Period 6: Key concepts 6.1-6.

3
Directions: please do the following with the key concepts/terms/people below
1. Define or provide a description (meaning the why, who, cause/effect) of the events
2. Make sure to connect the term/event to the topic sentence above it.
3. Place it into one of the 5 APWH themes:
a. Environment (ENV)
b. Dev./Interaction of Cultures (CUL)
c. State building, expansion and conflict (SB)
d. Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems (ECON)
e. Dev./Transformation of Social Structures (SOC)

Key concept 6.1- Science and Environment

I. Researchers made rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world,
assisted by the development of new technology
a. The Green Revolution was an increase in grain production in developing countries in
the 60’s and 70’s. Increase in inventions resulted in the advanced irrigation systems, chemical
fertilizer, and the introduction of GMOs. (ENV) (ECON)
b. Antibiotics were officially introduced in the 1920’s by Alexander Fleming. Fleming
introduced Penicillin to the pharmaceutical market as the first official bacteria killing
medicine. Penicillin introduced a new wave of medicine and decreasing sickness related
deaths. (ECON) (CUL)
c. The polio vaccine was attempted throughout the 1900’s after huge amounts of polio
outbreaks occured all throughout the world, even affecting the United States president, Franklin
D. Roosevelt. In 1948, John Enders successfully cultivated a vaccine which eventually led to a
decrease of the virus. Enders and his team went on the winning a Nobel Peace Prize for their
discoveries. (CUL) (ECON)

II. During a period of unprecedented global population expansion, humans fundamentally

changed their relationship with the environment.
a. Deforestation was mainly introduced throughout the 19th century, starting with river
banks being cleared for steamboat passage. Due to the Industrial Revolution, more land needed
to be cleared in order to make room for big factories and businesses. (ENV) (ECON)
b. Greenhouse gases are gases in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiant
energy within the thermal infrared range, leading to the Greenhouse Effect. (ENV)
c. Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that
change lasts for an extended period of time brought on by Greenhouse Gases. Polar ice caps
are melting and water levels are slowly rising due to the rise on temperatures year round. (ENV)

III. Disease, scientific innovations, and conflict led to demographic shifts.

a. Malaria is disease caused by a plasmodium parasite, transmitted by the bite of
infected mosquitoes, more commonly found in developing countries in South America and
Africa. Malaria can be treated by using prescribed antibiotics as well as getting a vaccination
before travel. (CUL) (SOC)
b. The 1918 Influenza pandemic affected millions of people all over the world, leading to
an estimated 100 million deaths. The flu spread throughout military camps preparing for war and
eventually led to outbreaks outside of military bases. The estimate a how the pandemic ended
was just the preventative measures doctors had gone too. (SOC) (CUL)
c. HIV/AIDS are both sexually transmitted diseases which still currently have no cure.
Those who are living with the viruses have the ability to spread it through any sexual contact
and the spread of bodily fluids. (SOC) (CUL)
d. Birth control is the act of preventing pregnancy. Many religious groups fight against
the selling and taking of Birth Control. (SOC) (CUL)

IV. Improved military technology and new tactics led to increased levels of wartime
casualties
a. Tanks were introduced during the first World War in hopes of penetrating enemy lines
especially in instances of Trench Warfare. (SB) (ECON)
b. Trench Warfare was introduced during the first World War when troops along the
Western Front needed more cover and planned to stay in that area for a long period of
time. These tranches allowed for duck and cover from attacking enemies. (CUL) (SB)
(SOC)
c. Hiroshima is a city in Japan which was the first target of the atom bomb deployed by
the United States in order to end World War II. (SB) (SOC)

Key Concept 6.2-Global Conflicts and Their Consequence

I. Europe dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but
both land-based and transoceanic empires gave way to new states by the century’s end.
a. India was released from the British Empire rule (Raj) in 1948, which all started when
the providence of Burma was considered as a separate colony in 1937. (SOC) (CUL) (ECON)
b. Algeria and Vietnam became separated from the French Empire at the end of the
Algerian War. The Algerian War was a fight for independence from European imperialism. In
July of 1962, independence was officially declared. (SOC) (CUL) (ECON)

II. Emerging ideologies of anti-imperialism contributed to this dissolution of empires and

the restructuring of states.
a. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a politician who was also the founder of present day
Pakistan. The territory of Pakistan was originally ruled by the British Empire since 1757 until
their independence in 1947. (SOC) (CUL)
b.The Indian National Congress is the main political party in India. The party was
founded in 1885 and was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire
in Asia and Africa. (SB) (ECON) (CUL)
 c. Communism is a political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property
and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of at least the major
means of production and the natural resources of a society. (SB) (CUL)

III. Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences
a. The India/Pakistan partition was created when the British Raj ended and the territories
of both India and Pakistan had to set their countries borders. These borders mainly ran along
many religious lines, causing mass refugee crisis and illegal immigration. (SB) (SOC) (CUL)
b. Filipinos began immigrating to the United States when the Philippines were under
United States imperial rule and was considered a U.S. territory. This, in turn, allowed Filipinos to
immigrate to the United States as legal citizens. This wave of immigration was best known as
the manong generation. (SOC) (SB) (CUL)
c. The Holocaust was a mass genocide of all jews in Europe, leading to the deaths of
over 6 million Jews. This genocide was set in place i order to use Jews as a scapegoat for the
German economy being broke and quickly became a major cause of WWII. (SOC) (CUL) (SB)

IV. Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups,
including states, opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified
the conflict.
a. Picasso in his Guernica was one of artist’s, Pablo Picasso’s, most famous pieces.
Used as political expression, Picasso painted this work as a reaction to the Nazi bombing
practice on the Basque town of Guernica during Spanish Civil War. (SOC) (CUL)
b. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., one of the worlds most notable civil rights figure, was born
into segregated America in the 1920’s. Growing up, MLK saw this segregation as inhumane and
soon went on the put an end to it. As the leader of the Civil Rights Movement. (SOC) (CUL)
c. The Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa was the movement to end segregation
in South Africa, similar to the Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. Nelson Mandela was the leader
of this movement which eventually led to negotiations with the United Nations to end the
Apartheid. (SB) (CUL)
d. Al-Qaeda is an extremist militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden
in the late 1980s, mainly associated with the 9/11 bombing of the World Trade Center in New
York CIty. (SB) (CUL)

Key Concept 6.3- New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society, and Culture

I. States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century
a. The Five Year Plan was implemented by Joseph Stalin in order to concentrate on
developing heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture, emphasized the production of
armaments, and stressed heavy industry and military buildup. (SB) (SOC) (CUL)
b. The New Deal was a political plan implemented by U.S. president, Franklin D.
Roosevelt. The New Deal was put in place quickly after FDR took office in 1933, attempting to
swiftly stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering. (ECON)
(SB)
 c. The Free-Market policy of the United States was implemented by president Ronald
Reagan in the 1980’s in order to lower the prices for goods and services are determined by the
open market and consumers. (SB) (ECON)

II. States, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent, a process

facilitated by the growth of institutions of global governance.
a. The United Nations was introduced in 1945 in order to promote international
cooperation and to create and maintain international order. (SB) (CUL)
b. The World Bank was introduced in 1944 and is an international financial institution
that provides loans[3] to countries of the world for capital programs. (SB) (CUL)
c. Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization which focuses its
campaigning on worldwide issues such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing,
commercial whaling, genetic engineering, and anti-nuclear issues. (ENV) (SB)

III. People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; rights-based discourses
challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion. In much of the world,
access to education, as well as participation in new political and professional roles,
became more inclusive in terms of race, class, and gender.
a. The U.N. Universal Declaration of Human Rights occurred on December 10, 1948,
and declared 30 articles affirming an individual's rights. These rights included rights, such as the
right to life and the prohibition of slavery, etc. (SB) (SOC) (CUL)
b. Right to vote for women in the United States in 1920 was the passing of the 19th
amendment to the U.S. Constitution.The 19th amendment guarantees all American women the
right to vote. (SB) (CUL) (SOC)
c. U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1965 was signed by U.S. president Lyndon Johnson and
enabled the right to vote for African American citizens, no matter what their state or local
community permitted. (SB) (CUL) (SOC)

IV. Popular and consumer culture became more global.

a. Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. Artists such as
Bob Marley became world renowned for their reggae sound which quickly spread around the
world. (SOC) (CUL)
b. Bollywood is the Indian Hindi language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai,
India. Bollywood films tend to incorporate lots of music, dancing, and drama, enticing viewers
from all around the world and introducing the Indian culture and color. (CUL) (SOC)
c. World Cup soccer, also known as the FIFA World Cup, is a soccer tournament, similar
to the olympics. SOccer teams from each qualified country come together at a previously
chosen part of the world and compete to become the best country in the world. The World Cup
began in the country of Uruguay in 1930. Ever since then, countries such as Brazil, England,
and Portugal have dominated the male portion of the tournament while a female tournament
was finally introduced in 1991. Ever since women have been introduced into the sport, the
gender bias has began to decline as more women have become interested in the sport,
sometimes competing along with men. (SOC) (CUL) (SB)
DUE: Friday January 5th