Two-Way ANOVA: Example. (from page 361 of The Six Sigma Handbook, 3rd Edition by T. Pyzdel and P.

Kelle

Two factors (temperature and pressure), each with 3 levels and 5 replicates.

NOTE: For two-way ANOVA, design MUST be balanced!!!! If not, seek statistical advice.

Factors
Y Temp Pressure Cell Code Y = Grand Mean +
39 3 3
30 3 3
35 3 3
43 3 3
25 3 3
38 2 3
31 2 3
31 2 3
30 2 3
35 2 3
30 1 3
35 1 3
36 1 3
37 1 3
39 1 3
32 3 2
31 3 2
28 3 2
28 3 2
29 3 2
10 2 2
15 2 2
25 2 2
31 2 2
36 2 2
21 1 2
22 1 2
25 1 2
24 1 2
27 1 2
18 3 1
20 3 1
21 3 1
25 3 1
26 3 1
22 2 1
28 2 1
29 2 1
26 2 1
20 2 1
25 1 1
24 1 1
20 1 1
21 1 1
21 1 1
ok, 3rd Edition by T. Pyzdel and P. Keller)

Main Effects 2-way interactions

ME Temp + ME Press + Interaction + Residual Yhat
SS Temp SS Press SS Inter SSE

ANOVA Table SS df MS F p-value

Temp
Press
Inter
Res
Total
Y-deviation
SST
Two-Way ANOVA: Example. (from page 361 of The Six Sigma Handbook, 3rd Edition by T. Pyzdel and P. Kelle

Two factors (temperature and pressure), each with 3 levels and 5 replicates.

NOTE: For two-way ANOVA, design MUST be balanced!!!! If not, seek statistical advice.

Factors
Y Temp Pressure Cell Code Y = Grand Mean +
39 3 3 33 39 27.64
30 3 3 33 30 27.64
35 3 3 33 35 27.64
43 3 3 33 43 27.64
25 3 3 33 25 27.64
38 2 3 23 38 27.64
31 2 3 23 31 27.64
31 2 3 23 31 27.64
30 2 3 23 30 27.64
35 2 3 23 35 27.64
30 1 3 13 30 27.64
35 1 3 13 35 27.64
36 1 3 13 36 27.64
37 1 3 13 37 27.64
39 1 3 13 39 27.64
32 3 2 32 32 27.64
31 3 2 32 31 27.64
28 3 2 32 28 27.64
28 3 2 32 28 27.64
29 3 2 32 29 27.64
10 2 2 22 10 27.64
15 2 2 22 15 27.64
25 2 2 22 25 27.64
31 2 2 22 31 27.64
36 2 2 22 36 27.64
21 1 2 12 21 27.64
22 1 2 12 22 27.64
25 1 2 12 25 27.64
24 1 2 12 24 27.64
27 1 2 12 27 27.64
18 3 1 31 18 27.64
20 3 1 31 20 27.64
21 3 1 31 21 27.64
25 3 1 31 25 27.64
26 3 1 31 26 27.64
22 2 1 21 22 27.64
28 2 1 21 28 27.64
29 2 1 21 29 27.64
26 2 1 21 26 27.64
20 2 1 21 20 27.64
25 1 1 11 25 27.64
24 1 1 11 24 27.64
20 1 1 11 20 27.64
21 1 1 11 21 27.64
21 1 1 11 21 27.64

HO: Temp does not matter

ok, 3rd Edition by T. Pyzdel and P. Keller)

