3 - Design Solutions That Require 3D Modeling and Analysis

MIDAS ELITE Center
Enhanced Learning In Technology & Engineering
Session 3
Design Solutions for Projects that
Require 3D Modeling and Analysis
MIDASoft Inc.,
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© MIDASoft Inc.,2013
Learning Objectives
At the end of the this course, participants will be able to understand:
1. Fundamental concepts of 3D numerical analysis
2. Benefits of 3D analysis
3. Geotechnical project conditions that necessitate 3D analysis

INDEX
1. Background
-How to decide the dimensions of analysis
-Types of dimension in analysis
2. Why we use 3D analysis

-Foundation problems
-Tunnel problems
-Excavation problems
3. How to use 3D analysis

-Modeling
-Meshing
-Interpret results
-Comparison with conventional approach
4. Case Studies
Chapter 1.  How to decide the dimensions of analysis
Background  Types of dimensions in analysis

1. Background
How to decide the dimension of analysis?
Analysis can represent the results of project site(section).
B
C
B A
A
C’ C’
B’
A’
B’
Symmetric geometry in Non-symmetric geometry in A’
the longitudinal direction the longitudinal direction

allows for 2D modeling prevents 2D modeling for the
for the entire project entire project
1. Background
Types of dimensions in analysis
Plane strain conditions
Y
X
Z
Y
Z X
Slope stability Retaining wall
 There is no(or negligible) strain in the Y direction.

 This condition is applied for the shape of ground or structure is very long.
1. Background
Plane strain conditions
Tunnel Bridge abutment
 So the strain(or strain) in the Y direction will not affect the behavior of
the selected section.
1. Background
Symmetry conditions
 If geometry shape and loading conditions are symmetric in the project

model, it is better to create a half-section model
 Fast and efficient analysis
 Same results as full model
1. Background
Types of dimension in analysis
Axi-symmetric conditions
 If geometry shape and loading conditions are symmetric in the project

model then it is better to create a half-section model (symmetric model) to
perform analysis.
 Fast to analyze, Same results as full model  Efficient analysis
1. Background
Types of dimension in analysis
3-Dimensional conditions
 Complex geometry that cannot be simplified by 2-dimensional, symmetric conditions

 Foundation with irregular shape of mat and arbitrary array of piles
1. Background
Summary
-Symmetric geometry is generally better suited for 2D modeling
-Geometry that is especially long one dimension can be modeled in 2D as long

as the forces acting in that dimension are negligible
-Complex geometry that cannot be realistically simplified in 2D mustbe modeled

in 3D
 Foundation problems
Chapter 2.
Why we use  Tunnel problems
3D analysis
 Excavation problems
2. Why We Use 3D Analysis
Foundation problems
Top View Section View
 Can we choose a particular section from the top view?

 Can we account for high stress zones between piles?
 If we cut the section along the depth, how we can consider longitudinal spacing?
Foundation problems
Pile Raft Foundations
 Expected pile behavior varies depending on position, thus making it

less realistic to model in 2D
Foundation problems
Foundation with Irregular shape

Underground or adjacent structures
 Can we consider interaction between foundation and existing structures correctly?

 How can we decide the critical section?
Foundation problems
3 different methods of solving foundation problems
P-y approach 2-dimensional analysis 3-dimensional analysis

(partially 3D) -Utilizes constitutive models -Most realistic
-Utilizes spring -Ideal for pile raft foundations
elements
Tunnel problems
Tunnel with station Main cavern and connecting gallery

Tunnel problems
Complex construction method Tunnel exit

Tunnel problems
Comparison of 2D & 3D finite element analysis of tunnels
2D model 3D model
Analysis Condition Loads on 2D model

