Dr.

Sami Abdel Azeem

20th Feb, 2013

What is water purification?

 Water purification is the transition of dirty

harmful (Contaminated) water into clean safe
water.

 Water purification generally means freeing water

from any kind of impurity it contains such as
contaminants or micro organisms.
WHY PURIFY WATER?

 We purify water to get rid of contaminants that

can be detrimental to our health.

 To make it safe and palatable for human

consumption.
 Chemical methods
Coagulation, flocculation, combined with flotation and
filtration, precipitation, ion exchange.

 Physical methods
Membrane-filtration processes (nanofiltration, reverse
osmosis, electrodialysis, . . .) and adsorption techniques.

 Biological treatments
Biodegradation methods such as fungal decolorization,
microbial degradation, adsorption by microbial biomass.
 Adsorption techniques:

Employing solid sorbents are widely used to remove certain

classes of chemical pollutants from waters, especially those that
are practically unaffected by conventional biological wastewater
treatments.

These sorbents must have:

• High thermal stability and
• Small pore diameters,
• High exposed surface area and hence high surface capacity for
adsorption.
• Distinct pore structure which enables fast mass transport.
Most industrial adsorbents fall into one of
three classes:
 Oxygen-containing compounds – Are typically
hydrophilic and polar, including materials such as
Silica gel.

 Polymer-based compounds - Are polar or non-polar

functional groups in a porous polymer matrix
(polyurethane foam).

 Carbon-based compounds – Are typically hydrophobic

and non-polar, including materials such as activated
carbon.
 Silica gel
 prepared by the coagulation of colloidal silicic acid
results in the formation of porous and noncrystalline
granules of different sizes. It shows a higher surface
area which ranges from 250 to 900 m2/g.

 Show high sorption capacity.

 Expensive adsorbent.
Silica gel
Developed Silica based Sorbents
Modified Silica gel (Contd.)
OH OH
+ (CH 3O)3 Si CH 2CH 2CH 2 NH 2 100 ml dry Toluene
SG OH SG O Si CH 2CH 2CH 2NH 2
APTMS, 20 ml Reflux, 72 h
OH O
Silica Gel SG - APTMS (I)
O OH O
(I) 120 ml CHCl 3
+ Cl - C NO2 SG O
4 ml (CH 3CH 2)3N Si CH 2CH 2CH 2NH - C NO2
50 C, 48 h O
5g (II)

OH O
Na 2S2O4 100 ml H 2 O
(II) + O
SG Si CH 2CH 2CH 2NH - C NH 2
5g 50 C, 24 h
O
(III)
OH O
NaNO2 120 ml, 1% HAc +
(III) + SG O
0 - 3 C, Si CH 2CH 2CH 2NH - C N=N Ac
3g 2h
O
(IV)
OH
OH OH O
Acetone
(IV) + SG O Si CH 2CH 2CH 2NH - C N=N
0 - 3 C, 24 h NH 2
NH 2 O
2-aminophenol (AP)
AP - SG

NaNO2/ HAc
0 - 3 C, 2 h

2-Naphthol/ Acetylacetone/ Pyrazolone/

NaOH NaOAC/EtOH NaOAc/EtOH

OH
OH CH 3
OH HO OH HO CH 3
SG - WWW- C
N=N
SG - WWW- SG - WWW- N
N=N C N=N N
CO C 6H 5
HPANaph - SG HPAAA - SG H 3C HPAPyr - SG
Analysis of heavy metals in tap water at fayoum
city
Ligand Element Found RSD
(µg/l) (%)