Main Effects 2-way interactions

ME Temp + ME Press + Interaction + Residual Yhat
1.02 6.62 -0.89 4.60 34.40
1.02 6.62 -0.89 -4.40 34.40
1.02 6.62 -0.89 0.60 34.40
1.02 6.62 -0.89 8.60 34.40
1.02 6.62 -0.89 -9.40 34.40
-0.51 6.62 -0.76 5.00 33.00
-0.51 6.62 -0.76 -2.00 33.00
-0.51 6.62 -0.76 -2.00 33.00
-0.51 6.62 -0.76 -3.00 33.00
-0.51 6.62 -0.76 2.00 33.00
-0.51 6.62 1.64 -5.40 35.40
-0.51 6.62 1.64 -0.40 35.40
-0.51 6.62 1.64 0.60 35.40
-0.51 6.62 1.64 1.60 35.40
-0.51 6.62 1.64 3.60 35.40
1.02 -2.04 2.98 2.40 29.60
1.02 -2.04 2.98 1.40 29.60
1.02 -2.04 2.98 -1.60 29.60
1.02 -2.04 2.98 -1.60 29.60
1.02 -2.04 2.98 -0.60 29.60
-0.51 -2.04 -1.69 -13.40 23.40
-0.51 -2.04 -1.69 -8.40 23.40
-0.51 -2.04 -1.69 1.60 23.40
-0.51 -2.04 -1.69 7.60 23.40
-0.51 -2.04 -1.69 12.60 23.40
-0.51 -2.04 -1.29 -2.80 23.80
-0.51 -2.04 -1.29 -1.80 23.80
-0.51 -2.04 -1.29 1.20 23.80
-0.51 -2.04 -1.29 0.20 23.80
-0.51 -2.04 -1.29 3.20 23.80
1.02 -4.58 -2.09 -4.00 22.00
1.02 -4.58 -2.09 -2.00 22.00
1.02 -4.58 -2.09 -1.00 22.00
1.02 -4.58 -2.09 3.00 22.00
1.02 -4.58 -2.09 4.00 22.00
-0.51 -4.58 2.44 -3.00 25.00
-0.51 -4.58 2.44 3.00 25.00
-0.51 -4.58 2.44 4.00 25.00
-0.51 -4.58 2.44 1.00 25.00
-0.51 -4.58 2.44 -5.00 25.00
-0.51 -4.58 -0.36 2.80 22.20
-0.51 -4.58 -0.36 1.80 22.20
 -0.51 -4.58 -0.36 -2.20 22.20
-0.51 -4.58 -0.36 -1.20 22.20
-0.51 -4.58 -0.36 -1.20 22.20
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

SS Temp SS Press SS Inter SSE

23.51 1034.84 139.56 924.40

ANOVA Table SS df MS F p-value

Temp 23.51 2 11.76 0.4578105 0.6363
Press 1034.84 2 517.42 20.150584 0.000
Inter 139.56 4 34.89 1.3587192 0.2675
Res 924.40 36 25.68
Total 2122.311 44
Y-deviation
11.355556
2.3555556
7.3555556
15.355556
-2.644444
10.355556
3.3555556
3.3555556
2.3555556
7.3555556
2.3555556
7.3555556
8.3555556
9.3555556
11.355556
4.3555556
3.3555556
0.3555556
0.3555556
1.3555556
-17.64444
-12.64444
-2.644444
3.3555556
8.3555556
-6.644444
-5.644444
-2.644444
-3.644444
-0.644444
-9.644444
-7.644444
-6.644444
-2.644444
-1.644444
-5.644444
0.3555556
1.3555556
-1.644444
-7.644444
-2.644444
-3.644444
-7.644444
-6.644444
-6.644444
0.00

SST
2122.31
 Press High Press Med Press Low Anova: Two-Factor With Replication
Temp High 39 32 18
30 31 20 SUMMARYPress High Press Med
35 28 21 Temp High
43 28 25 Count 5 5
25 29 26 Sum 172 148
Temp Med 38 10 22 Average 34.4 29.6
31 15 28 Variance 50.8 3.3
31 25 29
30 31 26 Temp Med
35 36 20 Count 5 5
Temp Low 30 21 25 Sum 165 117
35 22 24 Average 33 23.4
36 25 20 Variance 11.5 117.3
37 24 21
39 27 21 Temp Low
Count 5 5
Sum 177 119
Average 35.4 23.8
Variance 11.3 5.7

Total
Count 15 15
Sum 514 384
Average 34.2666667 25.6
Variance 22.0666667 44.68571429

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df
Temp 23.5111111 2
Press 1034.84444 2
Interaction 139.555556 4
Error 924.4 36

Total 2122.31111 44
Press Low Total

5 15
110 430
22 28.66666667
11.5 46.66666667

5 15
125 407
25 27.13333333
15 59.98095238

5 15
111 407
22.2 27.13333333
4.7 43.26666667

15
346
23.06666667
10.92380952

MS F P-value F crit
11.75555556 0.457810472 0.636299836 3.2594463062
517.4222222 20.15058416 1.34241E-06 3.2594463062
34.88888889 1.358719169 0.267500581 2.6335320943
25.67777778
How to do Two-Way Anova Using Regression

This is for you information only -- You will not be asked to do 2-Way ANOVA using regression on an exam.
Remember, the purpose of this discussion was to show you why want to use the method in Tab 1 ("Data and Decomposition")
rather than try to do a 2-Way multi-level ANOVA with regression. Note: As before, the design must be balanced.