• Modulus of elasticity of rock =229,740 ksf • Roof load = 0.4 γ (B +Ht)
• Poisson’s ratio = 0.33 - σr = 0.4 x 0.1686 x (12+12) = 1.624 ksf
• Unit weight (dry) = 0.1686 kcf - B =10 + 1 + 1 = 12/ Ht = 10 + 2 = 12/
• Unit weight (saturated) = 0.1686 kcf • Wall load σh= ko σr = 0.5 x 1.62 = 0.81 ksf
• Cohesion = 5.22 ksf
• Friction angle = 30o “Comparison of 2D & 3D finite element analysis of tunnels based on
• Tensile strength = 83.5 ksf soil-structure interaction using GTS”
• Initial stress parameters = 0.5 Liaqat Ali Qureshi, Kashif Amin, Tahir Sultan & M. Ilyas Sh
• Modulus of subgrade reaction =2500 ksf 14th International Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering
• RQD = 50% - 75% Moscow, Russia, 27~29 June 2012
Tunnel problems
Results & Conclusion
Bending moment
2D model 3D model
• In 3D FEA, negative transverse moment in top slab is reduced by 33.3%, positive transverse
moment is reduced by 58.7%, and shear force is reduced by 1.25% as compared with 2D FEA.
• In 3D FEA, negative transverse moment in walls is reduced by 22 %, and shear force is increased
by 80% as compared with 2D FEA.
• In 3D FEA, negative transverse moment in base slab is reduced by 20.8 %, positive transverse
moment is reduced by 77.8 %, and shear force is reduced by 76 % as compared with 2D FEA.
• In 3D finite element analysis of tunnels, the values of forces and moments are less than 2D FEA.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the tunnel designed by using Terzaghi’s method & 2D FEA is
conservative but may be uneconomical depending on the project.
Excavation problems
 Secion AA’≠BB’
 Cannot consider corner effect in 2D
A A’
Corner effect: stress concentration

is higher in the corners
B’
Excavation problems
Excavation with underground structures Excavation with adjacent buildings

Excavation problems
Three dimensional excavation
2D model 3D model
• A three dimensional model was required to capture the actual stress distribution under the
excavation and provide a justification of the excessive lateral slope movements.
• This study presents 2D and 3D elasto-plastic effective stress analyses of the excavation.
“Three dimensional effects of excavation on stress distribution”

R. Kerry Rowe and Ahmed Mabrouk, OttawaGeo2007
Excavation problems
Results & Conclusion
2D model (plastic zone)
Lateral displacements in analysis
• It was concluded that 2D analyses over-predicted

the deformations and under-predicted the stability of
the excavation both compared to physical observations and
the results of the 3D analysis.
3D model (plastic zone)
“Three dimensional effects of excavation on stress distribution”
R. Kerry Rowe and Ahmed Mabrouk, OttawaGeo2007
Summary
-Group pile projects have geometry that typically make it ideal to model in 3D
-Conventional tunnel and excavation projects can be modeled in 2D, but the
results tend to be more conservative than results calculated through 3D
modeling
-High-end tunnel projects that include connecting galleries, stations, and

asymmetrical geometry are best modeled in 3D
 Element Types
 Meshing
Chapter 3.  Material Properties

How to utilize
3D analysis  Loads
 Boundary Conditions
 Interpret results
3. How to Use 3D Analysis
Modeling
Interpret
Modeling Analysis
Results
 All numerical analysis follows these 3 steps

 Modeling is the visualization of your project sections.
 Modeling process includes
1) Creating geometry shape
2) Defining boundaries
3) Defining material and structural properties
4) Mesh generation
5) Assigning Loads
6) Assign boundary conditions
Geometry > Boundaries > Material Properties > Mesh > Loads
Retaining Wall
Slope
Creating 3D Solids
Create 2 profiles first, then extrude 3D geometry
Utilize surfaces to cut and divide 3D solids

Import topographic data to generate intricate contours

General rule for defining boundaries (size of your model):
- The model must extend far away enough away from the
zone of interest for the variations in stresses and strains to
become negligible
How to Assign
Types of Boundary Conditions
Constitutive Models
- FEA have the models integrated
- Select the model based on the analysis you are performing
Mohr-Coulomb: shear and normal
stress
Drucker-Prager: plastic yielding
von Mises: ductile materials
Hoek-Brown: rock failure
Tresca: undrained soil behavior
Modified Cam Clay: consolidation
Jardine: non-linear elastic materials
*Always check the units!

General Guidelines
• Use the simplest type of finite element that will do the
job.
• Do not use complex or special elements, unless:
1) You are absolutely sure you need them
2) Fully understand how to use them.
• Use the coarsest mesh you think will capture the
dominant physical behavior of the physical system,
particularly in design applications
Keep in mind:
Initial FE models often must be substantially revised to
accommodate design changes
=> Therefore: Keep the initial model as simple as reasonably
possible, then refine it once the design has stabilized
Mesh Refinement
Use fine meshing in regions where you expect a high gradient of strains and/or stresses.
Regions of high gradients are:
Mesh Refinement
- Maintain a smooth transition
from coarse to smooth mesh
Avoid generating finite elements of high aspect ratios: elongated or “skinny” elements
- Aim for 1:1 aspect ratio
1:1 ratio - Ideal
3:1 ratio - Good
10:1 ratio - Bad

