FIRE EXTINGUISHERS AND SPRINKLERS

Presented By- Ayush Kamboj

Aman Rajora
Akshay Bhatia
Karan Basoya
Manudeep Singh
TYPES OF FIRE

• Class A: SOLIDS such as paper, wood, plastic etc.

• Class B: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS such as paraffin, petrol, oil etc.

• Class C: ELECTRICAL such as wiring, controls, appliances etc.

• Class D: METALS such as aluminium, magnesium, titanium etc.

• Class K: Cooking OIL & FAT etc.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER

A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish

or control small fires, often in emergency situations.

• It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which

has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route,
smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of
a fire department.

• Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical

pressure vessel containing an agent which can be discharged to
extinguish a fire.
TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
WATER EXTINGUISHER

• 6 or 9 liter size.

• Suitable for class A fires.

• Not for use on flammable liquids.

• Not to be used near to live electrical apparatus.

• Discharge time, approximately 60 seconds.

• Weighs approximately 15 kilos.

FOAM EXTINGUISHER

• Multi-purpose foam spray.

• 9 litres, 6 litres or 2 litres.

• Ideal for burning solids and hydrocarbon liquids.

• Can be rated for use on live electrical equipment.

DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHER

• 1kg, 2kg, 3kg, 6kg and 9kg capacities.

• ABC powder for burning solids, burning liquids and if

specially trained, burning gases.

• Could be harmful in a confined space, and will

contaminate prepared foods, and delicate electronic
equipment.

• Little cooling effect

WET CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHER

• 7 or 3.5 litres size.

• For class K fires (overheated cooking oils/ fats).

• Unique wet chemical formulation to suponificate the

burning fat.
CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHER

• Clean non conductive agent.

• Ideal for fires involving live electrical apparatus.

• Noisy in operation.

• Some parts of the extinguisher will become very cold.

• Little to no cooling effect.

BASIC NORMS FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• The gross weight of portable fire extinguisher, complete with all fittings and charged with the extinguishing agent and
expellent, shall not exceed 20kg.

• The owner or occupant of a property in which extinguishers are located shall be responsible for inspection, maintenance
and recharging of extinguishers.

• Proper and adequate maintenance comprise the following:

a) periodically inspecting each extinguisher;
b) recharging each extinguisher following discharge; and
c) performing hydrostatic tests as required.

• Maintenance of fire extinguisher shall only be carried out by approved servicing agency or company. All fire
extinguishers are to be serviced annually and the owner or occupant is to constantly look-out for any fault, for example,
pressure gauge indicator dropped below operating pressure range.
INSTALLATION OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
• Portable extinguishers shall be mounted on walls by the hangers
or brackets supplied.

• Portable extinguishers shall be installed so that the carrying handle

of the extinguisher is not more than 1.5m above the floor.

• Cabinet housing portable extinguisher shall not be locked. Where

portable extinguishers are subject to malicious use, locked
cabinets may be used provided they include means of emergency
access e.g. a glass-fronted box to house key to unlock fire
extinguisher cabinet. Such key shall be located next to the cabinet
or as part of the cabinet.

• The operating instructions of portable extinguishers shall be

located on the front of the extinguisher.
ANATOMY OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
HOW TO USE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• Keep your back to a clear escape route.

• Stand back 6 to 8 feet from the fire.

• Then: PASS
FIRE SPRINKLER

A fire sprinkler or sprinkler head is the component of a fire sprinkler

system that discharges water when the effects of a fire have been
detected, such as when a predetermined temperature has been
exceeded.

• Fire sprinklers are extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million

sprinkler heads fitted each year.

• In buildings protected by properly designed and maintained fire

sprinklers, over 99% of fires were controlled by fire sprinklers alone.
TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

• Wet pipe systems

• Dry pipe systems

• Deluge system

• Pre-action system
WET PIPE SYSTEM

Sprinkler systems employing automatic

sprinklers attached to a piping network
always charged with water and connected to
a water supply so that water discharges
immediately from sprinklers opened by heat
from a fire.

• Least expensive.
• Most frequently installed.
• Easiest to maintain.
• Easiest to modify.
• Most reliable.
DRY PIPE SYSTEM
Sprinkler systems employing automatic
sprinklers attached to a piping network
containing air or nitrogen under pressure,
the release from which permits the water
pressure to open a valve known as dry pipe
valve, and then water flows into the piping
network and discharges from the opened
sprinklers.

• Can be used for unheated areas.

