Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
Drugs have been part of our culture since the middle of the last century.
Popularized in the 1960s by music and mass media, they invade all aspects of
In the United States, results from the 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and
Health showed that 19.9 million Americans (or 8% of the population aged 12
or older) used illegal drugs in the month prior to the survey. Drugs are
chemicals that change the way a person's body works. It is any substance
(with the exception of food and water) which, when taken into the body, alters
legal (e.g. alcohol, caffeine and tobacco) or illegal (e.g. cannabis, ecstasy,
Psychoactive drugs affect the central nervous system and alter a person's
mood, thinking and behavior. Psychoactive drugs may be divided into four
categories:
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• Hallucinogens: Drugs that alter perception and can cause hallucinations,
such as seeing or hearing something that is not there (e.g. LSD and
'magic mushrooms').
• Other: Some drugs fall into the 'other' category, as they may have
properties of more than one of the above categories (e.g. cannabis has
People use drugs for a variety of reasons. Young people often use drugs for
the same reasons that adults do. Some of these include: to have fun; to relax
PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
disorders tend to vary based on the particular substance involved, the general
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with cocaine or amphetamine withdrawal. In terms of effects on the body,
intoxication with a drug can cause physical effects that range from marked
hypnotic drugs, to the rapid heart rate of cocaine intoxication, or the tremors
stress and strain it puts on the individual. There are a number of long-term
physical and emotional effects of addiction that can easily turn a healthy man
These conditions can range from mild to serious but all will impact the life of
the addicted individual in a negative manner. Among the most common long-
feels shame and remorse about her condition. This creates a cycle of
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addiction; the more depressed the feel, the more likely they are to
The feeling that “everyone is out to get them” is heightened by the fact
that buying or using drugs is illegal and the belief that law enforcement
is waiting around every corner. Over time, drug addicts tend to get more
• Anxiety. While waiting for their next dose of drugs, many individuals will
begin to feel anxious or unsettled. Friends and family report that their
loved one has trouble sitting still or staying focused on a single task for
any significant amount of time. This anxiety and lack of focus can cause
These are just some of the ways anxiety permeates the life of the drug
addict.
and crime. Do drugs cause crime? Does drug use inevitably lead to crime? If
drugs were made legal, would there be less crime? If the government
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subsidized addicts, would they still engage in criminal conduct? What would
happen to drug dealers and drug gangs if drugs were legalized? Although the
issue is complex, both groups agree that drugs and crime are inexorably
pickpockets), auto theft, theft from autos, and shoplifting would decrease by
40-50 percent if drugs were made legal. Similarly, many believe that the
once drugs were legalized. In their view, turf wars would be eliminated
because there would no longer be a need to fight for one’s turf. Additionally,
there are those who point out that drug enforcement is a waste of valuable
law enforcement resources since statistically most drug users do not get
caught. Thus, the deterrent effect of criminalization is lost. Many believe that
Benjamin and Miller write: “The Mafia would not disappear, because organized
in importance.”
The statistical relationship between illegal drug use and crime is convincing at
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cause-and-effect link between the two phenomena. The suggestion that drugs
lead to crime ignores the impact that living conditions can have on an
individual and takes no account, according to Serge Brochu (an expert in this
field), of a body of data showing that most illegal drug users in Canada and
elsewhere will never be regular users. It bears repeating that drug use is still,
for the most part, a sporadic, recreational, exploratory activity. Most people
are able to manage their drug use without any difficulty. Very few will become
The problem stems from three elements: the limits of our current knowledge;
practice that does not respect our expertise; and mislabeling of users.
involved in crime and very few regular users who hold important positions in
society, even though they do exist; we then make broad generalizations based
conflicts with our deeply held beliefs (e.g., the prospect of careful or controlled
labels to illegal drug users who in the end would rather be known as drug
All that aside, the scientific studies conducted over the past two decades
provide evidence which tends to show that drug use is one of a number of
factors that may explain why some people commit criminal acts. For example,
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many people who have developed an addiction to expensive drugs such as
heroin and crack/cocaine and cannot afford their habit will commit crimes to
buy drugs. However, they do not represent all or even most illegal drug users,
especially in the case of marijuana users. In other words, illegal drug use
does not necessarily lead to an increase in crime, even among people who are
people who are at risk of becoming delinquents and/or drug users. Factors
that may explain both drug use and criminal activity include poverty, lack of
that it is wrong to think that eliminating drugs from a person’s day-to-day life
will make crime go away. They see a clear connection between drug use and
crime and, perhaps more importantly, between drug use and violence. Joseph
“Drugs like marijuana and cocaine are not dangerous because they are illegal;
they are illegal because they are dangerous.” The DEA reports that six times
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as many homicides are committed by persons under the influence of drugs
than those looking for money to buy drugs and that most arrestees for violent
administrator of DEA, spoke of drug use, crime, and violence. He said that
are looking for money to buy drugs. The fact is that most drug-related crimes
are committed by people whose brains have been messed up with mood-
altering drugs.” Legalization opponents are convinced that the violence caused
by drug use “will not magically” stop because the drugs are legal.
LEGALIZATION
There are no panaceas in the world but, for social afflictions, legalizing drugs
comes possibly as close as any single policy could. Removing legal penalties
from the production, sale and use of "controlled substances" would alleviate
at least a dozen of our biggest social or political problems. With proposals for
legalization finally in the public eye, there might be a use for some sort of
facts and arguments. For opponents, it is a record of the problems they might
be helping to perpetuate.
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Should marijuana be legalized in the Philippines?