Elements must not cross physical interfaces

Preferred Shapes
2D FE modeling:
- Quadrilaterals elements are preferred (better aspect ratios)
- Use triangles for transitions, corners, etc
Beam Load
Self Weight Nodal Load
Pressure Load
Temperature Load Prestress Load

Interpret Results
Conventional Staged Excavation with a Pile Raft Foundation and Retaining Wall
Soil Layers
Retaining Wall
(3D Solids)
(2D Plates)
Piles
(1D Beams)
Interpret Results
-Maximum value areas are typically in red

-Minimum values areas are typically in blue
Interpret Results
Deformation
_____
Interpret Results
Interpret Results
Interpret Results
Summary
-The three main finite element types are lines(1D), Planar(2D), and Solids(3D)
-Boundaries should be just large enough to cover the area of interest without being
unnecessarily large so as lengthen analysis times
-Mesh sets should be made as simply as possible with finer mesh being generated
around areas of high strain
- Material properties, loads, and boundary conditions are intuitively generated through
the use of input menus => the user must input all properties carefully
- FEA results are organized in a post-processing section that can filter and display
graphical results on models with contour bands
 InJe Tunnel
Chapter 4.
 Conventional 3D Slope Stability
Case Study
 Conventional 3D Seepage
4. Case Study
InJe Tunnel – South Korea

4. Case Study
Maintenance building at the end of the tunnel

4. Case Study
Safety and Ventilation Designs

4. Case Study
Seepage Analysis
4. Case Study

4. Case Study
3D Slope Stability
4. Case Study
Conventional 3D Slope Stability

4. Case Study
Conventional 3D Seepage Analysis with Construction Stages

4. Case Study

4. Case Study

4. Case Study

This concludes Session 3 of the MEC Continuing Education Course
Next week’s session: Soil Structure Interaction Analysis for Shored
Excavations (9/11/2013 3pm EST)
Darryl Seraspe
Phone : +1-646-852-9290
Email : midasoft@midasuser.com
MIDASoft Inc.,
Thank you
midasoft@midasuser.com

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MIDAS ELITE Center

Enhanced Learning In Technology & Engineering

At the end of the this course, participants will be able to understand:

1. Fundamental concepts of 3D numerical analysis

3. Geotechnical project conditions that necessitate 3D analysis

2. Why we use 3D analysis

3. How to use 3D analysis

Background  Types of dimensions in analysis

How to decide the dimension of analysis?

Analysis can represent the results of project site(section).

Symmetric geometry in Non-symmetric geometry in A’

the longitudinal direction the longitudinal direction

Types of dimensions in analysis

Plane strain conditions

Slope stability Retaining wall

 There is no(or negligible) strain in the Y direction.

Types of dimensions in analysis

Plane strain conditions

Tunnel Bridge abutment

Types of dimensions in analysis

 If geometry shape and loading conditions are symmetric in the project

Types of dimension in analysis

 If geometry shape and loading conditions are symmetric in the project

Types of dimension in analysis

 Complex geometry that cannot be simplified by 2-dimensional, symmetric conditions

-Symmetric geometry is generally better suited for 2D modeling

-Geometry that is especially long one dimension can be modeled in 2D as long

-Complex geometry that cannot be realistically simplified in 2D mustbe modeled

Top View Section View

 Can we choose a particular section from the top view?

Pile Raft Foundations

 Expected pile behavior varies depending on position, thus making it

Foundation with Irregular shape

 Can we consider interaction between foundation and existing structures correctly?

3 different methods of solving foundation problems

P-y approach 2-dimensional analysis 3-dimensional analysis

Tunnel with station Main cavern and connecting gallery

Complex construction method Tunnel exit

Comparison of 2D & 3D finite element analysis of tunnels

Analysis Condition Loads on 2D model

Results & Conclusion

Corner effect: stress concentration

Excavation with underground structures Excavation with adjacent buildings

Three dimensional excavation

“Three dimensional effects of excavation on stress distribution”

Results & Conclusion

2D model (plastic zone)

Lateral displacements in analysis

• It was concluded that 2D analyses over-predicted

-High-end tunnel projects that include connecting galleries, stations, and

Chapter 3.  Material Properties

 All numerical analysis follows these 3 steps

Utilize surfaces to cut and divide 3D solids

Import topographic data to generate intricate contours

General rule for defining boundaries (size of your model):

*Always check the units!

1:1 ratio - Ideal

3:1 ratio - Good

10:1 ratio - Bad

Elements must not cross physical interfaces

Temperature Load Prestress Load

-Maximum value areas are typically in red

InJe Tunnel – South Korea