Factors Temp Pressure Interaction

Y Temp Pressure TD2 TD3 PD2 PD3 TD2*PD2 TD2*PD3
39 3 3 0 1 0 1 0 0
30 3 3 0 1 0 1 0 0
35 3 3 0 1 0 1 0 0
43 3 3 0 1 0 1 0 0
25 3 3 0 1 0 1 0 0
38 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 1
31 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 1
31 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 1
30 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 1
35 2 3 1 0 0 1 0 1
30 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0
35 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0
36 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0
37 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0
39 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0
32 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 0
31 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 0
28 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 0
28 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 0
29 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 0
10 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
15 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
25 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
31 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
36 2 2 1 0 1 0 1 0
21 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
22 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
25 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
24 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
27 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
18 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
20 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
21 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
25 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
26 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
22 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
28 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
29 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
26 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
20 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
25 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Summary of Steps
ata and Decomposition")
be balanced.
Step 1
Run a regression of the Y on only the dummy variables
TD3*PD2 TD3*PD3 for the first factor (Temp). The sum of squares SS for
0 1 the regression is the SS for the first factor (SS Temp).
0 1
0 1
0 1 Step 2
0 1 Run a regression of Y on only the dummy variales
0 0 for the second factor (Press). The sum of squares SS for
0 0 the regression is the SS for the second factor (SS Press)
0 0
0 0
0 0 Step 3
0 0 Run a regression of Y on all of the dummy variables for both
0 0 the main effects and interactions. The SS for the interaction is
0 0 the SS regression for this model minus the SS for the first
0 0 factor minus the SS for the second factor. That is:
0 0 SS Inter = SSR for Regression 3 - SS Temp - SS Press
1 0
1 0 SSE for 2-way ANOVA is SSE for Regression 3.
1 0
1 0
1 0 Step 4
0 0 Construct the two-way ANOVA table.
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Step 1: Regression on the dummy variables for the first factor
SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.1052524
R Square 0.0110781
Adjusted R Square -0.036013 SS for the first factor
Standard Error 7.0690472 (SS Temp)
Observations 45

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 2 23.511111 11.755556 0.2352455 0.7914111
Residual 42 2098.8 49.971429
Total 44 2122.3111

Coefficients
Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%
Intercept 27.133333 1.8252201 14.865787 2.472E-18 23.44989 30.816777 23.44989 30.816777
X Variable 1 0 2.5812511 0 1 -5.2091755 5.2091755 -5.209176 5.2091755
X Variable 2 1.5333333 2.5812511 0.5940272 0.5556802 -3.6758422 6.7425088 -3.675842 6.7425088

Step 2: Regression on the dummy variables for the second factor

SUMMARY OUTPUT

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.6982855
R Square 0.4876026
Adjusted R Square 0.4632027 SS for the second factor
Standard Error 5.0884245 (SS Press)
Observations 45

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 2 1034.8444 517.42222 19.983816 7.975E-07
Residual 42 1087.4667 25.892063
Total 44 2122.3111

Coefficients
Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%
Upper 95.0%
Intercept 23.066667 1.3138255 17.556872 5.896E-21 20.415259 25.718074 20.415259 25.718074
X Variable 1 2.5333333 1.8580299 1.3634513 0.1800045 -1.2163228 6.2829894 -1.216323 6.2829894
X Variable 2 11.2 1.8580299 6.0278901 3.621E-07 7.4503439 14.949656 7.4503439 14.949656
Step 3: Regression on the dummy variables for the both factors and the interaction
SUMMARY OUTPUT SS for the for the interaction is the SS regression for this model
minus the SS Regression for each of the one-factor regressions
Regression Statistics above. That is SS Interaction = SS Regression for this model -
Multiple R 0.7512903 SS Factor 1 - SS Factor 2
R Square 0.5644371
Adjusted R Square 0.4676453
Standard Error 5.0673245 SS Interaction = 139.55556 = 1197.91-23.51-1034.84
Observations 45 df = 4