This was the question that several law students from two universities in the
country tried to answer during a Law and Policy Debate at the House of
Representatives.
debating on a topic is a healthy method of testing ideas and proposal, and "a
good way by which the legislative process can be vetted with various ideas
being exchanged."
Dr. Junice L.D. Melgar, executive director of the Likhaan Center for Women's
Health, agreed with Teehankee and explained that marijuana has several
medical uses.
According to Melgar, marijuana can stop epileptic seizures and can help treat
AIDS. She also mentioned that marijuana has side effects like the alteration
The doctor said that there are no reports of any deaths caused by toxicity or
the intake of cannabis. Melgar also stressed the importance of being informed
about marijuana and its uses. "Even for small part, if we don’t give them space
9
for public discussion — for people to be enlightened about it — we will forever
be ignorant."
government has been unsuccessful in trying to curb its use and distribution.
Many Filipinos have asked to legalize the use of medical marijuana, but as of
press time, the lobby has been unsuccessful. Groups like the Philippine
Cannabis Compassion Society supports families and patients like Ira, Sachi,
and Romeo. They work on getting their stories out and use these stories to
convince legislators that they need access to an alternative cure, which they
patients, and citizens have come out in support of it. It has gained enough
momentum that many hope that one day, the Philippines will become the first
House Bill No. 4477 or the Compassionate Use of Medical Cannabis Act seeks
to decriminalize the use of the plant for patients with debilitating medical
The proposal is clear-cut, and guards against the abuse of the plant. To
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by the President of the Philippines, from a list of physicians recommended by
issued to patients to draw the line between them and non-patients. The
issuance of the cards will have established rules and regulations which
will also start operating. These centers will issue the physician-recommended
cards and will serve as dispensaries where patients can pick up their
medications from.
Cannabis has been used as medicine for more than 5,000 years. It has been
from all over the world have confirmed the plant’s therapeutic benefits for
The United Nations’ Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 affirms the
"the medical use of narcotic drugs continues to be indispensable for the relief
of pain and suffering” and that “adequate provision must be made to ensure
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the AVAILABILITY of narcotic drugs for such purposes". Articles 1, 2, 4, 9, 12,
Scientific studies and the people’s demand for cannabis as safer alternative to
synthetic drugs have forced the governments in Europe and in more than 20
In the Philippines, the death of Moon Jaden Yutuc, suffering from Dravet
cannabis. Despite the doctors’ declaration that they have exhausted all
possible options to stop the baby’s epileptic seizures, parents Jun and Myca
refused to give up. From the documentary “Weed” by CNN’s Dr. Sunjay
Gupta, their readings and personal networks worldwide, they learned about
sought for cannabis oil and asked that they be permitted to give Moon Jaden
the medicine. But their request was denied. Moon Jaden may still be alive
Psychoactive drugs have been part of every historical age and probably
always will be. The best hope for the future lies in understanding and
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emphasizing drug controls that have worked in the past and if they are still
working today.
The use, sale and cultivation of drugs in the Philippines continues to occupy
reasons.
This study seeks to advocate that laws should be consistent in all parts of
the country, and the best way to resolve this is federal legalization. This is
Illegal drugs have demonstrated medical uses and therefore legalizing drugs
is the only and the best comprehensive approach to health. What we think in
options that a physician who is in the best position to make these decisions
can do for a patient. Further studies with illegal drugs must not be prohibited
because it will become more difficult for us to discover even the better uses
of drugs.
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"The question should not be whether a drug is good or bad, but rather, how
can we control it? What is the best strategy to save lives?" Controlled
government.
Hypothesis
The study is focused on the effect of legalizing all prohibited drugs, herbs
aims to know how prohibited drugs; herbs or substances affect one’s health.
The study would also like to know how beneficial would it be to the economy
it is also the aim of the study to know how each illegal substances affects
one’s mind to commit actions that is a threat to the security of other people.
14
The finding of the study will redound to the benefit of the society in the
importance of legalizing drugs. It will help uncover critical areas in the use,
occupy and control the better option for such legalization. It supports that
usage of this drugs are also rights that must be mandated in the constitution
Definition of Terms
craves a drug and believes he needs the drug to live. All an addicted drug user
can think about is getting the next dose after getting high.
Dangerous drugs - are those that have high tendency for abuse and
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Dependency - the state of physical and psychological dependence, or both, on
Depressants relax muscles and make people feel sleepy or like their head are
stuffed.
Drug Abuse - exists when a person continually uses a drug other than its
intended purpose. This continued use can lead to drug dependence, a state of
Drugs - are chemicals that affect a person in such a way as to bring about
mood and makes him see, hear, or think things that aren't really there.
Hallucinogens change the way a person feels time, making it seem to slow
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down. As the name implies, hallucinogens may cause hallucinations - this is
High - A high is the feeling that drug users want to get when they take drugs.
There are many types of high, including a spacey feeling, euphoria, or a feeling
that a person has “special powers”, such as the ability to fly or see into the
future.
stimulants make a person high energetic. When the effects of a stimulant wear
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Chapter 2
I. LOCAL LITERATURE
Reports of drug related crime are common in the Philippines media. The main
concern tends to be towards Shabu which gets the most media attention. It
does seem that illegal drug use is on the rise, and this has worrying
implications for the future. There is an urgent need to educate young people
as to the dangers of drug use, and there is also a great need to help those
who are already addicted to escape their misery. Failure to do this could mean
The state department also disclosed that 2.1 percent of Filipinos aged 16 to
Citing Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency records, it reported that last year
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Philippine authorities “seized 250 kilos of methamphetamine valued at $68
million (about P2.92 billion); 4.8 million marijuana plants and seedlings and
818 kilos of marijuana with a total value of $17.4 million (P748 million);
17,222 grams of cocaine worth $2 million (P86 million); and 960 Ecstasy
Philippines and smuggled in via cargo shipments. This supports law enforcers’
methamphetamine laboratories.”