• May have accelerators or exhausters
installed.
• More complex, in general, than wet pipe
sprinkler systems.
DELUGE SYSTEM

Sprinkler systems employing open sprinklers

that are attached to a piping network that is
connected to a water supply through a valve
that is opened by the operation of a
detection system installed in the same areas
as the sprinklers. When this valve opens,
water flows into the piping network and
discharges from all sprinklers connected
thereto.

• Usually protect high-hazard occupancies

PRE-ACTION SYSTEM

Sprinkler systems employing automatic

sprinklers attached to a piping network that
contains air that might or might not be
under pressure, with a supplemented
detection system installed in the same area
as the sprinklers. Pre-action system can be
combined with either dry or wet pipe
system applications.

• Closed sprinkler heads.

• Most require two separate events.
• Pre-action valve can be released by
various activation methods.
• Manual release capabilities
TYPES OF SPRINKLERS

• Fusible element sprinklers − Opened under the influence of

heat by melting of a component.

• Glass bulb sprinklers − Opened under the influence of heat by

the bursting of the glass bulb through pressure resulting from
expansion of the fluid enclosed therein.
TYPES OF SPRINKLER LAYOUTS

• Standard sprinkler layout : A

rectilinear lay out with the
sprinkler aligned perpendicular
to the run of the ranges.

• Staggered sprinkler layout : An

off-set lay out with the
sprinklers displaced one half
pitch along the range or
branch pipe relative to the
next range or ranges.
TYPES OF SPRINKLER LAYOUTS

• Looped layout − Sprinkler

system in which multiple cross
mains are tied together so as
to provide more than one path
for water to flow to an
operating sprinkler and branch
lines are not tied together.

• Gridded layout − Sprinkler

systems in which parallel cross
mains are connected by
multiple branch lines. An
operating sprinkler will receive
water from both ends of its
branch line, while the other
branch lines help transfer LOOPED GRIDDED
water between cross mains.
MAINTENANCE OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

MONTHLY MAINTENANCE

• Visual inspection of control valves to ensure that they are

accessible, in the normal position, and free from leaks.

• Visual inspection of gauges (wet pipe system) to verify that

they are in working condition and that the ideal water pressure
is being maintained.

• Visual inspection of gauges (dry system) to verify that they are

in working condition and that the normal water/air pressure is
being maintained.
MAINTENANCE OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
QUARTERLY INSPECTIONS

• For sprinkler systems that are hydraulically designed, inspect

the nameplate to ensure that it is legible and securely
attached to the sprinkler riser.

• Check and make sure that the fire department connections are
accessible and visible. Caps or plugs should be in place and in
good condition. Swivels or couplings should rotate smoothly
and be undamaged.

• At least once every four months, the alarm devices should be

looked over to ensure that they are free from any physical
damage.

• Make sure that the and that there is no leakage with the check
valve. identification signs are in place
MAINTENANCE OF SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
ANNUAL INSPECTIONS

• Annual inspection is required by a licensed technician. During

this inspection, all components of the system will be checked,
including the gauges, alarm devices, pre-action or deluge
valves, heads, fittings, pipes, hangars, control valves, antifreeze
solution, backflow prevention components, etc.

• The technician will also check to see if there are any damages
or obstructions that would prevent the system from efficiently
protection the building in the event of a fire.

• When choosing an inspector, make sure it is somebody who

has experience with the type of system you have installed.
You don’t want to take any risks of something being
overlooked.
DESIGN APPROACH FOR SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
• Sprinklers shall be installed upright or pendent as required
under the circumstances, with the deflector parallel to the
slope of the roof, ceiling or pitch line of stairs.

• Where the slope of the roof is greater than 1 in 3, a line of

sprinklers shall be fitted at the apex unless there is a row of
sprinklers at not more than 750 mm distant radially therefrom.

• Maximum floor area that can be fed by one system

(Installation Control valve) on one or more floors shall not
exceed the figures as below:
Light hazard 10000 M2
Ordinary hazard 12000 M2
High Hazard 9000 M2
Storage hazard 9000 M2
DESIGN APPROACH FOR SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

• Floor area of a mezzanine floor shall not be included in the

above area restriction.

• In case of multiple hazard or mixed occupancy like high hazard

with ordinary hazard, respective limits shall prevail i.e. area
occupied for high hazard occupancy shall not exceed 9000M2
and total area shall not exceed 12000 M2 on one or more
floors for a single system and so on.

• The distance between the boundary (walls) and sprinklers

when measured along the range pipe shall not be more than
0.5 times the spacing between the sprinklers and when
measured perpendicular to the range pipe shall not be more
than 0.5 times the spacing between the range pipes.
THANK YOU.