ANOVA
df SS MS F Significance F
Regression 8 1197.9111 149.73889 5.8314582 8.616E-05
Residual 36 924.4 25.677778
Total 44 2122.3111 SSE for 2-Way ANOVA

Coefficients
Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95%Lower 95.0%Upper 95.0%
Intercept 22.2 2.2661764 9.7962364 1.074E-11 17.603981 26.796019 17.603981 26.796019
X Variable 1 2.8 3.2048574 0.8736738 0.3880869 -3.6997521 9.2997521 -3.699752 9.2997521
X Variable 2 -0.2 3.2048574 -0.062405 0.9505853 -6.6997521 6.2997521 -6.699752 6.2997521
X Variable 3 1.6 3.2048574 0.4992422 0.6206462 -4.8997521 8.0997521 -4.899752 8.0997521
X Variable 4 13.2 3.2048574 4.118748 0.0002129 6.7002479 19.699752 6.7002479 19.699752
X Variable 5 -3.2 4.5323528 -0.706035 0.4847107 -12.392038 5.9920375 -12.39204 5.9920375
X Variable 6 -5.2 4.5323528 -1.147307 0.2588226 -14.392038 3.9920375 -14.39204 3.9920375
X Variable 7 6 4.5323528 1.3238157 0.1939093 -3.1920375 15.192038 -3.192038 15.192038
X Variable 8 -0.8 4.5323528 -0.176509 0.8608835 -9.9920375 8.3920375 -9.992038 8.3920375

Step 4: The Two-Way ANOVA Table

ANOVA Table SS df MS F p-value

Temp 23.51 2 11.76 0.458 0.63630
Press 1034.84 2 517.42 20.151 0.00000
Inter 139.56 4 34.89 1.359 0.26750
Res 924.40 36 25.68
Total 2122.311 44
Upper 95.0%

Upper 95.0%
nd the interaction

Upper 95.0%
 Two-Way ANOVA
(Must have a balanced design)

Note: Design must be

"balanced." This means that
there are the same number of Codes to identify data for the 2-way interaction;
replicates for each of the need to identify everything "like me" on 2 factors
combinations of the factor at a time.
levels.

The two factors. Each has

The Response The Response
3 levels. Note: # of levels
Data Data (copied
of each factor do not have
to be the same. from column B).

Factors
Y Temp Pressure Temp*Press Code
39 3 3 33
30 3 3 33
35 3 3 33
43 3 3 33
25 3 3 33
38 2 3 23
31 2 3 23
31 2 3 23
30 2 3 23
35 2 3 23
30 1 3 13
35 1 3 13
36 1 3 13
37 1 3 13
39 1 3 13
32 3 2 32
31 3 2 32
28 3 2 32
28 3 2 32
29 3 2 32
10 2 2 22
15 2 2 22
25 2 2 22
31 2 2 22
36 2 2 22
21 1 2 12
22 1 2 12
25 1 2 12
24 1 2 12
27 1 2 12
18 3 1 31
20 3 1 31
21 3 1 31
25 3 1 31
26 3 1 31
22 2 1 21
28 2 1 21
29 2 1 21
26 2 1 21
20 2 1 21
25 1 1 11
24 1 1 11
20 1 1 11
21 1 1 11
21 1 1 11

This row contains the sum of the

column above. The sum of the Main
Effects, Interactions , and Residual
should be 0. Useful check on the
computations.

The Sums of Squares. This row

contains the sums of the squares
values for the three Main Effect
columns, the three 2-Way Interactio
columns, the 3-Way Interaction
column, and the Residuals column

The SST computed by adding up t

of-squares for the Main Effects, In
and Residuals should be equal to
computed from Y minus Y-bar. You
ALWAYS perform this check.
 Main Effect Temp = average of
everthing "like me" on the level
of Temp minus the grand mean.

2-way interaction;
e me" on 2 factors

Main Effect Press = average

Grand mean is of everthing "like me" on the
the average of all level of Press minus the
The Response of the response grand mean.
Data (copied data.
from column B).