It also reported that in 2011, “the issue of Philippine citizens being used as
attention when (four) Filipinos were executed in China for drug trafficking.”
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“Philippine citizens have also been arrested in other countries while attempting
In the report, the Department of State cited the Aquino administration for its
drug enforcement.”
operations,” it said.
It also said that Manila “continued to face the daunting task of tackling
process.”
(http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/168143/un-drug-report-philippines-has-
highest-rate-of-shabu-use-in-east-asia#ixzz42BvIy5y8)
cocaine, cocaine, opium and marijuana is now the country’s scourge. The
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unofficial sources in the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the Armed Forces
state of denial. Scions of affluent and/or influential families rarely face arrest
the mercy of influence peddlers. Drug syndicates are able also to bribe some
top Philippine civilian and/or military-police leaders to look the other way, if
Last July 10th, the Philippine media reported the arrest of 11 high-school
students who were caught doing a pot session in Quezon City. The arrest was
further proof of the escalating national problem that is drug addiction. And the
families. They could not afford to hold the pot session in a luxurious hotel or
regular basis. The Quezon-City students held their drug session only in a
“vacant lot.”
police station after they were caught smoking marijuana in a vacant lot in
“DZBB's Mao dela Cruz reported Thursday morning that the boys and girls,
aged 14 to 17, were still in the first to fourth year high school.
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“Quezon City police chief Sr. Supt. Magtanggol Gatdula said some of the
students were even wearing uniforms of the Quezon City High School when
“Gatdula said the students were brought to Police Station 10 and would be
(http://www.mabuhayradio.com/unsolicited-advice/illegal-drug-abuse-now-
an-epidemic-in-the-philippines)
Most of the drug users in the Philippines are young people. Illicit drugs that
are present include marijuana, LSD, opiates, and barbiturates. While there
Within a period of ten years, the incidence of drug addiction rose dramatically
according to studies done in this tiny country. The majority of drug users are
students with marijuana being the drug of choice. Many people believe that
this rise is attributable to simple curiosity, but more likely because Philippine
youth are trying to emulate their Western counterparts here in the United
States.
22
Because so much attention is focused on drug addiction in America, the
information is readily available in the Philippines as are the drugs. This has
increased the demand for drugs thus pushing drug dealers to grow their own
cannabis plants, which is illegal in the Philippines. There have been recent
narcotics police have made several raids to try and curb this activity, but of
course, to no avail.
To meet the challenge of the drug abuse problem several measures, both
private and governmental, are being taken. Violators of narcotic laws who
make known to the authorities the fact of their addiction and their desire to
to Government institutions and treatment centers; its aims are to raise funds
for the treatment and reorientation of young addicts, and to educate the public
against the dangers of drug addiction. It is to be hoped that the efforts made
Institute and other interested bodies, will help the country to eventually cope
23
Drug addiction in the Philippines is a growing problem, but it is one that the
Philippine government is trying to tackle and take hold of. Just as in the
The illegal drug trade in the Philippines remains a serious national concern.
Two of the most used and valuable illegal drugs in the country are marijuana
and methylenedioxy methamphetamine are also among the list of illegal drugs
Drugs Production
Marijuana production
The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency identified that the mountainous parts
of Northern Luzon, Eastern Visayas and Mindanao are viable for marijuana
Methamphetamine production
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Drug syndicates have been producing methamphetamine in small-scale and
2010. Usually, drug syndicates rent warehouses for use as drug laboratories.
International drug syndicates use the Philippines as a transit hub for the illegal
drug trade. Some local drug syndicates are also involved in the international
illegal drug trade, and utilize drug mules to transport small amounts of illegal
drugs to other countries. Some overseas Filipino workers have been utilized
trafficking hub.
a high income. Some still participate in such illicit activity because they are
forced by certain circumstances. There were reports in the past that some
25
work as drug couriers, and if they refused, their family's safety would be
compromised.
Philippines as, "not only a transshipment point, but also a key producer of
Operations Task Force confirmed reports that the Mexican Sinaloa Cartel had
As of 2013, the illegal drug trade in the Philippines amounted to $8.4 billion.
prohibited)
“Substance abuse and drug dependence are wrong, and any measure that
(http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2015/08/19/drug-
abuse-is-wrong-but-that-doesnt-make-prohibition-right/)
26
One of the consequences of prohibition is that it forces drug users to expend
a lot more effort obtaining the drugs they want. Their burdens include the risk
of arrest, the possibility of police harassment, the risk of assault by other drug
users who want to ‘‘rip off’’ their stash, and the risk of violence from dealers
have been said to act as a brake on drug consumption, just as monetary costs
do (http://idhdp.com/media/362647/1408-weatherburn-article.pdf)
Controls and prohibitions help to keep prices higher, and higher prices help
keep use rates relatively low, since drug use, especially among young people,
cocaine 10 times higher than they would be in a legal market, then it keeps
consumption of heroin and cocaine about five times lower than it would
article.pdf)
and prejudiced policy-makers and media who peddle myths upon lies for their
27
own ends. This creates many of the risks and dangers associated with drug
use.
whether and how to use. We could begin research again on presently illicit
drugs to discover all their uses and effects - both positive and negative.
