and ρv =
0.030 kg/m3. The properties of liquid water at the film
P = 4.25 kPa
temperature of T f = (Tsat + Ts ) / 2 = (30 + 20)/2 = 25°C
are (Table A-9), n = 100 tubes 20°C
ρ l = 997.0 kg / m 3

μ l = 0.891 × 10 −3 kg / m ⋅ s Cooling
water
ν l = μ l / ρ l = 0.894 × 10 −6 m2 / s
C pl = 4180 J / kg⋅° C
k l = 0.607 W / m⋅° C
L=8m
Analysis (a) The modified latent heat of vaporization is
h *fg = h fg + 0.68C pl (Tsat − Ts )
= 2431 × 103 J / kg + 0.68 × 4180 J / kg⋅° C(30 − 20)° C = 2,459 × 103 J / kg
The heat transfer coefficient for condensation on a single horizontal tube is
1/ 4
⎡ gρ l ( ρ l − ρ v )h *fg k l3 ⎤
h = hhorizontal = 0.729 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ μ l (Tsat − Ts ) D ⎦⎥
1/ 4
⎡ (9.8 m/s 2 )(997 kg/m 3 )(997 − 0.03 kg/m 3 )(2459 × 10 3 J/kg )(0.607 W/m ⋅ °C) 3 ⎤
= 0.729 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ (0.891 × 10 −3 kg/m ⋅ s)(30 − 20)°C(0.03 m) ⎦
= 8674 W/m 2 .°C
Then the average heat transfer coefficient for a 10-pipe high vertical tier becomes
1 1
hhoriz, N tubes = 1/ 4 hhoriz, 1 tube = 1/ 4 (8674 W / m2 ⋅° C) = 4878 W / m 2 ⋅° C
N 10
The surface area for all 100 tubes is
As = N total πDL = 100π (0.03 m)(8 m) = 75.40 m 2
Then the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process becomes
Q& = hA (T − T ) = (4878 W/m 2 .°C)(75.40 m 2 )(30 − 20)°C = 3,678,000 W = 3678 kW
s sat s
(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from
Q& 3,678,000 J/s
m& condensation = * = = 1.496 kg/s
h fg 2459 × 10 3 J/kg