Y = Grand Mean + ME Temp +

39 27.64 ###
30 27.64 ###
35 27.64 ###
43 27.64 ###
25 27.64 ###
38 27.64 ###
31 27.64 ###
31 27.64 ###
30 27.64 ###
35 27.64 ###
30 27.64 ###
35 27.64 ###
36 27.64 ###
37 27.64 ###
39 27.64 ###
32 27.64 ###
31 27.64 ###
28 27.64 ###
28 27.64 ###
29 27.64 ###
10 27.64 ###
15 27.64 ###
25 27.64 ###
31 27.64 ###
36 27.64 ###
21 27.64 ###
22 27.64 ###
25 27.64 ###
 24 27.64 ###
27 27.64 ###
18 27.64 ###
20 27.64 ###
21 27.64 ###
25 27.64 ###
26 27.64 ###
22 27.64 ###
28 27.64 ###
29 27.64 ###
26 27.64 ###
20 27.64 ###
25 27.64 ###
24 27.64 ###
20 27.64 ###
21 27.64 ###
21 27.64 ###
###
his row contains the sum of the
olumn above. The sum of the Main SS Temp
ffects, Interactions , and Residuals
23.51
hould be 0. Useful check on the
omputations.
Check the Sums of the Cross-Products
###
he Sums of Squares. This row
ontains the sums of the squares All of these should be 0.
alues for the three Main Effect
olumns, the three 2-Way Interaction
olumns, the 3-Way Interaction
olumn, and the Residuals column. Check the equation SST=SSTemp+SSPress+SSTemp*Press+SSE

SST from Main Effects and Interactions = 2122.31

SST from Y minus Y-bar = 2122.31

The SST computed by adding up the sums-

of-squares for the Main Effects, Interactions,
and Residuals should be equal to the SST
computed from Y minus Y-bar. You should
ALWAYS perform this check.
Degrees of Freedom (DF) for
the Main Effects are the number
of levels for the Main Effect
minus 1.
Degrees of Freedom (DF) for the
2-Way Interaction is the product
of the degrees of freedom for the
corresponding Main Effects (i.e.,
2 x 2 = 4 in this case).

ANOVA Table

Factor SS DF
Temp 23.51 2
Main Effects
Press 1034.84 2
2-Way Interaction Temp*Press 139.56 4
SSE 924.40 36
Residuals (or Errors)
Residuals (or Errors)
SST 2122.31
The total degrees of freedom is
the number of responses minus
1; that is, n-1.
44
The degrees of freedom
error (or residuals) is the
between the total degre
freedom and sum of the
freedom for the Main Ef
Interaction.
 2-Way Interaction Temp*Press =
average of everthing "like me" on both The fitted values Yhat are "
Temp and Press (uses the The fit is the Grand Mean +
Temp*Press Code in column G) minus Main Effect for Temperatur
the main effect for Temp minus the Main Effect for Pressure + t
main effect for Press minus the Grand Temperature*Pressure Inte
Mean.

Main Effect Press = average

of everthing "like me" on the The residuals are the Y values minus
level of Press minus the the fit. The fit is the Grand Mean + the
grand mean. Main Effect for Temperature + the Main
Effect for Pressure + the
Temperature*Pressure Interaction. This
is Y - Yhat.

ME Press + Temp*Pres + Resid Yhat

6.62 -0.888888889 4.6 34.40
6.62 -0.888888889 -4.4 34.40
6.62 -0.888888889 0.6 34.40
6.62 -0.888888889 8.6 34.40
6.62 -0.888888889 -9.4 34.40
6.62 -0.755555556 5.0 33.00
6.62 -0.755555556 -2.0 33.00
6.62 -0.755555556 -2.0 33.00
6.62 -0.755555556 -3.0 33.00
6.62 -0.755555556 2.0 33.00
6.62 1.644444444 -5.4 35.40
6.62 1.644444444 -0.4 35.40
6.62 1.644444444 0.6 35.40
6.62 1.644444444 1.6 35.40
6.62 1.644444444 3.6 35.40
-2.04 2.977777778 2.4 29.60
-2.04 2.977777778 1.4 29.60
-2.04 2.977777778 -1.6 29.60
-2.04 2.977777778 -1.6 29.60
-2.04 2.977777778 -0.6 29.60
-2.04 -1.688888889 -13.4 23.40
-2.04 -1.688888889 -8.4 23.40
-2.04 -1.688888889 1.6 23.40
-2.04 -1.688888889 7.6 23.40
-2.04 -1.688888889 12.6 23.40
-2.04 -1.288888889 -2.8 23.80
-2.04 -1.288888889 -1.8 23.80
-2.04 -1.288888889 1.2 23.80
 ### -1.288888889 0.2 23.80
-2.04 -1.288888889 3.2 23.80
-4.58 -2.088888889 -4.0 22.00
-4.58 -2.088888889 -2.0 22.00
-4.58 -2.088888889 -1.0 22.00
-4.58 -2.088888889 3.0 22.00
-4.58 -2.088888889 4.0 22.00
-4.58 2.444444444 -3.0 25.00
-4.58 2.444444444 3.0 25.00
-4.58 2.444444444 4.0 25.00
-4.58 2.444444444 1.0 25.00
-4.58 2.444444444 -5.0 25.00
-4.58 -0.355555556 2.8 22.20
-4.58 -0.355555556 1.8 22.20
-4.58 -0.355555556 -2.2 22.20
-4.58 -0.355555556 -1.2 22.20
-4.58 -0.355555556 -1.2 22.20
### ### ###