(http://www.urban75.com/Drugs/drugten.html)
the way people think and feel. It enables controls and regulations to be put in
(http://www.urban75.com/Drugs/drugten.html)
must ask ourselves is, "What are the benefits of criminalizing any drug?" If,
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after examining all the available evidence, we find that the costs outweigh the
problems associated with drug use, and those created by prohibition. The time
(http://www.urban75.com/Drugs/drugten.html)
imprisonment of addicts and peddlers have proved not only useless and
enormously expensive as means of correcting this evil, but they are also
victims. Repression has driven this vice underground and produced the
narcotic smugglers and supply agents, who have grown wealthy out of this
evil practice and who, by devious methods, have stimulated traffic in drugs.
Finally, and not the least of the evils associated with repression, the helpless
addict has been forced to resort to crime in order to get money for the drug
Drug addiction, like prostitution, and like liquor, is not a police problem; it
never has been, and never can be solved by policemen. It is first and last a
29
sole objective will be the reduction and possible eradication of this devastating
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition
4. The use of drugs by minors is much more difficult to control with drugs
prohibited.
To effectively regulate the sellers of drugs so as to ensure that they only sell
drugs to adults, drugs must be legalized, and the sellers licensed. With drugs
income by selling to minors, but when the community suspects such activity,
it is a trivial task to discover which of the licensed sellers is breaking the law,
and then put them out of business. Underground sellers may adhere to a "code
or honor" and not sell to minors, but, when they do sell to minors, it is very
culture of underground drug sales and use that has evolved, with one of the
most fundamental adaption mechanisms of this culture that the sellers and
30
consumers act such in such a manner so as to make it as difficult as possible
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition
Most of the psychoactive drugs now prohibited in modern societies have had
medical uses in history. In natural plant drugs like opium, coca, cannabis,
mescaline, and psilocybin, the medical history usually dates back thousands
disorder, and alcohol dependency. Ecstasy has been used for cognitive
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition
6. Drug legalization could reduce government costs and raise tax revenues
31
II. LOCAL STUDIES
Laws existing
ARTICLE II
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to
twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall import any controlled precursor and
essential chemical.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person, who, unless authorized under this Act, shall import or bring into the
Philippines any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical
through the use of a diplomatic passport, diplomatic facilities or any other means
involving his/her official status intended to facilitate the unlawful entry of the same.
In addition, the diplomatic passport shall be confiscated and canceled.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person, who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities
prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of
imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00)
32
to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person,
who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to
twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense,
deliver, give away to another, distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any
controlled precursor and essential chemical, or shall act as a broker in such
transactions.
For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners,
couriers and messengers, or in any other capacity directly connected to the
dangerous drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical trade, the
maximum penalty shall be imposed in every case.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities
prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of
imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00)
to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person,
who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
33
persons who shall maintain a den, dive or resort where any dangerous drug is used
or sold in any form.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to
twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person or group of persons who shall maintain a den, dive, or resort where any
controlled precursor and essential chemical is used or sold in any form.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed in every case
where any dangerous drug is administered, delivered or sold to a minor who is
allowed to use the same in such a place.
Should any dangerous drug be the proximate cause of the death of a person using
the same in such den, dive or resort, the penalty of death and a fine ranging from
One million (P1,000,000.00) to Fifteen million pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed
on the maintainer, owner and/or operator.
If such den, dive or resort is owned by a third person, the same shall be confiscated
and escheated in favor of the government: Provided, That the criminal complaint
shall specifically allege that such place is intentionally used in the furtherance of the
crime: Provided, further, That the prosecution shall prove such intent on the part of
the owner to use the property for such purpose: Provided, finally, That the owner
shall be included as an accused in the criminal complaint.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities
prescribed in this Section.
The penalty twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment
and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a
"protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
(a) Any employee of a den, dive or resort, who is aware of the nature of the
place as such; and
(b) Any person who, not being included in the provisions of the next preceding,
paragraph, is aware of the nature of the place as such and shall knowingly visit
the same
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Section 8. Manufacture of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and
Essential Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging
Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00)
shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall engage in
the manufacture of any dangerous drug.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to
twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall manufacture any controlled
precursor and essential chemical.
(a) Any phase of the manufacturing process was conducted in the presence or
with the help of minor/s:
(c) Any clandestine laboratory was secured or protected with booby traps;
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person, who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities
prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of
imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00)
to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person,
who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
35
Section 10. Manufacture or Delivery of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus, and
Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential
Chemicals. - The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one
(1) day to twenty (20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos
(P100,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon
any person who shall deliver, possess with intent to deliver, or manufacture with
intent to deliver equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for
dangerous drugs, knowing, or under circumstances where one reasonably should
know, that it will be used to plant, propagate, cultivate, grow, harvest, manufacture,
compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test, analyze, pack, repack, store,
contain or conceal any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical in violation of this Act.
The penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4)
years and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand
pesos (P50,000.00) shall be imposed if it will be used to inject, ingest, inhale or
otherwise introduce into the human body a dangerous drug in violation of this Act.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person, who uses a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual to deliver such
equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs.
(8) 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to,
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDA) or "ecstasy",
paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), lysergic
acid diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxyamphetamine (GHB), and those
similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without
36
having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond
therapeutic requirements, as determined and promulgated by the Board in
accordance to Section 93, Article XI of this Act.