AP Cu 48.6 7.4
Zn 125.2 1.8
Pb 3.7 5.2
Cd 6.1 1.1
Ni 15.0 1.7
HPANaph Cu 47.6 1.2
Zn 127.2 4.0
Pb 4.5 1.6
Cd 5.6 3.9
Ni 15.9 3.0
HPAAA Cu 49.5 3.2
Zn 126.0 1.6
Pb 4.7 3.7
Cd 5.9 2.5
Ni 16.5 1.4
HPAAPyr Cu 44.5 1.0
Zn 130.0 2.4
Pb 4.1 4.8
Cd 5.2 1.3
Ni 16.0 6.5
Polyurethane foam –Polymeric Sorbents
CH3
N=C=O
n HO CH2CH2 O (CH2CH2 O CH2CH2 O) m H + n
Toluene -2,4-diisocyanate
Polyol (Polyether Type)
N=C=O

O
CH 3
NHC O CH2CH2 WWW

O
CH3
NHC O CH2CH2 O (CH2CH2 O CH2CH2 O) m C NH
n
O

WWW C NH
NH2 Polyurethane Foam (PUF)
O
Developed foam based sorbents

Phenylhydrazone
2-aminophenol
2-aminothiazole

PUF

Acetylacetone
P-cresol

Pyrazolone
 Synthesis of Acetyacetone phenylhydrazone-PUF sorbent
NH2 N N Cl

-1 -CH 2-O-CH 2-O-CO-NH CH3

-CH 2-O-CH 2-O-CO-NH CH3 1.0 mol L NaNO2
0.1 mol L-1HCl
PUF-untreated 3oC
-H2C-O-H 2C-O-OC-HN
N NCl O O -1
1.0 mol L CH3COONa O
-CH 2-O-CH 2-O-CO-NH CH3
+ H3C C H3 50% Ethanol
N
N CH 3
Acetylacetone
H3C
HO CH 3
acetylacetone-PUF
Ph +
NH N
Ethanol NH
-H2C-O-H 2C-O-OC-HN CH3
Heat for 4.0 h Ph NH2
N
N CH3 phenylhydrazin
HO

H3C

AAPH-PUF
Adsorption Isotherm of metal ions
by AAPH-PUF
900

800
-1
Adsorbed amount, ug g

700

600

500

400

300

200
Cu
100 Zn
Mn
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
-1
Concentraion, ug L
Removal of Heavy metals from Water

AAPH˗PUF Sorbent
Sample
Metal ion
analyzed
Found (µgL˗1) RSD%
Cu
10 5.8
Zn
Drinking 80 2.9
Mn
water 50 4.5
 Activated carbon
 The oldest adsorbent known and is usually
prepared from coal, lignite, wood etc., using
physical or chemical activation method.
 AC is highly porous, amorphous solid consisting of
micro crystallites with a graphite lattice, usually
prepared in small pellets or a powder.
 It is non-polar and cheap.
 The main drawbacks are that it is reacts with
oxygen at moderate temperatures and recycling
costs.
Activated carbon
 Low cost activated carbon
Agricultural Wastes

 Banana peel
 Orange peel
 Saw dust
 Coconut shell
 Rice husks
 Removal of CPs by raw agricultural
wastes
100
Rice husks 4-CP 90
Bana Peel
2,4,6-CP
80
Nitro-CP
80 70

60
Adsorption (%)

4-CP

Adsorption (%)
60 2,4,6-CP
50
Nitro-CP
40

40
30

20
20
10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sample pH
Sample pH
 Removal of CPs by raw agricultural
wastes (Contd.)
Rice husks Bana Peel
100

100
80

80

Adsorption (%)
60
Adsorption (%)

60

40

40

20
4-CP 4-CP
20 2,4,6-CP 2,4,6-CP
Nitro-CP 0 Nitro-CP

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Shaking time, min Shaking time, min
Effect of pH on removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by
AC from chemically activated Rice husks
100,00
90,00
80,00
70,00
Removal %

60,00
50,00
40,00
30,00
20,00
10,00
0,00
1,38 2,23 6,40 10,31 11,44
pH value
Adsorption isotherm of 2,4-Dichlorophenol by AC
from chemically activated Rice husks
100

90

80

70

60
Removal %

50

40

30

20

10

0
25 50 100 150 200
Initial Concentration of 2,4- DCP (mg/l)
Thank you