SS Press SS Temp*Press SSE

1034.84 139.56 924.40

of the Cross-Products Rows are:

### ### 0.00 Sum of Cross-Product with Gr
### ### 0.00 Sum of Cross Product with ME
### 0.00 Sum of Cross Product with ME
ld be 0.
### Sum of Cross Product with ME

SSTemp*Press+SSE
Degrees of Freedom (DF) for the
-Way Interaction is the product
f the degrees of freedom for the
orresponding Main Effects (i.e.,
x 2 = 4 in this case).
These will be equal to within rounding error (assuming
the design is balanced). If they are not equal (and the
design is balanced) the you have made a computation
error. Compute the Sums of Cross Products (in box
above) to help you figure out where you main the
mistake.
The Mean-Squares (MS) are the
Sums-of-Squares divided by the
degrees of freedom.

MS F p-val The p-values are from 1- F.DIST(F,DF1,DF2,true).

11.755555556 0.458 0.636300 (Note: F has F distribution. DF1 is the degrees of
517.42222222 20.151 0.000001 freedom of the numerator of the MS and DF2 is the
34.888888889 1.359 0.267501 degrees of freedom of the MSE.
25.677777778
 The p-values are from 1- F.DIST(F,DF1,DF2,true).
(Note: F has F distribution. DF1 is the degrees of
freedom of the numerator of the MS and DF2 is the
degrees of freedom of the MSE.

The degrees of freedom for the

The F statistics are the ratio of the
error (or residuals) is the difference
mean-square (MS) for each Main Effect
between the total degrees of
and Interaction to the mean-square
freedom and sum of the degrees of
(MS) for the error (the MSE).
freedom for the Main Effects and
Interaction.
he fitted values Yhat are "the Fit."
he fit is the Grand Mean + the
ain Effect for Temperature + the
ain Effect for Pressure + the
emperature*Pressure Interaction.

Y – Ybar (i.e., the response data

minus its mean). Useful for
computing the sum-of-square total
(SST).

Y minus Y-bar
11.36
2.36
7.36
15.36
-2.64
10.36
3.36
3.36
2.36
7.36
2.36
7.36
8.36
9.36
11.36
4.36
3.36
0.36
0.36
1.36
-17.64
-12.64
-2.64
3.36
8.36
-6.64
-5.64
-2.64
 -3.64
-0.64
-9.64
-7.64
-6.64
-2.64
-1.64
-5.64
0.36
1.36
-1.64
-7.64
-2.64
-3.64
-7.64
-6.64
-6.64 Sum of the squared Y – Ybar
0.0 column. Useful for checking that the
sums of squares for the Main
SST Effects, Interactions, and Residuals
2122.31 do, in fact, add up to the SST. This is
an important check on whether or
not the calculations are correct.

of Cross-Product with Grand Mean

of Cross Product with ME Temp
of Cross Product with ME Press
of Cross Product with ME Machine

I recommend that you only bother to compute the sums of cross-products

if the SST check does not match.

All of the sums-of-cross products should be 0.

This should help you figure out where you have made a computation error
by drawing you attention to the column where the error is.

Note: To calculate the sum or cross products, you multiply the

corresponding elements of the columns and add them up. Excel has a
function SUMPRODUCT( , ) that does this.

DF2,true).
egrees of
DF2 is the
DF2,true).
egrees of
DF2 is the

These statistics are asking the

question "Is the variation explained by
the Main Effect or Interaction large in
comparison to the variation in the
noise?"