Otherwise, if the quantity involved is less than the foregoing quantities, the penalties
shall be graduated as follows:
(1) Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos
(P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantity
of methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu" is ten (10) grams or more but
less than fifty (50) grams;
(2) Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) day to life imprisonment
and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs
are five (5) grams or more but less than ten (10) grams of opium, morphine,
heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin
oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu", or other dangerous drugs
such as, but not limited to, MDMA or "ecstasy", PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB, and
those similarly designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives,
without having any therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond
therapeutic requirements; or three hundred (300) grams or more but less than
five (hundred) 500) grams of marijuana; and
(3) Imprisonment of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years
and a fine ranging from Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) to Four
hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs
are less than five (5) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine
hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine
hydrochloride or "shabu", or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited
to, MDMA or "ecstasy", PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB, and those similarly designed or
newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic
value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements; or
less than three hundred (300) grams of marijuana.
37
The possession of such equipment, instrument, apparatus and other paraphernalia
fit or intended for any of the purposes enumerated in the preceding paragraph shall
be prima facie evidence that the possessor has smoked, consumed, administered to
himself/herself, injected, ingested or used a dangerous drug and shall be presumed
to have violated Section 15 of this Act.
The land or portions thereof and/or greenhouses on which any of said plants is
cultivated or cultured shall be confiscated and escheated in favor of the State, unless
38
the owner thereof can prove lack of knowledge of such cultivation or culture despite
the exercise of due diligence on his/her part. If the land involved is part of the public
domain, the maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon
the offender.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person, who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities
prescribed in this Section.
The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of
imprisonment and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00)
to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person,
who acts as a "protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.
39
imposed for the unlawful importation, sale, trading, administration, dispensation,
delivery, distribution, transportation or manufacture of any dangerous drug and/or
controlled precursor and essential chemical, the cultivation or culture of plants which
are sources of dangerous drugs, and the possession of any equipment, instrument,
apparatus and other paraphernalia for dangerous drugs including other laboratory
equipment, shall carry with it the confiscation and forfeiture, in favor of the
government, of all the proceeds and properties derived from the unlawful act,
including, but not limited to, money and other assets obtained thereby, and the
instruments or tools with which the particular unlawful act was committed, unless
they are the property of a third person not liable for the unlawful act, but those which
are not of lawful commerce shall be ordered destroyed without delay pursuant to the
provisions of Section 21 of this Act.
After conviction in the Regional Trial Court in the appropriate criminal case filed, the
Court shall immediately schedule a hearing for the confiscation and forfeiture of all
the proceeds of the offense and all the assets and properties of the accused either
owned or held by him or in the name of some other persons if the same shall be
found to be manifestly out of proportion to his/her lawful income: Provided, however,
That if the forfeited property is a vehicle, the same shall be auctioned off not later
than five (5) days upon order of confiscation or forfeiture.
During the pendency of the case in the Regional Trial Court, no property, or income
derived therefrom, which may be confiscated and forfeited, shall be disposed,
alienated or transferred and the same shall be in custodia legis and no bond shall be
admitted for the release of the same.
The proceeds of any sale or disposition of any property confiscated or forfeited under
this Section shall be used to pay all proper expenses incurred in the proceedings for
the confiscation, forfeiture, custody and maintenance of the property pending
disposition, as well as expenses for publication and court costs. The proceeds in
excess of the above expenses shall accrue to the Board to be used in its campaign
against illegal drugs.
(1) The apprehending team having initial custody and control of the drugs
shall, immediately after seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and
photograph the same in the presence of the accused or the person/s from
whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or
counsel, a representative from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ),
and any elected public official who shall be required to sign the copies of the
inventory and be given a copy thereof;
40
(2) Within twenty-four (24) hours upon confiscation/seizure of dangerous
drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential
chemicals, as well as instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment,
the same shall be submitted to the PDEA Forensic Laboratory for a qualitative
and quantitative examination;
(4) After the filing of the criminal case, the Court shall, within seventy-two
(72) hours, conduct an ocular inspection of the confiscated, seized and/or
surrendered dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, and
controlled precursors and essential chemicals, including the
instruments/paraphernalia and/or laboratory equipment, and through the
PDEA shall within twenty-four (24) hours thereafter proceed with the
destruction or burning of the same, in the presence of the accused or the
person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized, or his/her
representative or counsel, a representative from the media and the DOJ, civil
society groups and any elected public official. The Board shall draw up the
guidelines on the manner of proper disposition and destruction of such item/s
which shall be borne by the offender: Provided, That those item/s of lawful
commerce, as determined by the Board, shall be donated, used or recycled for
legitimate purposes: Provided, further, That a representative sample, duly
weighed and recorded is retained;
(5) The Board shall then issue a sworn certification as to the fact of destruction
or burning of the subject item/s which, together with the representative
sample/s in the custody of the PDEA, shall be submitted to the court having
jurisdiction over the case. In all instances, the representative sample/s shall
be kept to a minimum quantity as determined by the Board;
41
(7) After the promulgation and judgment in the criminal case wherein the
representative sample/s was presented as evidence in court, the trial
prosecutor shall inform the Board of the final termination of the case and, in
turn, shall request the court for leave to turn over the said representative
sample/s to the PDEA for proper disposition and destruction within twenty-four
(24) hours from receipt of the same; and
(8) Transitory Provision: a) Within twenty-four (24) hours from the effectivity
of this Act, dangerous drugs defined herein which are presently in possession
of law enforcement agencies shall, with leave of court, be burned or destroyed,
in the presence of representatives of the Court, DOJ, Department of Health
(DOH) and the accused/and or his/her counsel, and, b) Pending the
organization of the PDEA, the custody, disposition, and burning or destruction
of seized/surrendered dangerous drugs provided under this Section shall be
implemented by the DOH.
Section 22. Grant of Compensation, Reward and Award. – The Board shall
recommend to the concerned government agency the grant of compensation, reward
and award to any person providing information and to law enforcers participating in
the operation, which results in the successful confiscation, seizure or surrender of
dangerous drugs, plant sources of dangerous drugs, and controlled precursors and
essential chemicals.
Section 23. Plea-Bargaining Provision. – Any person charged under any provision of
this Act regardless of the imposable penalty shall not be allowed to avail of the
provision on plea-bargaining.
Section 24. Non-Applicability of the Probation Law for Drug Traffickers and Pushers.
– Any person convicted for drug trafficking or pushing under this Act, regardless of
the penalty imposed by the Court, cannot avail of the privilege granted by the
Probation Law or Presidential Decree No. 968, as amended.
42
(b) Sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution and
transportation of any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical;
(c) Maintenance of a den, dive or resort where any dangerous drug is used in
any form;
Any elective local or national official found to have benefited from the proceeds of
the trafficking of dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, or have received any
financial or material contributions or donations from natural or juridical persons found
guilty of trafficking dangerous drugs as prescribed in this Act, shall be removed from
office and perpetually disqualified from holding any elective or appointive positions
in the government, its divisions, subdivisions, and intermediaries, including
government-owned or –controlled corporations.
Section 29. Criminal Liability for Planting of Evidence. – Any person who is found
guilty of "planting" any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential
chemical, regardless of quantity and purity, shall suffer the penalty of death.
43
The penalty provided for the offense under this Act shall be imposed upon the partner,
president, director, manager, trustee, estate administrator, or officer who knowingly
authorizes, tolerates or consents to the use of a vehicle, vessel, aircraft, equipment
or other facility, as an instrument in the importation, sale, trading, administration,
dispensation, delivery, distribution, transportation or manufacture of dangerous
drugs, or chemical diversion, if such vehicle, vessel, aircraft, equipment or other
instrument is owned by or under the control or supervision of the partnership,
corporation, association or juridical entity to which they are affiliated.
Section 32. Liability to a Person Violating Any Regulation Issued by the Board. – The
penalty of imprisonment ranging from six (6) months and one (1) day to four (4)
years and a fine ranging from Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) to Fifty thousand
pesos (P50,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person found violating any regulation
duly issued by the Board pursuant to this Act, in addition to the administrative
sanctions imposed by the Board.
(1) The information and testimony are necessary for the conviction of the
persons described above;
(2) Such information and testimony are not yet in the possession of the State;
(3) Such information and testimony can be corroborated on its material points;
(4) the informant or witness has not been previously convicted of a crime
involving moral turpitude, except when there is no other direct evidence
available for the State other than the information and testimony of said
informant or witness; and
(5) The informant or witness shall strictly and faithfully comply without delay,
any condition or undertaking, reduced into writing, lawfully imposed by the
44
State as further consideration for the grant of immunity from prosecution and
punishment.
Provided, further, That this immunity may be enjoyed by such informant or witness
who does not appear to be most guilty for the offense with reference to which his/her
information or testimony were given: Provided, finally, That there is no direct
evidence available for the State except for the information and testimony of the said
informant or witness.
Section 34. Termination of the Grant of Immunity. – The immunity granted to the
informant or witness, as prescribed in Section 33 of this Act, shall not attach should
it turn out subsequently that the information and/or testimony is false, malicious or
made only for the purpose of harassing, molesting or in any way prejudicing the
persons described in the preceding Section against whom such information or
testimony is directed against. In such case, the informant or witness shall be subject
to prosecution and the enjoyment of all rights and benefits previously accorded him
under this Act or any other law, decree or order shall be deemed terminated.
In case an informant or witness under this Act fails or refuses to testify without just
cause, and when lawfully obliged to do so, or should he/she violate any condition
accompanying such immunity as provided above, his/her immunity shall be removed
and he/she shall likewise be subject to contempt and/or criminal prosecution, as the
case may be, and the enjoyment of all rights and benefits previously accorded him
under this Act or in any other law, decree or order shall be deemed terminated.
In case the informant or witness referred to under this Act falls under the applicability
of this Section hereof, such individual cannot avail of the provisions under Article VIII
of this Act.
Section 35. Accessory Penalties. – A person convicted under this Act shall be
disqualified to exercise his/her civil rights such as but not limited to, the rights of
parental authority or guardianship, either as to the person or property of any ward,
the rights to dispose of such property by any act or any conveyance inter vivos, and
political rights such as but not limited to, the right to vote and be voted for. Such
rights shall also be suspended during the pendency of an appeal from such conviction.
45
In 2001, the Portuguese government did something that the United States
would find entirely alien. After many years of waging a fierce war on drugs, it
otherwise, the person is sent off without any penalty. A vast majority of the
Fourteen years after decriminalization, Portugal has not been run into the
ground by a nation of drug addicts. In fact, by many measures, it's doing far
The background: In 1974, the dictatorship that had isolated Portugal from the
rest of the world for nearly half a century came to an end. The Carnation
46
The newfound freedom led to a raucous attitude of experimentalism toward
FILE - In this April 25 1974 file picture, people cheer soldiers in a tank driving
Portugal's dictatorship had insulated it from the drug culture that had swept
much of the Western world earlier in the 20th century, but the coup changed
everything. After the revolution, Portugal gave up its colonies, and colonists
and soldiers returned to the country with a variety of drugs. Borders opened
up and travel and exchange were made far easier. Located on the
westernmost tip of the continent, the country was a natural gateway for
trafficking across the continent. Drug use became part of the culture of
liberation, and the use of hard narcotics became popular. Eventually, it got
At first, the government responded to it as the United States is all too familiar
with: a conservative cultural backlash that vilified drug use and a harsh,
punitive set of policies led by the criminal justice system. Throughout the
47
1980s, Portugal tried this approach, but to no avail: By 1999, nearly 1% of
the population was addicted to heroin, and drug-related AIDS deaths in the
country were the highest in the European Union, according to the New Yorker.
What's gotten better? In terms of usage rate and health, the data show that
As this chart from Transform Drug Policy Foundation shows, the proportion of
the population that reports having used drugs at some point saw an initial
(Lifetime prevalence means the percentage of people who report having used
a drug at some point in their life, past-year prevalence indicates having used
within the last year, and past-month prevalence means those who've used
within the last month. Generally speaking, the shorter the time frame, the
48
Drug use has declined overall among the 15- to 24-year-old population, those
There has also been a decline in the percentage of the population who have
Source: Transform
Source: Transform
HIV infection rates among injecting drug users have been reduced at a steady
pace, and has become a more manageable problem in the context of other
countries with high rates, as can be seen in this chart from a 2014 report by
the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction Policy:
And a widely cited study published in 2010 in the British Journal of Criminology
Not a cure but certainly not a disaster: Many advocates for decriminalizing or
legalizing illicit drugs around the world have gloried in Portugal's success. They
49
But some social scientists have cautioned against attributing all the numbers
At the turn of the millennium, Portugal shifted drug control from the Justice
model for treating hard drug addiction. It also expanded the welfare system
health resources for at-risk populations for the past decade are a major factor
Alex Stevens, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Kent and co-
disaster, and it does free up resources for more effective responses to drug-
50
The road ahead: As Portugal faces a precarious financial situation, there are
risks that the country could divest from its health services that are so vital in
keeping the addicted community as healthy as possible and more likely to re-
enter sobriety.
That would be a shame for a country that has illustrated so effectively that
is a dead end.
In a 2011 New Yorker article discussing how Portugal has fared since
decriminalizing, the author spoke with a doctor who discussed the vans that
patrol cities with chemical alternatives to the hard drugs that addicts are trying
to wean themselves off of. The doctor reflected on the spectacle of people
lining up at the van, still slaves of addiction, but defended the act: "Perhaps
prohibited)
51
Pope Francis has tarnished his glowing liberal credentials as the tweeting
recreational drugs was "highly questionable" and would "fail to produce the
desired effects", reported the Daily Mail. He added that legalisation was "a
The Misuse of Drugs Act of 1971 classifies drugs as illegal in the UK based on
their chemical compounds. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and
Drug Addiction says that, due to small alterations in the chemical formulae of
illegal drugs, two new legal highs are discovered in Europe every week. In an
effort to combat this trend, ministers have introduced a law banning all
nicotine are exempt. Among the proposed banned substances are drugs that
have been legally sold and used in the UK for decades, such as laughing gas
and poppers.
52
Kevin Sabet, a leading US academic and opponent of drug liberalisation, told
The Guardian last year: "Legal regulation has been a disaster for drugs like
alcohol and tobacco. Both of those drugs are now sold by highly
reduction in places like Europe and the US." At a time when governments are
uniting to stop people smoking, should they really be becoming more laissez-
last year when he came out in favour of legalising the trade in opium poppies,
from which heroin is derived. Writing in The Guardian, Patey said it was
impossible to stop Afghan farmers from growing and exporting opium illegally,
and concluded that "if we cannot deal effectively with supply" the only
alternative is to "limit the demand for illicit drugs by making a licit supply of
53
2. Ganja is good for business
less dangerous (it currently only results in a fine), the government has now
3. Therapeutic uses
The island hopes for a gold-rush selling the drug to US states which allow its
therapeutic use, says the Daily Telegraph. Even the US State Department
February, and in Portugal the possession of small quantities of any drug has
been decriminalised.
54
In December 2013, Uruguay became the first nation to make it legal to grow,
consume and sell the plant. That said, all sales must pass through a
system.
medical purposes and Washington became the first to permit the recreational
use of the plant in 2012, despite a federal ban. Colorado, Oregon, Alaska and
the District of Columbia have since followed suit. Cannabis went on sale in
55
purpose, and fic use scientific use, to 22 grams
Council" to 20 plants
for personal
consumption
On 22
December
2015, the
President of
Colombia,Ju
an Manuel
Santos,
signed a
decree
legalising the
cultivation,
consumption
56
, export, and
import of
cannabis
strictly for
medical and
scientific
purposes.
5000–20000kn ($800–3500)
57
of 15 October 2015, the Ministry of
AIDS.
58
and of Berlin being the most
up to 6 grams.
It is also possible to
obtain a special
permission by the
Devices" to obtain,
cannabis as a part of
accompanied self-
therapy. By January
obtained such a
permission. Furthermore
possession can be
59
permitted to scientific
institutions or
administrative bodies.
cannabis or cannabis
based medication to
patients with a
permission.
I.
60
legal, medical regulated since 1 April
ise s
sale subject
illegal) to
license
legal)
changed at all.
61
and/or , but but legal but legal north Indian states sell
known as ganja.
62
North
East.
63
Magistrates Court - in cases not
rehabilitation board.
for (medical
64
medical medical use (medical legalize cannabis for
only)
punished.
II.
of up to an ounce
65
Possession is Illegal Transportation is Cultivation is
Ukraine
(decriminalized Illegal Illegal
quantities of up to 5
grams)
66
Oregon Indian of Col individual has the power to
67
legal in dian cannabis Justice's agency,
allowed laws,
to Laws
regulat varies
e by
cannab reserv
is laws, ation.
Laws )
varies
by
reserva
tion.)
68
Cultivation is Legal Sale and transportation of any quantity
Spain
(Only for own of cannabis is a criminal offence,
69
normally are misdemeanors punishable
by a fine.
before de fact
decriminalization.
70
possession of up to 2 ounces of cannabis. The
71
Lega law does not specify
amount".[168] As of
10 December 2013,
the House of
Representatives and
legalizing and
regulating the
president has
postponed the
implementation to
never be
implemented. The
buyers must be 18 or
older, residents of
72
Uruguay, and must
authorities.
be sold legally.
(decrimi
nalized)
73
Chapter 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Crime and drugs are social problems that should be stopped in the Philippines.
While some drugs are illegal to possess, many governments regulate the
instance through a prescription system. Only certain drugs are banned with a
"blanket prohibition" against all possession or use. The most widely banned
quantities. Some laws set a specific volume of a particular drug, above which
Some people say that it is the cause of all crimes. The crime rates
is growing every year but you can’t say that the cause of its crime rates’
these illegal drugs but we should also consider that what makes us human is
74
creates more crimes in the Philippines. We are forgetting its positive benefits
help people be less angry, anxious, or tense. Depressants relax muscles and
make people feel sleepy or like their head are stuffed. A stimulant speeds up
energetic. When the effects of a stimulant wear off, a person will feel tired or
sick. So drugs does not really destroy a human mind and body but it enhances
country for it will not hinder other researchers to truthful information and
education. People should not be stopped to study a drugs because they will
not be able to generate or learn new ideas on how to use it to its full potential.
Drugs also criminalizes number of growing people because they are prohibited
to do so. If it will be legalized then the right of the people to use drugs
responsibly will be restored. It is like being deprived of what they want to do.
Lastly, prohibition has never been effective. It just produces anarchy. We just
many of the problems associated with it. The question that the researchers
want you to answer is that, “What are the benefits of criminalizing any drug?
75
CONCLUSIONS
i. Veronica Chan
criminals a monopoly over their supply. After a rapist is arrested, there are
fewer rapes. After a drug dealer is arrested, however, neither the supply nor
the demand for drugs is seriously changed. Eliminating prohibition of all drugs
distribution and use, law enforcement could focus more on crimes of violence,
such as rape, aggravated assault, child abuse and murder, making our
drugs, given the fact that it also have many advantages. By legalization, I am
regulate its’ use and sale. Also I think, most of our government legislators are
hinder by its disadvantages and by their mindset that drugs is the cause of
evil and crime. They should look beyond that and consider also its advantages
and its effects and benefits- consider countries where the use of drugs is not
prohibited.
i. Josh Hosena
the tight prevention of law. The government should think for an alternative to
76
alternative is by decriminalizing and regulating the illegal substances, through
this solution the government will not prevent the spread of illegal substances
will come to think of it, such decriminalization will not affect the prevention of
entry of illegal substances in the country, since the government cannot help
to prevent it, but the regulation of the substances may help to decrease the
upon lies for their own ends. This creates many of the risks and dangers
honest and truthful information to users and non-users to help them to make
decisions about whether and how to use. We could begin research again on
presently illicit drugs to discover all their uses and effects - both positive and
77
Legalization restores our right to use drugs responsibly to change the way we
think and feel. It enables controls and regulations to be put in place to protect
problems associated with drug use, and those created by prohibition. The time
Drugs are addictive. They rob the user of free will. A drug user
because the use of the drug eliminates that user’s ability to think logically.
persons besides the user. In the rise of health care costs, violence associated
with the use of drugs, neglect of children by drug-addicted parents, and other
third party effects. The use of soft drugs, such as marijuana, leads to the use
of hard drugs. Legalizing drugs will send a message to children that drug use
is acceptable.
Illegal drugs are one of the planet’s most pressing problems. They
shatter hundreds of millions of lives and wreak untold social, economic and
political damage in both consuming and producing nations. But it is also one
of the things here on earth that helps people about certain matters like health
issues. For me Drugs that are harmful or that can cause harm to the health
78
or the way people think must be prevented not including for me the use of
Cannabis or what others call marijuana. There are certain health benefits that
Philippines for the reason that the present laws and policies does not resolve
the issues about the illegal use of drugs and its effects. A number of studies
were already conducted showing that there are still numerous of people,
including minors, who are engaged in the illegal use of drugs. If the use of
drugs are legalized in the Philippines, the country will be open to new possible
use will be given to people such as its medical use. The use of drugs will also
be controlled and regulated. With these, I can say that the advantages of
v. Bill Zinampan
Illegal drugs has been existing in the Philippines since the day I
was born. It was used in different studies, it was found out that they are
beneficial, yet some were found not. The problem here is the term overuse or
too much consumption. But should we really ban or prohibit those illegal
drugs, if there is a chance for a study to change it. Prohibiting it just creates
anarchy for the people who want to use it because if you are prohibited of
79
doing it, you will be judged to be an immoral person. Can we just let people
who want to try it, to use it? I think we are depriving him of his right if we
illegalize it. In fact, the potentials of these drugs to be developed into a more
80
RECOMMENDATIONS
Congress should pass a law legalizing all prohibited substances, which will
educate everyone, especially those not of legal age, of the harmful and
81
BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES/WORKS CITED
Articles
1. Arcangel, Xianne). "Pinoys still being nabbed for drugs abroad despite
Books
2. Kaplan, John. Marijuana – The New Pohibition. New York: The World
3. Synder, S.H. Drugs and the Brain. New York: Scientific American
Books, 1968
Online Sources
http://endoflifecare.tripod.com/kidsyoungadults/id36.html
82
2. “Facts about drugs” by Dangerous Drugs Board
http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/factsheets.shtml
http://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts
http://kidshealth.org/en/kids/know-drugs.html
83